Akparamagwa na nhazi ọkwa nke ọgwụ mgbochi

Vaccines (definition, nhazi ọkwa na-atụle n'isiokwu a) bụ immunological mmadụ na-eji dị ka ọrụ ogwu mgbochi (ma - etolite n'ọrụ ọgụ eguzogide organism na kpọmkwem nje). WHO kwubiri ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa - kasị mma usoro nke mgbochi nke na-efe efe pathologies. Ruru ya elu arụmọrụ, mfe nke usoro, ohere nke a dum mkpuchi nke ndị bi na-ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa iji gbochie a uka nke pathologies, immunoprophylaxis na ọtụtụ mba na nkewa dị ka a ọchịchị mkpa.

ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa

Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa - a pụrụ iche mgbochi iji chebe nwata ma ọ bụ okenye ụfọdụ pathologies kpamkpam ma ọ bụ budata belata na ha dị na ihe omume.

A mmetụta yiri na-enweta site "ọzụzụ" dịghịzi usoro. Mgbe ndinọ ọgwụ organism (ma ọ bụ kama ya dịghịzi usoro) na-alụ ọgụ ọrịa na artificially ẹkenam "echeta" ya. Mgbe re-ọrịa ọgụ na-arụ ọrụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ ngwa ngwa kpam-ebibi mba ọzọ mmadụ.

Ndepụta nke ihe omume nke ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-agụnye:

• nhọrọ nke onye ọ ga-ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa;
• ọgwụ nhọrọ;
• n'ịkpụzi circuit nke ogwu;
• ịchịkwa arụmọrụ;
• ọgwụ (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa) na-abụ na nsogbu na-enweghị nchịkwa na Jeremaya mere.

ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa Ụzọ

• Intradermal. Otu ihe atụ bụ BCG. The mmeghe nke a ndụ ogwu na-emepụta na ubu (elu atọ nke ya). A yiri usoro a na-eji iji gbochie tularemia, ihe otiti, brucellosis, anthrax, Q fever.
• Oral. Mee iji gbochie polio na oria nkita. Na nkebi nke development nke ọnụ na mmadụ megide influenza, Measles, ọrịa ịba ahụ ọkụ, meningococcal ọrịa.
• Subcutaneous. Na usoro a, ọgwụ na-adịghị adsorbed na ẹkenam n'ime ma undercut ubu (elu elu n'etiti n'etiti na elu n'ụzọ atọ ubu) mpaghara. Uru: ala allergenicity, ala nke ochichi, na anwụ ngwa ngwa nke ọgụ (ma obodo na izugbe).
• Aerosol. Ọ na-eji dị ka mberede ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa. Na ukwuu irè aerosol mgbochi brucellosis, influenza, tularemia, diphtheria, anthrax ọnyá afọ, whooping ụkwara, ihe otiti, Rubella, gas ure anụ, ụkwara nta, tetanus, ịba ahụ ọkụ, ịba, botulism, ọnyụnyụ ọbara, mumps B.
• Intramuscular. Emepụta uru apata (na elu nke perednenaruzhnuyu quadriceps apata muscle). Ka ihe atụ, DTP.

Modern ọgwụ mgbochi nhazi ọkwa

E nwere ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị vaccines.

1. The nhazi ọkwa pụtara dị na a ọgbọ:

• 1 ọgbọ (corpuscular ogwu). N'aka nke ya, kewara attenuated (ebelatawo ndụ) na inactivated (gburu) pụtara;
• 2nd ọgbọ: subunit (chemical) na detoxified exotoxins (toxoids);
• 3 ọnọde ọgbọ recombinant ọgwụ mgbochi megide ịba ọcha n'anya B recombinant ogwu na oria nkita;
• Ọgbọ 4 (esịne ke omume), na-anọchi anya plasmid DNA, sịntetik peptides, osisi vaccines, ọgwụ mgbochi na-ebu MHC ngwaahịa na idiotypic ọgwụ.

2. nhazi ọkwa nke ọgwụ mgbochi (microbiology na-ekewa ha n'ime ọtụtụ ọmụmụ) si malite. Site si ọgwụ mgbochi na-ekewa n'ime:

• ndụ, nke mere ka nke ndụ, ma attenuated Micro-ntule;
• gburu kere na ndabere nke inactivated microorganisms n'ụzọ dị iche iche;
• chemical si ọgwụ mgbochi (na isi nke ukwuu ọcha abụkwara);
• ọgwụ mgbochi na-kere na-enyemaka nke biotechnological ụzọ, n'aka nke ya, na-ekewa n'ime:

- sịntetik ọgwụ mgbochi dabeere oligosaccharides na oligopeptides;

- DNA ọgwụ mgbochi;

- genetically engineered ogwu kere na ndabere nke ngwaahịa n'ihi njikọ nke recombinant usoro.

3. dị ndị òtù nke Ar ọgwụ ọjọọ, Vaccines na e nwere ndị na-esonụ nhazi ọkwa (i.e., dị ka Ar na ọgwụ mgbochi nwere ike ịbụ ugbu):

• dum microbial sel (inactivated ma ọ bụ na-ebi);
• onye components nke microbial sel (kasị echebe Ar);
• microbial nsị;
• site synthetically Ag germs;
• Ar na-enwetara site na nkà mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ usoro.

Dabere na ike ịzụlite ọgụ ka ọtụtụ ma ọ bụ onye gị n'ụlọnga:

• monovalent;
• polio.

Nhazi ọkwa nke ọgwụ mgbochi na nnabata na a set nke Ar:

• akụrụngwa;
• corpuscular.

ndụ ọgwụ mgbochi

N'ihi imewe nke ndị dị otú ahụ ọgwụ mgbochi eji attenuated ụdị nje na-efe efe mmadụ. Ndị dị otú ahụ ọgwụ mgbochi nwere immunogenic Njirimara, ma omume nke mgbaàmà nke ọrịa n'oge ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa a na-emekarị-eme ka.

Dị ka a n'ihi nke penetration nke ndụ ogwu n'ime ahu na-kpụrụ eguzogide cell, a secretory, humoral ọgụ.

Uru na ọghọm

The uru nke a ndụ ogwu (nhazi ọkwa, ngwa tụlere n'isiokwu a):

• A kacha nta onunu ogwu;
• ekwe omume nke ụzọ dị iche iche nke ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa;
• ngwa runningaway ọgụ;
• elu arụmọrụ;
• ala price;
• na immunogenicity nke kasị eke;
• esịnede dịghị nchekwa;
• n'okpuru nduzi nke ndị dị otú ahụ ọgwụ mgbochi rụọ ọrụ niile ụdị ọgụ.

Na-adịghị mma n'akụkụ:

• bụrụ na nke a ebelatawo dịghịzi usoro na a ndidi mgbe ndinọ ndụ ogwu nwere ike ịzụlite ọrịa;
• a ogwu nke ụdị dị nnọọ mwute na okpomọkụ, otú ahụ ka iwebata "merụrụ emerụ" ndụ ogwu ịzụlite oghom Jeremaya mere ma ọ bụ ogwu na-efunari ya Njirimara;
• enweghi ike ikpokọta ndị a ọgwụ mgbochi ndị ọzọ ogwu preparations, na echiche nke oghom ihe ma ọ bụ ọnwụ nke ọgwụgwọ nrụpụta.

Nhazi ọkwa nke ndụ ọgwụ mgbochi

Ihe na-esonụ iche nke ndụ ọgwụ mgbochi:

• Attenuated (adịghị ike) ogwu preparations. Ha na-emepụta si pụta na belata pathogenicity, ma akpọ immunogenicity. Mgbe ndinọ ogwu nje na ahụ amalite myirịta ọrịa: infective mmadụ mụta nwa, si otú eme guzobe dịghịzi Ibọrọ. Otu n'ime ihe ndị a kasị mara amara nke ndị dị otú ahụ ogwu preparations maka mgbochi nke ịba ahụ ọkụ, sores, anthrax, Q fever na brucellosis. Ma nnukwu nke ndụ ọgwụ mgbochi - antiviral ọgwụ ọjọọ si adenoviral na-efe efe, odo fever, mumps, Sabin ogwu (polio), Rubella, Measles, influenza;
• Vaccines na dịgasị iche. Ha na-mere na ndabere nke metụtara ụdị nje na-efe efe pathologies. Ndị a abụkwara akpasu ihe dịghịzi omume na-agafe directional pathogen abụkwara. Ihe Nlereanya nke ndị dị otú ahụ ọgwụ mgbochi bụ a ogwu prophylaxis megide kịtịkpa ụdị nke na e mere na ndabere nke kịtịkpa virus vaccinia na BCG, na ndabere nke mycobacteria na-eme ka Bovine ụkwara nta.

influenza ọgwụ mgbochi

Ndị kasị dị irè mgbochi nke influenza ọgwụ mgbochi eji. Ha na-ndu ọgwụ ọjọọ na-enye onye ahụ nke na-adịghị adịte iguzogide influenza nje.

Egosi maka ndị dị otú ahụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-:

• afọ 60 afọ na ndị okenye;
• adịghị ala ala bronchopulmonary ma ọ bụ ọrịa obi;
• ime (2-3 trimesters);
• mkpara, clinics na ụlọ ọgwụ;
• mmadụ na-adịgide adịgide bi na mechiri emechi collectives (mkpọrọ, dormitories, nwa ara na-obibi, na na);
• ọrịa na anyịnya ma ọ bụ Ambulatory ọgwụgwọ nwere gemoglabinopatii, dịghịzi suppression, ọrịa imeju, akụrụ na metabolic ọrịa.

umu

Nhazi ọkwa influenza ọgwụ mgbochi na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ iche iche:

1. Live ogwu;
2. Inactivated ogwu:

• dum virus vaccines. Ha na-agụnye undefeated ukwuu ọcha inactivated virions;
• rascheplennye (gbawara n'etiti ọgwụ mgbochi). Dị ka ihe atụ: "Fluarix", "Begrivak", "VAXIGRIP". Ọ dabeere na akwusila influenza virions (niile na-edozi nke virus);

• subunit ogwu ( "Agrippal" "Grippol" "influvac") na-ekewet nke abụọ malitere ịrịa n'elu-edozi, haemagglutinin na neuraminidase hụ itinye n'ọkwa nke dịghịzi omume na influenza. Ndị ọzọ na-edozi nke virion, na chick ẹmbrayo na-anọghị ebe tutu amama n'oge ọcha.