Akụ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Bank: ka esi kee ya?

Banks-enye ndị mmadụ doro uru. Ha akpọkọtara ego, na-eduzi dị iche iche azụmahịa ịkwụ ụgwọ, mgbazinye ego na-eje ozi dị iche iche edemede nke ala. Na nke a nyochaa, na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ntoputa nke anoghi n'ulo oba ga-atụle.

Mmalite nke mmiri

The mbụ ego umu azu shark malitere ịpụta ọbụna n'oge ochie. Ha we nye ndi-ha ụgwọ oke ọnụ na ọrụ laghachi ha mgbe a ụfọdụ oge na mmasị. Mgbe nke malitere na-etolite ego oru na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche arụmọrụ bara uru ihe. Ọ malitere dị ka akụ akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Bank ( «banko») si sụgharịa Italian pụtara "ego oche". Nke mbụ ahụ na oge a na uche malitere Genoa Bank (1407). Na England, akpa ego na alụmdi na e kere 1664, mgbe ahụ, ozugbo malitere rụrụ ahia na akụ na ụba iwu. Ke United States, a mere na 1781 (na biakwa obibia nke Bank of Philadelphia).

Ntoputa nke bịara n'ikperé mmiri na Russia

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ntoputa nke bịara n'ikperé mmiri na mba anyị nwere ya mgbọrọgwụ si 1665. Voivod Athanasius Ordin-Nashchokin mere mgbalị ka nzukọ ajụjụ, ma ya na mgbalị e mma site ọchịchị. The echiche na-ghọtara na 1733, n'oge ọchịchị Anny Ioanovny, nke kwere ka inye n'aka. Na 1754, mgbe Elizabeth na St. Petersburg kere a ala na Merchant Bank. Software e weere jewels ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe na serfs, nakwa dị ka a nkwa nke ndị ọgaranya. Na 1757, nrugharị ego ẹkenam ke Russia. Na 1769, n'oge ọchịchị nke Catherine II e ẹkenam banknotes. N'ime oge ahụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian ego ọchịchị a gbakwunyere site ọhụrụ tolite.

Ozi banyere guzobe azụmahịa mmiri

The akụkọ ihe mere eme-amalite na azụmahịa bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke anya gara aga. The mbụ nzukọ e guzobere 1817. Ọ na-e bu n'obi ka ndị ahịa na-rụrụ igbanwo azụmahịa, ịkwụ ụgwọ. Mesịrị bịa ikike inye mkpụmkpụ-okwu otuto maka mmepụta oru, na ahịa pụrụ ime mgbazinye ego maka arụ ọrụ isi obodo ego, ihe nke mmepụta, ụgwọ ọnwa. Nke nta nke nta dịkwuo n'aka okwu.

Na Russia, akpa azụmahịa ụlọ akụ pụtara na St. Petersburg (1864). Ya ikike isi obodo bụ 5 nde. Rubles. Eze aha mmiri malitere na August 1888. Ha na-emetụta ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na na ala, ma nke mbụ na-eji nnọọ ala obi ike na a ọtụtụ ndị na-agaghị anwa anwa na-etinye ego ha ego ha n'ebe ahụ. N'ime oge ahụ, ọnọdụ gbanwere, na ndị ahịa na-na-emetụta azụmahịa na anoghi n'ulo oba, otú ha na-aghọ ihe na-ewu ewu. Ọbụna ná mba anyị site na afọ e nwere 43 N'ọdịnihu, nọmba a amụbawo.

Mgbe e mesịrị, iwu abụọ nakweere, nke na-agwa banyere ọnọdụ nke oghere nke ụlọ akụ na ụzọ nke na-achịkwa. E weere na ogbugbu nke ihe omume nke abụọ EBIONITISM ichekwa ego na bank usoro, gawa site na Central Bank wee malite ikwu okwu. History n'ihu complemented ọhụrụ mmepe: azụmahịa òtù natara otu nọọrọ onwe ha na ọnọdụ na-adọta ego na ya. Ha na-iwu na-ekwe ka na-aga n'aka iwu, dị ka nke ọma dị ka nwere mmasị ha udu. Rue mgbe nzukọ ọkọdọ nri na-ebu mba ọzọ mgbanwe azụmahịa na a akwụkwọ ndabere. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke azụmahịa mmiri ọgaranya mgbanwe, na Ọdịdị nke ego ozu na-anọgide mgbe nile.

Formation nke ichekwa ego na bank usoro. 1st na 2nd nkebi

Russia lagged anya n'azụ Western mba, otú ahụ ka mmepe nke bịara n'ikperé mmiri mere na ọtụtụ nkebi. The mbụ amalite na oruru nke State Loan Bank (XVIII narị afọ) na-ekwupụtakwa ruo mgbe 1860 dị ka aku na uba development nke chọrọ mgbasawanye nke n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ugbua na 1754 mmiri maka na ama na ndị ahịa na-ike. Otú ọ dị, ndị nnukwu nke mgbazinye ego na-adịghị laghachi, otú òtù ndị a kwụsịrị ha na-eme.

Na nke abụọ ogbo (1860-1917g.) Guzobere na State Bank of Russia, na n'otu oge ahụ onye meghere ọtụtụ n'aka ọha mmadụ. Na 1872, na ichekwa ego na bank usoro ẹkewetde nke ọha obodo mepere emepe n'ala na onwe òtù. Na 1880, e nwere 49 alaka, 83 n'aka ọha mmadụ, 729 ego na ego mkpakọrịta, azụmahịa mmiri 32. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ, bụ mgbanwe ụlọ ahịa, trading ụlọ.

Mmụba nke ichekwa ego na bank usoro. 3rd-5th ogbo

The First World War gbochiri n'ọrụ uto nke ụlọ akụ na-eme, ma mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke hostilities, ọ nwayọọ nwayọọ gbakee. Agba nke atọ bịara na 1917 na kere ruo 1930. Mgbe reorganization nke ichekwa ego na bank Ọdịdị nke ahụ State Bank nke RSFSR (1921). Ndi guzosie ike, nkwonkwo ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ, oru na mpaghara ego ozu. Ọ kpụrụ a ọtụtụ ndị ọhụrụ na ego nchekwa.

Nke-anọ ogbo (1932-1987g.) E a mba akụ na-adịghị adịte mgbazinye ego maka isi obodo ego usoro. N'oge a, ego ego bilie 968 ijeri. Ete. na n'ịwa a mbụ mortgage ego ụlọ ọrụ, na-enye mgbazinye ego e ji ezigbo ala na ụlọ.

The ise nzọụkwụ bụ site 1988 ruo ugbu a. Na oge a, e nwere a jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na mma nke ichekwa ego na bank usoro. Ọ na-elu ndị ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ mụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke alaka na mba na mba ọzọ. Central ụlọ akụ iwu e iji na nkwụsi ike nke ichekwa ego na bank usoro.

Olee otú nwere Alfa-Bank? (1990-2002)

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke "Alfa-Bank" amalite na 1990. Ruo afọ anọ, ndị akụrụngwa e guzobere, mbụ ahịa na mmekọ. Na August 1995, a nsogbu na interbank ahịa. Ekele agbazi ego iwu na eru usoro akpan owo management, ike ego kwụsiri ike, na oge a na-emetụta "Alfa-Bank", nke ọma na-aga n'ihu iji nweta ịtụkwasị obi na Russian na mba ọzọ mmekọ.

"Alfa-Bank": akụkọ ihe mere eme data kemgbe 1997

Na 1997-1998, ego na alụmdi na ajụjụ ẹkenịmde elu na niile isi mba fim òtù na mbụ n'etiti ya asọmpi nyere Eurobonds. N'oge a, e nwere otu ihe mkpakọrịta na azụmahịa, "Alfa Capital" (ego ike). Ọ pụtara dị ka leasing gị n'ụlọnga LLC "Alfa-Bank". Na 1999, kwesiri ngosi uto nke azụmahịa na mma nke na mpaghara na netwọk. Mgbe afọ abụọ gasịrị, "Alfa-Bank" na-aga n'ihu diversify, na anụ ụlọ ahịa e nwere a edenyere "Alfa Insurance".

Olee otú "Alfa-Bank" mgbe 2002?

Na 2003-2007, akụkọ nke "Alfa-Bank" na-gbakwunyere site ọhụrụ tolite: mmụba nke alaka, issuance nke subordinated Eurobonds, ihe e kere eke nke ọhụrụ version of "Alfa-Forex" web page. na alaka mbụ nke ọhụrụ retail format mepere Togliatti, Nizhnevartovsk, Murmansk, Saratov, Lipetsk. N'oge a ọ na-kpụrụ Internet akụ "Alpha-pịa" guzosie ike ije ozi, "Alfa TV" na ẹkenam a video conferencing usoro. Melite itie ke n'aka fim na ọhụrụ enọ natara.

Na 2008-2012, e nwere ndị ọhụrụ tolite: ntọhapụ nke MasterCard ugwo kaadị na Umembossed, wepuÚ omume lekwasịrị nke ụlọọrụ ego nke N'ogbe deliveries nke ụgbọala, na-eke a abụọ kaadị, ọhụrụ itieutom na-emeghe. Enwere nchekwa ego n'ulo ngwa n'ihi na smartphones na gam akporo, ọhụrụ na mma teknụzụ e ẹkenam. M jere ozi na otutu nwa anụmanụ na enọ.

Brief akụkọ ihe mere eme data banyere Bank of Moscow

Bank of Moscow, onye mere ụbọchị laghachi opupu ihe ubi nke 1994, e debara aha ha n'akwụkwọ dị ka a azụmahịa. Mgbe e mesịrị, nzukọ ka natara ọtụtụ enọ, ma malite ibu aha "Bank of Moscow" na 2004.

Na April 2010, na iwu nke Yuriya Luzhkova akụ si n'obodo mmefu ego e ekenyela 7.5 bln. Ruble maka nke nke mbak, 47% nke na-ere ka VTB. Bank Retail Finance natara 2010 Award "Financial Olympus" ma merie "mkpokọta ego ahịa" na-atọ kwa afọ mpi. Nke ahụ bụ otú akụkọ ghọrọ usoro Bank.

Bank of Moscow na-now na-anọchi anya na ọ fọrọ nke nta ọtụtụ n'ógbè Russia. Dị ka nke 04.01.2014 na ógbè na-arụ ọrụ unit 172, na Moscow na mpaghara 136 itieutom emi odude. The nzukọ nke a na netwọk ná mba: na Ukraine e nwere nke "BM Bank", na Estonia, "ndị Estonian Ebe E Si Nweta Bank."

Data na Central Bank of the Year 1990-2003

History nke anoghi n'ulo oba nwere ozi na Central Bank. Ọ kpụrụ 13/07/1990 na mbụ a na-akpọ State Bank nke RSFSR. A ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị bịa iji guzosie a iwu kwadoro nke a ego nzukọ.

Na 1991-1992 afọ, kpụrụ ọtụtụ netwọk nke azụmahịa òtù, na e nwere mgbanwe ndị na-na akaụntụ usoro, guzobere RCC (ego mmezi emmepe), ẹkenam computerization. The oge n'okpuru nyochaa bụ mmalite nke Ịzụ na ire nke mba ọzọ ego na nwụnye ruturu megide ruble.

Bank History (Bank of Russia) nwere ndị na-esonụ data: na 1992-1995 afọ, ike a usoro nke na-elekọta na nnyocha nke azụmahịa òtù iji nụ ichekwa ego na bank usoro. Na mmalite nke aku nsogbu (1998), na Bank of Russia restructured iji melite ọrụ nke azụmahịa na ego ozu dịkwuo ha liquidity.

Na 2003, na-ewere nzukọ malitere itinye aka na a ngo ka mma ụlọ akụ na-elekọta na prudential akuko. Ịrụ ụka wuru overpricing ma ọ bụ underpricing nke amanyere bụ iwu na ụkpụrụ na-esote afọ e kuchiri a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkpụrụ.

Central Bank: mmepe si 2005 ka 2011

Na 2005, ndị Central Bank, onye mere eme bụ nke na-adọrọ mmasị na ọtụtụ ndị, emewo ka ya onwe ya na-esonụ ebumnobi: ike nchebe nke na-ebute ọdịmma nke investors, ntọt ịsọ mpi, iji gbochie ikenenke azụmaahịa, na-ewusi okwukwe nke ndị e, depositors na investors. Mgbe afọ atọ nke nsogbu, mortgage agbazinye ma belata liquidity na mba ahịa gbanwere ego iwu. Financial ewumewu emewo lekwasị ya agha iji gbochie uka odida nke òtù.

History nke Bank of Russia agwa na ugboro ugboro bee mmasị udu na 2009, gụnyere refinancing (site na 13% na 8,75%). Kpụrụ a usoro na-akwado interbank ahịa n'oge aku nsogbu. The Bank of Russia nyere mgbazinye ego iji ego ndị ọzọ ozu enweghị security, ma a afọ mgbe e mesịrị mkpebi gbanwere. Belata mmasị udu (site na 8,75% na 7,75%). Ebe ọ bụ na ufọt ufọt 2010 malitere ebili, onu oriri na mmasị udu mụbara site 0,25%. Ọzọkwa, ego iwu ghọrọ ihe isiike. Nke ahụ bụ otú akụkọ ghọrọ usoro Bank. The Bank of Russia n'oge ugbu aga n'ihu na mma ego usoro ma mejuputa otutu usoro na hụ kwụsie ike.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepe anoghi n'ulo oba: n'aka fim

Ahịa na-aga a akụ ego, mkpa ịmụta ihe ọmụma zuru ezu banyere ya. Na-abụghị nanị ihe dị mkpa nzaghachi si gara aga borrowers, kamakwa n'aka fim: elu ya bụ, ka a pụrụ ịdabere na ego alụmdi. All nke a nwere ike ịchọta na mkpa web ego, ma akụkụ nke data, dị ka nke May na June 2014 na-nyere na ugbu nyochaa.

Enwere mmiri na inye mgbazinye ego iji ahịa na ogbenye n'aka akụkọ ihe mere eme?

A onye nwere ike ide na-ajụ-sized ụlọ akụ njikọ ndị na-anaghị achọ ọmụma na aga mụ ịkwụ ụgwọ. Na-emekarị na ọ bụ a na-eto eto na nzukọ, onye chọrọ ka adọta ndị ahịa ọlị. Ha nwere ike inye a nchikota nke ego, ọbụna ndị na-arụ n'aka akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ha na-eme ya maka elu protsenty.Sovremennuyu ndụ siri ike iche n'echiche na-enweghị ego. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị ahịa enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ na oge ndị chọrọ ego (mgbanwe nke ọrụ, Mbelata, Mbelata nke ụgwọ ọrụ, na na. D.), Na ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na mgbe e mesịrị ụgwọ ga-laghachiri na ugwo data odụk a pụrụ iche database, ịgwa banyere unreliability nke nwa amaala. Ọ bụrụ na ọ ọzọ ga mkpa iji mgbazinye ego, ihe ọ bụla ọ nwere ike na-agwa okwu bịara n'ikperé mmiri na ọjọọ n'aka akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ nnọọ ike wepụ a ego ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, ọnọdụ a.

Banking technology na-adịghị ada ka mgbe niile evolving. N'ihi ya, na mma ọrụ quality, mfe ọtụtụ ego azụmahịa, rụọ ntụkwasị obi nke usoro. Ya mere, mgbe 5 afọ, ichekwa ego na bank usoro yiri ka ebili ka a ọhụrụ larịị.