Crimea: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke dịịrị banye na mmiri. Olee otú Crimea, na ihe bụ akụkọ banyere ndị ya?

A afọ gara aga, Crimea peninshula bụ a akụkụ nke ala nke Ukraine. Ma mgbe March 16, 2014, ọ na-eji "ebe obibi" na ghọrọ akụkụ nke Russian Federation. Ọ bụ ya mere nnọọ kọwaa mụbara mmasị otú ịzụlite Crimea. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke dịịrị banye na mmiri bụ nnọọ ike ike ma na-ufiop.

The mbụ bi oge ochie ala

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị dị iche iche nke Crimea ụbọchị laghachi ọtụtụ millennia. On peninshula, na-eme nchọpụta chọpụtara na foduru nke oge ochie ndị dịrị ndụ laa azụ na ndị Paleolithic oge. Near na-adọba ụgbọala Kiik-Koba na Staroselie ọkà mmụta ihe ochie chọpụtara na ọkpụkpụ nke ndị n'oge ahụ bi n'ógbè a.

Na puku afọ mbụ BC, na Cimmerians biri ebe a, ika na Sitia. Na nnọchite nke a mba na ókèala, ma ọ bụ kama ya ugwu na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri akụkụ ka na-akpọ Tauris, ika, ma ọ bụ Tauridia. Ancient ndị mmadụ aku a adịghị nnọọ ala ugbo na ụmụ anụmanụ husbandry, nakwa dị ka ịchụ nta na ịkụ azụ. Ụwa ọhụrụ, ọhụrụ na-egbuke egbuke.

Ndị Gris, ndị Rom na Goths

Ma n'ihi ihe ụfọdụ nke oge ochie na-ekwu nnọọ mma na okwu nke ebe o mesịrị bụrụ anwụ na-acha Crimea. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke dịịrị banye na mmiri na nwere echiche nke Grik. Around 6-5 nke ọtụtụ narị afọ BC, na ebe malitere ifịk ifịk ịchị ndị Gris. Ha tọrọ ntọala a dum ógbè, mgbe nke wee akpa ala. Ndị Gris na-ada tinyere na ha na-erite uru nke mepere anya: ha nọ na-ewu ụlọ nsọ, na-eme ihe nkiri, n'ámá egwuregwu na baths. N'oge a e wee malite ịkpa shipbuilding. Ọ bụ na Grik akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ekewet mmepe nke viticulture. Ọzọkwa, ndị Gris kụrụ olive osisi ebe a na-emekwa ụfọdụ na mmanụ collection. Ọ bụ mma ikwu na na mbata nke ndị Grik na-akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Crimea natara a ọhụrụ kwalite.

Ma mgbe a ole na ole narị afọ, ndị dike Rome nwere ya anya na n'ókèala a na jide akụkụ nke n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Nke a ọdịdọ kere ruo 6 na narị afọ AD. Ma nnukwu mmebi nke mmepe nke dịịrị banye na mmiri mere ka Gothic ebo onye wakporo 3-4th ọtụtụ narị afọ na site na nke mebiri Greek ala. Ọ bụ ezie na njikere anya amanye ndị mba ọzọ, mmepe nke Crimea ukwuu n'oge ahụ ọ kwụsịlata.

Khazaria na Tmutarakan

Crimea a na-akpọ oge ochie Khazars, na ụfọdụ Russian emere n'ubọchi n'ókèala a na-akpọ tmutarakani. Ma ọ bụghị ihe echepụtakarị aha nke ebe nke Crimea. History hapụrụ peninshula na ajụjụ ndị toponymic aha, nke na otu oge ma ọ bụ ọzọ na-akpọ akụkụ a nke ụwa ala uka. Malite site na 5th century, dum Crimea dara n'okpuru echesinụ Byzantine mmetụta. Ma ugbua na narị afọ nke 7, ebe ahụ nile nke dịịrị banye na mmiri (ma e wezụga Chersonese) bụ na Khazar Khaganate, dị ike ma dị ike. Ọ bụ ya mere na Western Europe na-akpọ "Khazars" dị n'ọtụtụ ihe odide. Ma Russia na Khazars niile oge ama ya aka, na na 960 afọ akụkọ ihe mere na-amalite Russian Crimea. Khanate bibiri, na niile bụ isiokwu Khazar Old Russian ala nwe. Ugbu a ebe a na-akpọ tmutarakani.

Site n'ụzọ, n'ebe a Kiev Prince Vladimir, bụ ndị kpọọrọ Kherson (Korsun) na 988 e eze baptizim.

Tatar-Mongol nzọ ụkwụ

Narị afọ nke 13 akụkọ ihe mere eme nke annexation nke Crimea ọzọ amalite a agha dịruru ná njọ: peninshula mwakpo Mongol-Tatars.

E na-kpụrụ Crimea Khanate - a nkewa nke Golden Horde. Mgbe Zolotaya Orda gbawara, na 1443 na dịịrị banye na mmiri e nwere Krymskoe Hanstvo. Na 1475, ya kpam kpam dara n'okpuru nduzi nke Turkey. Ọ bụ site na ebe a mere ọtụtụ ọgụ na Polish, Russian na Ukraine ala. Na na na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 15, mbuso agha na-aghọ ebe nile ma ize ike n'ezi ihe nke ma ndị Moscow State na Poland. Ihu ọma, na Turks na-achụ nta ọnụ ala oru: ha na-na-weghaara ndị mmadụ ma na-ere ha ịbụ ohu na ohu ahịa nke Turkey. Otu n'ime ihe ndị mere na nguzobe nke Zaporizhzhya sich na 1554 bụ iguzogide ndị a na-emeri n'agha.

Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme

Russian Crimea nyefe akụkọ na-aga n'ihu na 1774, mgbe Treaty nke Küçük Kaynarca e banyere. Mgbe Russian-Turkish agha nke 1768-1774 wee njedebe fọrọ nke nta ka afọ 300 nke Ottoman achị. The Turks jụrụ Crimea. Ọ bụ n'oge a na dịịrị banye na mmiri e nwere ndị kasị obodo nke Sevastopol na Simferopol. Crimea na-booming, ego a na-nyekwara ebe a, na-amalite ngwa ngwa okooko nke ụlọ ọrụ na azụmahịa.

Ma Turkey enyeghị atụmatụ maliteghachila mara mma mgbakwasị na-akwadebe maka a ọhụrụ agha. Anyị ga-akwụ ụtụ ndị agha Russia, nke ekweghị ka ime otú ahụ. Mgbe ọzọ agha Treaty nke Jassy e banyere 1791.

Ụma na-eme mkpebi nke Catherine II

Ya mere, n'ezie a dịịrị banye na mmiri ugbu a akụkụ nke a dị ike na alaeze, onye aha - Russia. Crimea, onye mere eme na-agụnye ọtụtụ mgbanwe site n'aka ruo aka, ọ dị mkpa a ike agbachitere. Enwetara ndịda ala mkpa ka e chebe iji hụ ókè nche. Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Catherine II nyere Prince Potemkin na-amụ uru na adịghị ike nke ndị annexation nke Crimea. Na 1782, Potemkin dere a akwụkwọ ozi ka Eze Nwanyị Ukwu, nke na-ekwusi na doo nke mkpebi ndị dị mkpa. Catherine kwekọrọ na arụmụka ya. Ọ na-aghọta otú dị mkpa na Crimea maka idozi esịtidem nsogbu nke ala na mba ọzọ amụma anya.

April 8, 1783 Catherine II agbala a manifesto na accession nke Crimea. Ọ bụ a fateful akwụkwọ. Site na oge, site na ụbọchị, Russia, na Crimea, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke alaeze ukwu, na peninshula na-anya nwere njikọ chiri anya ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Dị ka Manifesto, niile Crimea bi e kwere ná nkwa nchebe nke ókèala onye iro, ichebe ihe onwunwe na okwukwe.

Otú ọ dị, Turks nke accession nke Crimea na Russia ghọtara naanị ọnwa asatọ. All a, ọnọdụ ndị gbara ha gburugburu peninshula bụ nnọọ tensi. Mgbe manifesto e bipụtara, nke mbụ nke ịkwado Russian Alaeze Ukwu ṅụụrụ ụkọchukwu na nanị mgbe ahụ - dum bi. The dịịrị banye na mmiri mere ndokwa emume ememe, oriri, buru egwuregwu na ịnyịnya agbụrụ, egbe gbaa nke ezimezi oku e nyere ikuku. Dị ka e kwuru site na ha dịkọrọ ndụ, dum Crimea na ọṅụ na ọṅụ, na-agafe na Russian Alaeze Ukwu.

Kemgbe ahụ, Crimea, peninshula akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụzọ ndụ nke ndị bi na ya na-nwere njikọ chiri ka niile ihe mere na Russian Alaeze Ukwu.

A ike kwalite mmepe nke

A Brief History nke Crimea mgbe annexation na Russian Alaeze Ukwu nwere ike kọwara na otu onye okwu na - "na-agbawa okooko." E nwere na-amalite ngwa ngwa ịzụlite ụlọ ọrụ na ugbo, winemaking, viticulture. Na obodo e nwere azụ na nnu pans, ndị ifịk ifịk na-emepe emepe ahia agbatị.

Ebe ọ bụ na Crimea bụ na a nnọọ ọkụ na mma, ọtụtụ ndị bara ọgaranya Tsarist Russia chọrọ ga-esi ebe ala. Maara aha, òtù nke ezinụlọ eze, industrialists lere ya ihe ùgwù chọtara otu ezinụlọ ala na ụlọ na dịịrị banye na mmiri. Na 19 nke - n'oge 20 nke narị afọ, e na-amalite ngwa ngwa okooko nke ije. Ndi-isi ụlọ ọrụ, ndị eze ladies, Russian J.Randall na-ewu ebe a ahụ dum ulo elu-agbaji mara mma ogige ntụrụndụ nke e chekwara na ókèala nke Crimea taa. Na mgbe ama nke peninshula agbatị nka, eme ihe nkiri, abụ abụ, artists, nkiri-goers. Crimea na-aghọ a na omenala Mecca nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu.

Echefula banyere salubrious idụhe nke dịịrị banye na mmiri. Ebe ọ bụ na dọkịta pụtara na ikuku nke Crimea bụ nnọọ mma maka ọgwụgwọ nke ụkwara nta, ebe a uka njem uka na-achọ inwere iji naghachi n'aka nke a na-egbu egbu ọrịa. Crimea na-aghọ mara mma bụghị naanị n'ihi na ndị ọzọ nke bohemian, ma n'ihi na ahụ ike na njem.

Ọnụ na mba a dum

Ná mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 peninshula e mepụtara ọnụ na mba ahụ dum. Ọ bụghị gafere ya, na October mgbanwe na ụdi agha obodo. Ọ bụ site na Crimea (Yalta, Sevastopol, Theodosia) wee gara aga ụgbọ mmiri na arịa, nke Russian hapụrụ Russian intelligentsia. Nke a bụ ebe e nwere a uka ọpụpụ + nke ọcha. The mba kere a usoro ihe ọhụrụ, na Crimea agaghị ahapụ.

Ọ bụ na 20s nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ mere na Crimea mgbanwe nke ihe niile na-Union ike resotu. Na 1919, Bolsheviks ịnakwere "Iwu SNK na ọgwụgwọ ebe nke mba dị mkpa." Crimea na-ede ya red akara. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị aka ọzọ dị mkpa akwụkwọ - iwu "On ojiji nke Crimea maka ọgwụgwọ nke na-arụ ọrụ."

Ruo mgbe agha, peninshula n'ókèala na-eji dị a-eme maka consumptives. Na Yalta ke 1922 ọbụna awade a pụrụ iche na Institute of Ụkwara nta. Ego na ihe zuru ezu larịị, na n'oge na-adịghị na Sri na-aghọ a isi center nke mba maka akpa ume n'ịwa ahụ.

Epochal Crimea Conference

N'oge Akwa Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya, peninshula ekedi idaha oke agha arụmọrụ. N'ebe a, anyị agha na ala na nke oké osimiri, na ikuku na ugwu. Obodo abua na obodo - Sevastopol na Kerch - natara aha dike City maka a ịrịba onyinye merie fasizim.

Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ndị niile bi si ọtụtụ mba Crimea, agha na n'akụkụ nke Soviet Army. Ụfọdụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke Crimea Tatars n'ihu ọha na-akwado mwakpo. Ọ bụ ya mere na 1944 Stalin nyere iwu dọrọkwa Crimea Tatars n'èzí Crimea. Ọtụtụ narị ụgbọ oloko na a ụbọchị emeela a dum mba Central Asia.

Crimea ridara na akụkọ ihe mere eme ekele eziokwu na na February 1945, ẹkenịmde ke Livadia Obí na Yalta ogbako. Ndú nke atọ superpowers - Stalin (USSR), Roosevelt (USA) na Churchill (United Alaeze) - banyere Crimea mkpa mba akwụkwọ na nke ụwa iji A kọwawo ọtụtụ post-agha ọtụtụ iri afọ.

Crimea - Ukrainian

Na 1954 na-abịa a ọhụrụ milestone. The Soviet na-edu ndú kpebie nyefee Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of Crimea. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke dịịrị banye na mmiri wee malite ịkpa a ọhụrụ dịruru ná njọ. Ụzọ bịara onwe si mgbe isi nke Communist Party Nikita Khrushchev.

Nke a ka e mere iji gburugburu ụbọchị: ke otu afọ na mba na-eme ememe 300th ncheta nke Pereyaslav Rada. Na-echeta a mere ihe akụkọ ụbọchị na-egosi na Russian na Ukraine iche iche dị n'otu, Crimea a kpọfere Ukrainian SSR. Na ugbu a, ọ bịara na-hụrụ dị ka a dum na a akụkụ nke ndị nile ụzọ nke "Ukraine - Crimea". The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke peninshula nichinaet kọwara na dịkọrọ ndụ ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere na a dị ọcha wepụrụ ebubo.

Ọ a mkpebi aku na uba ezi, ọ bụ na ọ bara uru mgbe ka ndị dị otú ahụ a nzọụkwụ - ajụjụ dị otú ahụ na-adịghị ọbụna pụtara n'oge ahụ. Ebe ọ bụ na Soviet Union bụ otu, ọ dịghị onye nyere pụrụ iche mkpa ma Crimea ga-abụ akụkụ nke RSFSR na Ukrainian SSR.

Obodo kwụụrụ n'ime Ukraine

Mgbe kpụrụ otu nọọrọ onwe ha Ukrainian steeti, Crimea natara ọnọdụ nke obodo kwụụrụ. Na September 1991, ọ nakweere Declaration of State Ọbụbụeze nke Republic. A December 1, 1991 a referendum ẹkenịmde ke nke 54% nke Crimea bi akwado nnwere onwe nke Ukraine. Na May n'afọ ọzọ, nakweere oruru nke Republic of Crimea, na February 1994 Crimeans họọrọ mbụ President nke Republic of Crimea. Ha ghọrọ Yuri Meshkov.

Ọ bụ afọ nke perestroika niile esemokwu malitere ibili ọzọ mgbe na Khrushchev nyere Crimea na Ukraine iwu na-akwadoghị. Pro-Russian mmetụta na dịịrị banye na mmiri ndị dị nnọọ ike. Ya mere, ka anya dị ka ohere, Crimea laghachi Russia.

Ọdachi March 2014 nke

Mgbe ke Ukraine ke mbubreyo 2013 - n'oge 2014 malitere na-eto eto nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ ọchịchị nsogbu, ndị ọzọ na ndị ọzọ olu na Crimea na dịịrị banye na mmiri na-alaghachi Russia. N'abalị nke 26 na February 27 site amaghị mmadụ na Russian ọkọlọtọ na a kpọlitere n'elu ụlọ nke Kasị Elu Council nke Crimea.

The Supreme Council of Crimea na Sevastopol City Council adopts a nkwupụta na nnwere onwe nke Crimea. N'otu oge ahụ ọ na-kwupụtara echiche na-jide niile-Crimea referendum. Ná mmalite, ọ na-ndokwa maka March 31, ma mgbe ahụ, ahụhụ izu abụọ tupu - na 16 March. Crimea referendum pụta mma: na Crimea isonyere Russia tozuru oke 96,6% nke Ntuli. The n'ozuzu larịị nke nkwado maka mkpebi nke Crimea peninshula bi na ama 81,3%.

The n'oge na nke Crimea nọgidere na-udi tupu anyị anya. Ọ bụghị ihe niile mba ghọtara ọnọdụ nke Crimea. Ma Crimeans ndụ na okwukwe na a ayama n'ọdịnihu.