English Explorer, geographer, ọkà na ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Sir Francis Galton: biography, nchoputa na-akpali eziokwu

Sir Francis Galton mụrụ February 16, 1822, nso Sparkbruka (Birmingham, Warwickshire, England), na nwụrụ na January 17, 1911 na Heslemere (Surrey, England). Nke a bụ ihe English Explorer, ọkà na eugenicist mara maka ya na-asụ ụzọ ọmụmụ nke ọgụgụ isi mmadụ. Knighted na 1909

Galton Frensis: biography

Francis nwata bụ obi ụtọ, na ọ nabatara na ekele na-ji a ọtụtụ ndị mụrụ m. Ma ọ bụ na ọ bara uru na oge gboo na akwụkwọ okpukpe natara na ụlọ akwụkwọ na chọọchị. Mgbe e mesịrị, o kwetara na a akwụkwọ ozi Charles Darwin na omenala arụmụka Bible mere ya "nhụsianya."

Ndị nne na nna na-ele anya na nwa ya nwoke ga-amụ nkà mmụta ọgwụ, na mgbe a njem nke ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Europe dị ka a na-eto eto (a kama ọhụrụ maka amụrụ afọ), sochiri ọzụzụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ na Birmingham na London. Ma, n'oge a, dị ka Galton, ọ na-jupụtara na a ahuhu n'ihi na njem, dị ka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ndị na migratory nnụnụ. Ịga na nkuzi na onwu na Mahadum nke Giessen (Germany) e kagbuo na ihu ọma nke a na-eme njem South-East Europe. Site Vienna ọ gara site na Constanza, Constantinople, Smyrna, na Athens na kpọpụta n'ọgba Adelsberg (ugbu a Postojna, Slovenia), na samples ìsì amphibian akpọ Proteus - akpa ke England. Ọ laghachiri Galton banyere Atọ n'Ime Otu College, Cambridge, ebe ke n'afọ nke atọ nke ọzụzụ dị ka a n'ihi nke overwork ọrịa. Na-agbanwe agbanwe ndụ, ọ ngwa ngwa gbazie ya onwe ya, nke nyeere ya aka na-eme n'ọdịnihu.

njem akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ

Mgbe ahapụ Cambridge enweghị a ogo Francis Galton iso ọgwụ akwụkwọ London. Ma tupu e dechara ya, nna ya nwụrụ, na-ahapụ a zuru ezu na ọnọdụ Frances "ghọrọ onwe ha" site ọrụ ahụ ike. Galton ugbu a ike idaba ha agụụ ịgbanwe ebe.

Ngwa ngwa njem na 1845-1846 gg. na elu esịmde nke Naịl na ndị enyi gị na Holy Land naanị ibu buteere a juputara haziri penetration n'ime unexplored ebe nke South West Africa. Mgbe oge na Royal Obodo Society, Galton kpebiri inyocha ekwe omume nke na-agafe si n'ebe ndịda na site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Lake Ngami, emi odude n'ebe ugwu nke Kalahari Desert, 885 km n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Walvis Bay. The njem, bụ nke gụnyere ihe abụọ njem, otu n'ebe ugwu, nke ọzọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, site na otu nchekwa data, o siri ike na nwedịrị ike ịta. Ọ bụ ezie na na-eme nnyocha na-adịghị ahụ ruru Ngami, ha nwetara ihe ọmụma bara uru. N'ihi ya, na afọ 31, na 1853-m, Galton Frensis a họpụtara Ụmụnna nke Royal Obodo Society, afọ atọ mgbe e mesịrị - na Royal Society. Ọzọkwa na 1853 ọ lụrụ Louise Butler. Mgbe a nkenke honiimuunu na Europe di na nwunye biri na London, na 1855, Galton malitere ịrụ ọrụ.

n'oge akwụkwọ

The mbụ n'akwụkwọ nke na-amụ ihe na-eche ala - akwụkwọ bụ "The Art of Travel" E bipụtara ya na 1855. Ọ malitere na-egosipụta ihe ịrịba ama na ọ na-emepe emepe a na nkà mmụta sayensị ọchịchọ ịmata na ọhụrụ ntụziaka. The mbụ ihe na-amị mkpụrụ research Galton malitere ọnọdụ ihu igwe. Ọ malitere ise map nke ifufe na nrụgide na chọpụtara dabeere nnọọ adịchaghị na-egosi na elu nsogbu emmepe na-ji ifufe direction malite gburugburu jụụ center. Na 1863 o wee na aha maka ndị dị otú ahụ na usoro "anticyclone". Sochiri ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ọrụ, nke na o chere maka ụzọ echiche nke mmekọrịta na nlaghachi azụ.

Na 1870, Galton agụ na British Association akụkọ isiokwu ya bụ "barometric weather ịkọ," nke ọ na-ahụ bịakwutere multiple nlaghachi azụ, na-agbalị ikwu ihe ga-ifufe nsogbu, okpomọkụ ma na iru mmiri. Ọ dara, ma, ka ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ, bụ onye mesịrị ịga nke ọma.

Ihe nketa nke na-ọkà mmụta sayensị

A n'enweghị ike ọgwụgwụ na-eme nchọpụta Francis Galton dere itoolu akwụkwọ na banyere 200 isiokwu. Ha metụrụ ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ndị fingerprints maka njirimara, mmekọrịta ngụkọta oge (Nkebi nke Applied Statistics) na nke Galton sụrụ ụzọ. O dekwara banyere mmịnye ọbara, ime mpụ, art, njem na underdeveloped mba na Meteorology. Ọtụtụ n'ime ya akwụkwọ na-ekpughe a ọchịchọ nke na-ede akwụkwọ ka gụpụta. Early-arụ ọrụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ, emetụta mgbakọ na mwepụ nkwenye nke eyeyere akam. Ke adianade do, ruo afọ 34, ọ na-aka mma nke n'ihe ụkpụrụ.

fingerprints

Na-egosi na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị 12 omempụ metering usoro parameters mekọrịtara Bertillon, Galton ghọrọ ndị nwere mmasị na-akọwapụta onye ahụ. Na otu isiokwu maka Royal Institute, nke ọ na-atụle bertillionazh, ọ na mberede dọọrọ uche gaa ụkpụrụ na fingertips. N'akwụkwọ ya, "mkpịsị aka" (1892), na-ede akwụkwọ egosila na:

• ụkpụrụ na-anọgide mgbe nile ofụri a ndụ mmadụ;
• a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe nakawa etu esi n'ezie oké;
• fingerprints nwere ike nkewa ma ọ bụ leksikonizirovat nke na mgbe ha na-rubere ọkachamara ka na ya, na-adịrị ndị kwesịrị ekwesị dictionary ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya, nwere ike ikwu otu set e debara aha ha n'akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ.

Ihe nke akwụkwọ na-egosi na Kọmitii kere site Ministry nke Interior na 1893 bụ ihe e kere eke nke Department of fingerprints - na obu ụzọ nke ọtụtụ ndị yiri n'ụwa nile. Sam Francis Galton, dị ka nwere ike na-atụ anya n'aka ya gara aga ọrụ na ọdịmma, chigharịkwuuru amụ nketa ụkpụrụ. Nke a na-amụ e rụrụ maka ọtụtụ afọ na laabu, nke ọ tọrọ ntọala na nke e mesịrị aha ya.

eugenics nduhie

N'agbanyeghị nnukwu onyinye ọtụtụ ebe nke ihe ọmụma, bụ nke mere ka Francis Galton, eugenics sayensị bụ ya isi mmasị. The niile nke ndụ ya o jikwa nkwalite nke echiche nke rụọ ọrụ ndị ahụ ha na ụbụrụ Ọdịdị nke ahụ mmadụ na umu site nhọrọ echetakwa nke di na nwunye. Francis Galton, a nwa nwanne Charles Darwin, bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-aghọta mkpa nke ozizi evolushọn maka ụmụ mmadụ. Ọ ghọtara na ozizi na-gbaghara kasị nke oge a na nkà mmụta okpukpe, na-emeghe ohere maka kpara mma nke ụmụ mmadụ.

butere n'aka amamihe

Francis Galton chepụtara okwu "eugenics" iji gosi na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mgbalị mụbaa nkezi nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-elu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa onyinye site nhọrọ ozuzu na nwunye. N'akwụkwọ ya "butere n'aka amamihe" (1869), o ji okwu "amamihe" na-ezo aka "oké elu na ebum pụta ụwa" ikike. Ya isi arumaru bụ na uche na nke anụ ndị e ji mara na-ketara dokwara. Mgbe nke a ikpe na-anabata. Mgbe Darwin mbụ na-agụ akwụkwọ, o dere, na-ede akwụkwọ bụ ike na-atụgharị ya site na onye iro ka tọghata, dị ka ọ na-kwuru na ndị mmadụ na-adịghị iche ukwuu ọgụgụ isi, kama ọ bụ naanị ịdị uchu na ịrụsi ọrụ ike. "Butere n'aka amamihe" doro anya nyeere ya mụbaa ozizi ya nke ụmụ mmadụ na evolushọn. Nwa nwanne nna e kwuru okwu ya na "Mmalite nke umu anumanu na osisi" (1859), ma ndị e zoro aka ọtụtụ ugboro na ya "ụmụ nke Man" (1871).

The oké ike

Tesis nke gbachiteere Francis Galton, - akparamaagwa nke onye ketara nakwa dị ka anụ ahụ e ji mara - dị ike ruo n'ókè ike ha onwe okpukpe na nkà ihe ọmụma. O dere, sị na e nweghị obi abụọ banyere ịdị adị nke oké ike ngwa ngwa, nke ike-eji na a na nnukwu uru, dị ka anya dị ka ọ ga-amụ, ghọtara na etinyere ya.

Galton akwụkwọ "Studies nke ụmụ mmadụ ikike" (1883) mejupụtara banyere 40 Isiokwu 2 to 30 peeji nke ọ bụla, dabere na nkà mmụta sayensị na akwụkwọ e dere n'etiti 1869 na 1883. Ọ bụ a nchịkọta nke na-ede echiche na onye nwere ikike. N'ihi na onye ọ bụla nke isiokwu ahụ na-ede akwụkwọ jisiri ka ihe mbụ na-akpali, na ọ na-eme ka o doo anya, nkenke, mbụ na umeala. Dị ka okwu nke uche ya, na ihe University of London Department of Eugenics e tọrọ ntọala.

aha

Na narị afọ nke 20 na aha Galton, tumadi jikọtara eugenics. N'ihi na ọ na-elekwasị anya na ebum pụta ụwa ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ, ọ emewo site enyo n'etiti ndị kwere na omenala (na-elekọta mmadụ na izi) ihe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu elu ebum pụta ụwa ma ọ bụ ndu maka ha onyinye ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ. Ya mere, eugenics mgbe hụrụ dị ka ngosipụta nke klas ajọ mbunobi, na Galton akpọ reactionary. Otú ọ dị, ọhụụ a nke eugenics ịgwagbu ya echiche, ebe ọ bụ na ha mkpa bụ ike ọ bụghị oké ozu J.Randall na ndị bi na esịnede kpamkpam nke kasị mma ndị ikom na ndị inyom. Galton echiche, dị ka Darwin, na-ejedebeghị site enweghị ihe zuru ezu ozizi si n'aka ruo n'aka. The rediscovery nke Mendel ọrụ bụ akaha budata emetụta onyinye nke ọkà mmụta sayensị.