Gịnị bụ Alfa ire ere na beta ire ere? Beta-ure, Alfa ire ere: na mmeghachi omume nke usoro

Alpha na beta radieshon na-n'ozuzu na-akpọ redioaktivu ire ere. Nke a usoro, nke-enwupụta si ntọala nke subatomic ahụ, sitere na elu na-agba. N'ihi ya, atọm ma ọ bụ isotope pụrụ ịgbanwe site n'otu chemical mmewere ọzọ. Alpha na beta ire ere nke nuclei bụ ihe e ji mara nke na-ejighị n'aka ọcha. A na-agụnye niile nke atọm na a ụgwọ nọmba ukwuu karịa 83 na a uka nọmba ukwuu karịa 209.

mmeghachi omume ọnọdụ emee

Ire ere, dị ka ndị ọzọ redioaktivu mgbanwe, bụ eke na wuru. The ikpeazụ bụ n'ihi iru isi nke ọ bụla ndị mba ọzọ ahụ. Olee otú ndị Alfa na beta ire ere ike-ata atọm - adabere naanị na otú anya ruru otu ebe ala.

N'okpuru eke ọnọdụ emee Alfa na beta-mwepu ire ere.

Na vitro ugbu neutron, positron, proton na ndị ọzọ na ihe obere umu decays na nuclear mgbanwe.

Ndị a aha nyere Ernest Rutherford, bụ onye na-amụ radieshon.

The dị iche n'etiti mụ na-ejighị n'aka ntọala

The ike ire ere na-adabere na ala nke atọm. The na-akpọ "anụ" ma ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị redioaktivu isi e ji mara Nonseparated atọm. Na Ozizi, chọpụtara nke a ọcha pụrụ iduga agwu, akpatre hụ na ha na kwụsie ike. Ọ na-achọrọ ikewapụ ndị dị otú ahụ na-ejighị n'aka nuclei nke nwere nnọọ ogologo ọkara ndụ.

N'amaghị ama, a "nwayọọ" atọm nwere ike iwere dị ka mụ. Otú ọ dị pụtara ìhè atụ nwere ike tellurium, na ndị ọzọ karịsịa, ya isotope onuogugu 128, na-enwe a ọkara ndụ nke 2.2 × 10 ^24. A abụghị pụrụ iche. Lanthanum-138 bụ isiokwu a ọkara ndụ, nke bụ okwu nke 10 ¹¹ afọ. Nke a na okwu bụ iri atọ ugboro ukwuu karịa ugbu a afọ nke eluigwe na ala.

Ihe kachasi mkpa nke redioaktivu ire ere

Usoro a na-ewe ke random. Onye ọ bụla rere ere radionuclide uru ọsọ, nke bụ mgbe niile ka onye ọ bụla ikpe. The ire ere ọnụego apụghị gbanwere n'okpuru nduzi nke mpụga ihe. N'agbanyeghị mmeghachi omume ga-eme n'okpuru nduzi nke nnukwu ndọda ike, na zuru efu, na electric na ndọta, n'oge a chemical mmeghachi omume na na. Mmetụta usoro nwere ike ịbụ naanị na a kpọmkwem mmetụta na n'ime atọm ntọala, nke bụ ihe fọrọ nke agaghị ekwe omume. Spontaneous mmeghachi omume na-adabere naanị na atọm, na nke na-esi, na ya esịtidem ala.

Na okwu nke redioaktivu ire ere mgbe hụrụ na okwu bụ "radionuclide". Ndị na-adịghị maara na ya, unu mara na okwu bụ otu ìgwè nke atọm, nke nwere redioaktivu Njirimara na-efe uka nọmba, ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè na ume ọnọdụ.

Dị iche iche radionuclides eji na teknuzu, na nkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọzọ na ngalaba nke mmadụ ọrụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, ọgwụ data ọcha na-eji na nchoputa nke ọrịa, ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ọjọọ, ngwá ọrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ. E nwere ọbụna a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgwụgwọ na prognostic Radiopreparat.

Ọ dịghị dị mkpa bụ mkpebi siri ike nke isotope. Nke a na okwu na-ezo dị ka a pụrụ iche nke atọm. Ha nwere otu ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè ka a ot mmewere, ma ndị ọzọ karịa nke uka nọmba. Ọ kpatara ọdịiche a ego neutrons nke adịghị emetụta ihe-ndebe ka protons na electrons, ma ibu mgbanwe. Dị ka ihe atụ, a mfe hydrogen nwere ha dum 3. Nke a bụ naanị mmewere onye isotopes aha na e kenyere: na deuterium-tritium (naanị redioaktivu) na con. N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, aha bụ dị na atọm igwe na isi mmewere.

Alpha ire ere

Nke a na ụdị nke redioaktivu Jeremaya mere. Njirimara eke ọcha nke isii na nke asaa oge nke oge table nke chemical ọcha. Akpan akpan n'ihi wuru ma ọ bụ transuranic ọcha.

Components na ike Alfa ire ere

Otu n'ime ihe ndị ọla n'ihi na nke e ji mara ire ere na-agụnye thorium, uranium na ndị ọzọ na ihe nke isii na asaa oge nke oge table nke chemical ọcha, na-agụta si bismuth. Ọzọkwa doro usoro nke isotopes oké ọcha.

Gịnị na-eme n'oge mmeghachi omume?

Mgbe Alfa ire ere amalite emission nke isi ahụ, esịnede abụọ protons na neutrons ụzọ. N'oké tọhapụrụ urughuru ntọala nke a helium atọm, na uka nkeji 4 2 ụgwọ.

N'ihi ya, e nwere ọhụrụ mmewere, bụ nke dị n'aka ekpe nke abụọ amalite mkpụrụ ndụ na oge table. Ndokwa a kọwaa na-amalite 2 protons atọm furu efu na ya - mbụ ego. N'ihi ya, uka nke dapụtara isotope 4 uka nkeji na-ebelata tụnyere ndị mbụ ala.

atụ

N'oge a si ire ere nke uranium, thorium kpụrụ. Thorium, radium gosiri, si ya - radon, nke mechara enye polonium, na n'ikpeazụ - edu ndú. Na usoro e nwere isotopes ndị a, ndị na-adịghị ha onwe ha. N'ihi ya nwetara uranium-238, thorium-234, Radium-230, Radon-236 na na ruo ọdịdị anụ mmewere. The usoro a na mmeghachi omume bụ dị ka ndị a:

Nke-234 -> Ra-230 -> Rn-226 -> Po-222 -> Pb-218

Speed dịpụrụ adịpụ Alfa urughuru emission n'oge si 12 20 puku. Km / sec. Mgbe n'okpuru agụụ, dị a urughuru gaara gburugburu ụwa maka 2 sekọnd, na-akpụ akpụ ndị na ụwa.

beta ire ere

Ihe dị iche n'etiti a urughuru nke elektrọn - na ebe nke na omume. The ida nke beta pụtara na ntọala nke atọm na bụghị elektrọn ígwé ojii gburugburu ya. Kacha nkịtị nke nile dị na redioaktivu mgbanwe. Ọ pụrụ hụrụ fọrọ nke nta niile ugbu a ẹdude chemical ọcha. Site na nke a, ọ pụtara na ọ bụla mmewere nwere dịkarịa ala otu ewekarị ire ere nke isotope. N'ọnọdụ ka ukwuu, dị ka a n'ihi nke beta ire ere e nwere beta mwepu ire ere.

mmeghachi omume

Mgbe usoro nke elektrọn ejection emee ndụ ịda ruru n'amaghi akakabarede nke a neutron na ihe elektrọn na a proton. N'ihi ya protons ruru ka ukwuu uka na-anọgide na ntọala na elektrọn, a na-akpọ beta-mwepu urughuru, na-ahapụ atọm. Na n'ihi na protons amụbawo site na otu, bụ isi nke mmewere na-agbanwe agbanwe na a nnukwu ụzọ na nri nke mbụ na oge na tebụl.

atụ

The ida nke beta na potassium-40 atọghata ya n'ime calcium isotope, bụ nke dị n'aka nri. Redioaktivu calcium-scandium-47 na-aghọ 47, nke nwere ike ghọọ a ufọk ufene titanium-47. Ọ anya dị ka a beta ire ere? usoro:

Ca-47 -> SC-47 -> edebata-47

emission ọnụego beta-urughuru doo bụ 0,9 ugboro ọnụego nke 270 puku. km / sec.

Na ọdịdị, na beta-emitting nuclides adịghị ọtụtụ. Ịrịba Ama nke ha na-adị nnọọ obere. Otu ihe atụ bụ a potassium-40, nke na eke na ngwakọta nwere naanị 119/10000. Ọzọkwa, eke beta-mwepu-arụsi ọrụ ike radionuclides si a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịrịba ngwaahịa bụ Alfa na beta ire ere nke uranium na thorium.

The ida nke beta bụ otu ihe atụ: thorium-234, nke bụ Alfa ire ere na converted n'ime protactinium-234 na mgbe ahụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ, ọ bụ uranium, ma ndị ọzọ isotopes na nọmba 234. Nke a uranium-234 ọzọ ruru Alfa ire ere na-aghọ thorium ma o nwere ihe a dị iche iche ụdị. Mgbe ahụ, a na-aghọ thorium-230 Radium-226, nke na-converted n'ime radon. Na na otu usoro, ruo thallium, naanị na dị iche iche beta ikwu n'ụzọ azụ. Agwụ a redioaktivu beta ire ere nke ntoputa nke anụ edu ndú-206. Mgbanwe a nwere ndị na-esonụ usoro:

Nke-234 -> Pa-234 -> Na-234 -> Nke-230 -> Ra-226 -> Rn-222 -> Mgbe-218 -> Po-214 -> bi-210 -> Pb-206

Ihe ịrịba beta-arụsi ọrụ ike radionuclides bụ K-40 na ihe nke thallium ka uranium.

The ida nke beta-plus

E nwekwara a beta-plus mgbanwe. Ọ na-akpọ positron beta ire ere. Ọ na-enwupụta si isi urughuru akpọ a positron. N'ihi bụ a mgbanwe nke amalite mmewere guzo ekpe, nke nwere a nta ọtụtụ.

atụ

Mgbe otu kọmputa beta ire ere, magnesium-sodium 23 aghọ mụ isotope. Redioaktivu europium-150-aghọ samarium-150.

Ihe mmeghachi omume beta ire ere nwere ike ịmepụta + beta na beta emission. Ọnụego nke urughuru emission ma ikpe hà 0,9 ugboro ọsọ nke ìhè.

Ọzọ redioaktivu decays

E wezụga otú ahụ Jeremaya mere dị ka decomposition na Alfa-beta-ire ere, na usoro nke a maara nke ọma, e nwere ndị ọzọ, na-erughị nkịtị na-ahụkarị maka keakamere radionuclides Filiks.

Neutron ire ere. The emission nke na-anọpụ iche ahụ bụ 1 uka unit. N'oge ọ na-otu isotope converted n'ime ọzọ na a ala uka nọmba. Otu ihe atụ ga-akakabarede nke 9-lithium na lithium-8-5 helium na helium-4.

N'elu irradiation nke gamma-ụzarị nke ayodiin-127 isotope bụ a anụ isotope aghọ onuogugu 126 na-enweta radioactivity.

Proton ire ere. Kemgwucha obere. Mgbe ya emee proton emission enwe a elekọta +1, na 1 unit nke uka. Atomic ibu na-aghọ nta ka a otu uru.

Ọ bụla redioaktivu mgbanwe, akpan akpan, redioaktivu ire ere, Bilie ntọhapụ nke ike na ụdị gamma ụzarị. Ọ na-akpọ ndị gamma-ụzarị. N'oge ụfọdụ, e nwere X-ray radieshon-enwe a ala ike.

Gamma ire ere. Ọ na-anọchi anya gamma-ray agbanwe oge. Akpa radieshon bụ ihe isiike karịa X-ray na na-eji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. N'ihi bụ gamma ụzarị ma ọ bụ ike fluxes nke atọm ntọala. X-ụzarị bụkwa a solenoid, ma na-ebilite si elektrọn shells nke atọm.

Agbara Alfa ahụ

Alpha ahụ na a uka nke atọm nkeji 4 2 ụgwọ akpali rectilinearly. N'ihi nke a, anyị nwere ike ikwu banyere ihe agbara nke Alfa ahụ.

The uru na-adabere na mbụ ụzọ na ike àmà site 3 na 7 (mgbe ụfọdụ 13) cm na ikuku. The oké ajụ bụ site na otu narị nke a millimeter. Dị otú ahụ radieshon ike banye a mpempe akwụkwọ, na ụmụ mmadụ na anụ.

N'ihi na nke ya ibu na ihe-ndebe nke Alfa urughuru nwere kasị ukwuu ionizing ike na-ebibi ihe niile ha ụzọ. Na nke a, Alfa-radionuclides ndị kasị ize ndụ ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ mgbe oghe organism.

Sitere ike nke beta ahụ

N'ihi na obere uka nọmba, nke bụ 1836 ugboro nta karịa a proton, na odomo ọjọọ ụgwọ, beta radieshon nwere obere utịp ke umi, site na nke ijiji, ma Ọzọkwa, ogologo ụgbọ elu. Ọzọkwa, na urughuru ụzọ abụghị ọtọ. Na nke a, ọ nta banyere abami ike, nke na-adabere na natara ike.

Sitere ike nke beta ahụ si na-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge redioaktivu ire ere ikuku esịmde 2.3 m na mmiri na-agụ na sentimita asatọ na na solids - na ụmụ irighiri ihe nke a sentimita. mmadụ anụ ahụ radieshon agafe 1.2 cm ke omimi. Iji chebe megide beta radieshon nwere ike ije ozi dị ka a dị mfe mmiri oyi akwa 10 cm urughuru iyi na a zuru ezu elu ike nke ire ere na 10 MeV fọrọ nke nta niile etinye obi gị dum dị n'ígwé: ikuku - 4 m. aluminum - 2.2 cm; ígwè - 7,55 mm; mbu - 5.2 mm.

Nyere obere size nke ahụ nke beta radieshon nwere ala ionizing ike jiri ya tụnyere Alfa ahụ. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ingested, ha bụ ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ karịa na mpụga ikpughe.

The kasị elu penetration udu n'etiti niile iche nke radieshon ugbu a nwere a neutron na gamma. Gbaa ndị a radiations na ikuku mgbe ụfọdụ esịmde ọtụtụ iri ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ narị mita, ma na-erughị ionizing egosi.

Kasị gamma-ray ume isotopes adịghị gafere uru nke 1.3 MeV. Mgbe ụfọdụ ruru ụkpụrụ nke 6.7 MeV. Na nke a, n'ihi nchedo dị radieshon eji n'ígwé nke ígwè, ihe na-eduga attenuation ruru.

Ka ihe atụ, ka esighi ike tenfold nke cobalt gamma radieshon na-achọ ụzọ echebe ọkpụrụkpụ ihe 5 cm, na a 100-n'ogige atụrụ attenuation chọrọ 9.5 cm Concrete Protection abụ 33 na 55 cm, na mmiri -. 70 na 115 cm.

Ionizing neutron nọmba dabeere na ha ume arụmọrụ.

Ọ bụla ọnọdụ, ndị kasị mma usoro nke na-echebe megide radieshon na-aghọ kacha ịgbara si iyi dị ka o kwere na ntakiri egburu oge na a elu radieshon ebe.

Nkerisi atọm nuclei

Site nkerisi nuclei nke atọm a pụtara spontaneously ma ọ bụ n'okpuru nduzi nke neutrons nkewa isi na abụọ n'akụkụ dị hà na size.

Abụọ ndị a akụkụ bụ redioaktivu isotopes nke ọcha si isi akụkụ nke table nke chemical ọcha. Malite site ọla kọpa na lanthanides.

N'oge nkewa etịbede a ole na ole mmezi neutrons e ngafe ike n'ụdị gamma ụzarị, nke bụ ihe ndị ọzọ karịa redioaktivu ire ere. N'ihi ya, mgbe otu ihe omume na-adị onye na redioaktivu ire ere gamma ray, na n'oge omume n'ikewa egosi 8,10 gamma quanta. Ọzọkwa bubatara iche iberibe nwere a ukwuu kinetic ike zigara kwes arụmọrụ.

The tọhapụrụ neutrons nwere ike akpali iche nkewa nke a ụzọ nke yiri cores ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-emi odude nso na neutrons ha nwetara.

A na njikọ e nwere ohere nke branching, yinye mmeghachi omume ngwa ngwa nkewa nke atọm nuclei na n'ịwa a nnukwu ego nke ike.

Mgbe ndị dị otú a ihe mkpalite a na-achịkwa, ọ ga-eji n'ihi na ụfọdụ nzube. Ka ihe atụ, maka kpo oku ma ọ bụ electric. Ndị dị otú ahụ Filiks na-rụrụ na nuklia ike osisi na ngwa agha.

Ọ bụrụ na ị hapụ akara nke mmeghachi omume, na bọmbụ ga-eme. Dị ka eji na ngwá agha nuklia.

e nwere nanị otu mmewere na vivo - uranium-enwe naanị otu fissile isotope onuogugu 235. Ọ bụ a ngwá agha.

Na nkịtị nuclear chernobyl uranium si uranium-238 n'okpuru nduzi nke neutron ụdị ọhụrụ isotope No.239, na site na ya - plutonium, nke bụ wuru na bụghị dị na vivo. N'ihi ya bilie na plutonium-239 na-eji maka na ngwá agha na nzube. Nke a usoro nke nuclear fission bụ ọdịdị zuru oke nke niile ngwá agha nuklia na ume.

Ebibi dị ka Alfa ire ere na beta ire ere, na usoro nke a na-akụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, nke na-zuru ebe nile n'oge anyị. N'ihi ndị a Jeremaya mere, e nwere nuklia ike osisi, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na mmepụta dabeere na nuclear physics. Ma echefula banyere radioactivity nke ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a ọcha. Mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na ha mkpa pụrụ iche nchedo, na nnabata na niile nchekwa jikoro. Ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ pụrụ iduga na-irreparable ọdachi.