Na ihe elu-efe efe Satellites, orbit ngụkọta oge, ọsọ na direction nke ije

Dị nnọọ ka oche ke nkiri ekwe dị iche iche anya na ihe yiri nke dị iche iche orbits nke Satellites enye n'ọnọdụ, ọ bụla nke nwere ya nzube. Ụfọdụ yie ka nghọta n'elu ebe n'elu, ha na-enye a mgbe nile na-nnyocha nke otu akụkụ nke Earth, ka ndị ọzọ na circling gburugburu ụwa anyị, otu ụbọchị zaa n'elu multiple ebe.

ụdị orbits

Na ihe elu-efe efe Satellites? E nwere 3 ụdị ụwa orbits: elu, ọkara na ala. Na elu na nsọtu n'elu bụ n'ozuzu ọtụtụ weather na ụfọdụ nkwurịta okwu Satellites. Satellites orbiting ajụ ụwa orbit gụnyere igodo na pụrụ iche mere maka nlekota oru a kpọmkwem mpaghara. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ugboelu, gụnyere nlekota usoro maka n'elu nsoro nke NASA Earth, bụ na a ala orbit.

N'agbanyeghị otú elu-efe efe Satellites na-adabere na-agba nke na ha ije. Dị ka ị na-agakwuru ndị Earth ike ndọda na-esiwanye ike, na ngwa ngwa ije. Dị ka ihe atụ, NASA aqua satellite na-ewe banyere 99 nkeji iji ofufe gburugburu uwa na banyere 705 km, na Meteorological unit, ka a na n'ime ime obodo 35786 km n'elu, ọ ga-achọ 23 awa, 56 nkeji na 4 sekọnd. Na a anya nke 384.403 km si center nke Earth Ọnwa enwezu otu mgbanwe ke 28 ụbọchị.

aerodynamic ọjọọ n'agbanyeghị

satellite elu-agbanwekwa modifies ya na orbit ọsọ. Ebe e nwere bụ a ọjọọ n'agbanyeghị. Ọ bụrụ na ndị satellite ọrụ chọrọ dịkwuo ya na-agba, o nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị na-agba ọsọ na-engines maka osooso. Nke a ga-amụba orbit (na ịdị elu), nke ga-eduga a ọnụ ke ọsọ. Kama, ị ga-agba ọsọ ahụ engine na-abụghị uzo nke ngagharị nke satellite, ie. E. Iji igosi ihe emereme na ga nwayọọ na-akpụ akpụ na ụgbọala na Earth. Dị otú ahụ edinam ga-akpali ya n'okpuru ga-amụba ọsọ.

atụmatụ orbits

Na mgbakwunye na elu, ụzọ nke ngagharị nke satellite e ji eccentricity na echiche. The mbụ na-akọ na udi nke orbit. Satellite ala eccentricity Nkea tinyere a trajectory nso okirikiri. The eccentric orbit bụ elliptical. The anya si ugboelu na Earth na-adabere na ya ọnọdụ.

Nchepụta - na n'akuku nke-agba na-akwanyere ndị ụwa. The satellite, nke a na-agba gburugburu na n'elu ụwa, nwere a efu mkpọda. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ugboelu-agabiga n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ndịda okporo osisi (ala ígwé na-adịghị), ya amatakwa bụ 90 Celsius.

All ọnụ - elu, eccentricity na nchepụta - chọpụta ngagharị nke satellite na dị ka ya ele ihe anya ga-ele anya dị ka ụwa.

elu-Earth

Mgbe satellite esịmde kpọmkwem 42164 km nke ụwa center (banyere 36 puku. Km si n'elu), ọ na-abanye na mpaghara ebe ọ ezute adiana orbit nke mbara ala. Ka igwe Nkea n'otu ọsọ dị ka ndị Earth, nke ahụ bụ. E. Ya oge nke mgbanwe bụ awa 24, o yiri ka ọ na mụ na ebe on naanị lonjituudu, ọ bụ ezie na o nwere ike kpafuo site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda. Nke a pụrụ iche elu orbit a na-akpọ geosynchronous.

The satellite Nkea na a okirikiri orbit ozugbo n'elu ụwa (nke eccentricity na nchepụta nke efu) na ikwu na Earth na-anọchi ka. Ọ bụ mgbe nsogbu n'elu otu ihe na ya n'elu.

Geostationary orbit bara uru dị ukwuu maka weather nlekota oru, dị ka ndị Satellites n'elu ya na-enye na-aga n'ihu nnyocha nke otu n'elu ebe. Ọ bụla nkeji ole na ole, ndị osimiri, ifufe ihe, dị ka na-aga, na-enye ihe ọmụma banyere n'ígwé ojii, mmiri vepo na ifufe, na-abata mgbe niile nke ozi bụ ihe ndabere maka nlekota na weather ịkọ.

Ke adianade do, GEO ngwaọrụ nwere ike bara uru n'ihi na okwu (telephony, telivishọn, redio). Aga Satellites enye ọrụ search na nnapụta ogidi ọkụ, na-eji aka na search of ụgbọ mmiri na ugbo elu na-ata ahụhụ.

N'ikpeazụ, ọtụtụ vysokoorbitalnyh Earth Satellites na-nlekota anyanwụ ọrụ na nyochaa ọkwa nke magnetik n'ubi na ụzarị ọkụ.

Ngụkọta oge nke elu nke geostationary orbit

The satellite na-arụ ọrụ centripetal ike F _p = (M v ₁ ²⁾ / R na ndọda ike F _t = (GM ₁ M ₂₎ / R ^2. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị a agha na-hà, ọ bụ omume na-ele nri n'akụkụ na ebipụ ha n'ime ₁ M uka. N'ihi bụ akụkụ v ² = (GM ²⁾ / R. N'ihi ya ike ọsọ v = ((GM ₂₎ / R) ^1/2

Ebe ọ bụ na geostationary orbit bụ a gburugburu 2πr ogologo orbital ike ọsọ bụ v = 2πR / T.

N'ihi ya, R ³ = T ² GM / (4π ^2).

Ebe ọ bụ na T = 8,64x10 ^4, G = 6,673x10 ^-11 nm ² / kg ^2, M = 5,98x10 ²⁴ n'arọ, mgbe ahụ, R = 4,23x10 ⁷ m Subtracting si R. Earth okirikiri, hà 6,38x10 ⁶ m, ọ bụ ike ịmata elu Satellites ada nghọta na otu isi nke elu - 3,59x10 ⁷ m.

Lagrange ebe

Ọzọ Great orbits bụ Lagrange mgbe, ebe ike nke Ụwa ike ndọda na-ahụ ụgwọ atụrụ site Sun si ike ndọda. All na e nwere, dokwara dọtara ndị a dị n'eluigwe na-agbagharị na mbara ụwa anyị gburugburu kpakpando.

Nke ise Lagrangian ihe na Sun-Earth usoro, naanị abụọ ikpeazụ, a na-akpọ L5 na L4, bụ ike. Na ndị ọzọ nke satellite bụ dị ka a bọl eguzozie on top of a nkpoda n'ugwu ntà: ọ bụla nta perturbation ga inupụ ya. Iji nọgide na a ziri ezi ala, na ugboelu bụ mkpa nke mgbe nile na-ukpụhọde. Ke akpatre abụọ ihe nke Lagrange Satellites tụnyere a obi ụtọ na obi ụtọ: ọbụna mgbe a siri ike nsogbu, ha ga-abịa azụ.

L1 emi odude n'etiti Earth na Sun, na-enye ohere Satellites nke di na ya, ka a na mgbe nile na nnyocha nke anyị kpakpando. The Soho anyanwụ Observatory, NASA satellite, na European Space Agency soro anyanwụ si akpa Lagrange ebe nde mmadụ 1.5 kilomita site Earth.

L2 emi odude ke otu anya si Earth, ma ọ bụ n'azụ ya. Satellites na a na ọnọdụ na-achọ naanị otu okpomọkụ ọta iji chebe site na anyanwụ ìhè na okpomọkụ. Nke a bụ ebe dị mma maka ohere telescopes, na-eji na-amụ ọdịdị nke Universe site kwuru nke ngwa ndakwa nri ndabere radieshon.

A atọ Lagrangian ebe dị n'ihu Earth nke ọzọ n'akụkụ nke anyanwụ, nke mere na ìhè bụ mgbe n'etiti ya na mbara ụwa anyị. The satellite na a ọnọdụ ga-enwe ike iji kpọtụrụ Earth.

Oké anụ anọ na nke ise Lagrange uche na orbital ụzọ nke mbara ala na 60 Celsius n'ihu ma n'azụ Earth.

Ọkara ụwa orbit

N'ịbụ nso ka Earth, na Satellites akpali ngwa ngwa. E nwere ihe abụọ na-ajụ-Earth orbit: ọkara synchronous, na "àmụmà."

Na ihe elu-efe efe Satellites na a ọkara synchronous orbit? Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka okirikiri (ala eccentricity) na wepụrụ ka a anya 26560 km nke ụwa center (banyere 20200 km n'elu elu). Satellite a elu-eme ka a zuru ezu adiana 12 ọ bụla awa. Dịkarịa ala, ya mmegharị na Earth-agbagharị n'okpuru. N'ihi na 24 h na ya intersects abụọ yiri ihe na ụwa. Nke a orbit bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ukwuu prediktebul. The usoro eji uwa n'ọnọdu GPS.

-Agba ya gburugburu "Lightning" (nchepụta 63,4 Celsius) na-eji na-edebe na elu latitudes. Geostationary Satellites na-mmasị ka ụwa, ya mere, ha na-adịghị adabara anya n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ ndịda na mpaghara. Nke a orbit bụ nnọọ eccentric: na ugboelu na-akpali tinyere ihe elongated ellipse na Earth, odude nso otu onu. Ebe ọ bụ na satellite na-accelerated site ike ndọda, ọ na-akpali nnọọ ngwa ngwa mgbe ọ bụ nso na mbara ala anyị. Mgbe ị ihichapụ ọsọ slows ala, ya mere, ọ na-etinye oge na n'elu nke orbit na nsọtu si ihu Earth, na anya nke nwere ike iru 40 puku. Km. orbital oge awa 12, ma banyere ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oge ndị satellite-etinye ihe karịrị otu Ụwa. Dị ka ọkara synchronous orbit satellite na-aga site n'otu ụzọ kwa awa 24. Ọ na-eji nkwurịta okwu dị n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ ndịda.

ala Earth

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Satellites, ọtụtụ osimiri, ifufe na ohere ebe na-na nso-okirikiri ala Earth orbit. Ha ná mkpọda na-adabere na nlekota ihe ha na-eme. TRMM na oru maka nlekota nke ebe okpomọkụ mmiri ozuzo, otú nwere a dịtụ ala nchepụta (35 Celsius), mgbe fọdụrụ nso ekwueto.

Ọtụtụ kwuru si NASA Satellites nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta pola orbit vysokonaklonnuyu. The ugboelu Nkea gburugburu ụwa si osisi na osisi na a oge nke 99 min. Ọkara oge ọ na-agabiga ìhè n'akụkụ nke mbara ala, na-aghọ okoneyo osisi.

Dị ka ukporo nke satellite Earth-agbagharị n'okpuru. Erule oge unit abatakwa ìhè òkè, ọ bụ karịrị otu ebe n'akụkụ aka ebe nke Itie ikpeazụ ya orbit. N'oge 24-hour oge nke pola Satellites ekpuchi ọtụtụ ndị Earth ugboro abụọ, ugboro n'ụbọchị ma otu ugboro n'abalị.

Sun-synchronous orbit

Dị nnọọ ka geosynchronous Satellites ga-n'elu ụwa, ka ha nọgide na-na otu isi, pola-orbiting nwere ikike ịnọ na n'otu oge ahụ. Ha orbit bụ anyanwụ-synchronous - na nrutu nke ụwa ugboelu obodo anyanwụ oge bụ mgbe otu. Ka ihe atụ, Na satellite obe n'elu Brazil mgbe niile 10:30 am. Next nrutu mgbe 99 min n'elu Ecuador ma ọ bụ Colombia Oputakwara na 10:30 obodo oge.

Sun-synchronous orbit dị mkpa maka sayensị, dị ka ọ na-enye ohere iji nọgide na-na n'akuku nke ìhè anyanwụ na-ada n'elu ụwa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-iche dabere na oge. Nke a anọgidesi pụtara na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike iji tụnyere ọtụtụ afọ enweghị nwere nsogbu banyere oke buru ibu jumps kpuchie otu oge oyiyi nke mbara ala afọ, nke nwere ike ike nro nke mgbanwe. Enweghị anyanwụ-synchronous orbit ọ ga-abụ siri ike na-esochi nke ha oge, na-anakọta ozi dị mkpa maka ọmụmụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Ụzọ ndị satellite bụ nnọọ nta. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ n'ebe ịdị elu nke 100 km, na orbit ga nwere a ná mkpọda nke 96 Celsius. Ọ bụla ndiiche bụ adịghị anakwere. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị na-eguzogide nke ikuku na mma agha nke Sun na Ọnwa na-agba mgbanwe ngwa, ọ ga-anya gbanwee.

Etinye n'ime orbit: Launch

The igba egbe na-achọ ike, ego nke nke na-adabere na ọnọdụ nke igba egbe na mpe mpe akwa, dị elu na mkpọda nke obodo ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu trajectory nke ya ije. Iji ruo remote orbit, ọ na-achọrọ na ịgbasi ọzọ ume. Satellites na bukwanu nchepụta (e.g., pola) bụ ndị ọzọ ume iri karịa ndị circling n'elu ụwa. Etinye n'ime orbit na a ala nchepụta nke enyere Ụwa adiana. The International Space Station na-akpụ akpụ na n'akuku 51,6397 Celsius. Nke a dị mkpa iji hụ na ụgbọ mbara igwe na Russian agba ndị mfe iji ya. The elu nke ISS - 337-430 km. Polar Satellites, na aka nke ọzọ, site usu nke Earth adịghị enweta, ya mere ha na-achọ ndị ọzọ ume ịrị otu anya.

ukpụhọde

Mgbe egbe nke satellite dị mkpa iji na-agbalị idebe ya n'otu orbit. Ebe ọ bụ na Earth bụghị a zuru okè okirikiri, ya ike ndọda bụ ike n'ebe ụfọdụ. Nke a unevenness, na mgbakwunye na mma nke anyanwụ, ọnwa na Jupiter (kasị oke planet nke Solar System), na-agbanwe nchepụta nke orbit. N'oge nile ọ dị ndụ na ọnọdụ na-aga Satellites gbazie atọ ma ọ bụ ugboro anọ. Leo NASA ngwaọrụ kwesịrị ya tilt kwa afo.

Ke adianade do, nso-Earth Satellites na-emetụta ndị ikuku. The uppermost n'ígwé, ọ bụ ezie na ezi ehighị nne, nwere a ike iguzogide ha bịarukwuo na Earth. Mmetụta nke ike ndọda na-eduga onye osooso nke Satellites. N'ime oge ahụ, ha na-ọkụ na a gburugburu-emikpu ala na ngwa ngwa n'ime ikuku, ma ọ bụ daa azụ Earth.

Air-eguzogide bụ ike mgbe anyanwụ bụ ọrụ. Dị nnọọ ka ikuku na balloon kọwakwuru na adahade mgbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, kọwakwuru na adahade ikuku mgbe anyanwụ na-enye ya ọzọ ume. Ehighị nne ikuku n'ígwé agbago na-anọchi ha denser. Ya mere, Satellites orbiting ụwa kwesịrị ịgbanwe ya ọnọdụ banyere ugboro anọ a afọ iji chefuo ikuku ikpuru. Mgbe anyanwụ ọrụ kacha, ọnọdụ nke ngwaọrụ nwere na-agbanwe ọ bụla 2-3 izu.

Space irighiri

The atọ mere, na-amanye m n'ime orbit - ohere irighiri. Otu nke nkwukọrịta satellite Iridium collided na a na-abụghị ndị na-arụ ọrụ Russian ugboelu. Ha tisara, eke a irighiri ígwé ojii esịnede karịa 2,500 akụkụ. Onye ọ bụla ihe e kwukwara na nchekwa data, nke ugbu a na-agụnye ihe karịrị 18,000 akpọkwa anthropogenic malite.

NASA nlezianya Monitors ihe niile nwere ike inwe n'ụzọ nke Satellites, ie. A. N'ihi irighiri ugboro ugboro nwere ịgbanwe orbit.

Center Mission Control injinia nyochaa ọnọdụ nke Satellites na ohere irighiri, nke nwere ike igbochi ije na ka chọrọ nlezianya na-eme atụmatụ ozuzo eduzi. Otu otu atụmatụ na-arụ eduzi ka ịhazie tilt na ịdị elu nke satellite.