Ogbunigwe: general nkọwa, mejupụtara, ngwa, GOST

Maka nọ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụkarị na maara a echiche dị ka ogbunigwe. GOST 28013 (mma na-etinye n'ime ike site State stroykomiteta №7 USSR na 1989. + Ọ dochie otu Standard, mma site State Construction Committee of Russia №30 1998 ma banye ike si July 1999) akọwara dị ka a set nke okwu "ngwa agha mix", "akọrọ ngwa agha", "ihe ngwọta" na-ekpebi ọkọlọtọ chọrọ maka nkịtị nkọwa na-akwanyere ha nkwadebe, ụgbọ njem, na nnata na àgwà egosi.

Dị ka a n'akụkụ dee: ndị a ụkpụrụ a anaghị emetụta na okpomọkụ na chemical-eguzogide ọgwụ ogbunigwe.

Gịnị bụ ụrọ?

The mejupụtara nke ihe ngwọta bụ ide na mix juputara ruo mgbe ezigbo mmiri: nragide, ezi nchịkọta na a Ịgwakọta. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, pụrụ iche nwekwara ike-atụkwasịkwara na ngwọta. Conventionally a nragide, na-enye ihe ngwọta nke ekwedo,-eme dị ka simenti, gypsum ma ọ bụ wayo. Dịanyā bụ a ájá, a Ịgwakọta - mmiri.

Ndi-achọ na-agwọ, na-enwe njikere maka ojiji mgbe ejikọta ndị dị mkpa mmiri mara ngwa agha ngwa agha. Ngwa agha mix nwere ike iso ndị akọrọ Efrata, weere na mmepụta. Nke a na-akpọ akọrọ ngwa agha. Ọ mechie mmiri n'ihu were.

The obi tara mmiri uka yiri wuru nkume, agaghi asu nragide ejikọ ọnụ ájá ahụ, si otú mbenata esemokwu, na-ezo dị ka ihe ngwọta.

ogbunigwe: General nkọwa

Ogbunigwe na-nkewa dị ka ndị a.

Dabere na nragide na mejupụtara na-akwanyere ya ùgwù:

1. Simple otu akụrụngwa - ciment, wayo ma ọ bụ na gypsum. Dị ka a na-achị, denoted site a ruru nke 1: 2, 1: 3, agaghi asu 1 - a akụkụ (nta) nke nragide, nke abụọ nọmba - otú ọtụtụ iberibe dịanyā atụkwasịkwara a òkè nke nragide.

2. Mgbagwoju, weere, multi-akụrụngwa. Nke a, ka ihe atụ, ciment, na nkume nzu, na nkume nzu, gypsum, ụrọ na ahịhịa ọka, wayo na ash, na ndị ọzọ. Na-egosipụta site atọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ: isi nragide, na nragide kwukwara, a dịanyā.

On nkezi nke nragide na ájá dị ukwuu na-adabere. E ogbunigwe:

1. ọkwesịrị. Ji otu ezigbo ruru nke nragide na dịanyā.

2. ọdụdụ. Ji ngafe nke nragide enye ukwuu shrinkage n'oge echichi, cracks (na a oké oyi akwa deposition). Kpebisiri ike site n'imikpu a osisi n'ime a ngwọta - abụba ngwakọta encapsulating ya a oké oyi akwa.

3. dabere. Ji a enweghị, a obere ego nke nragide, ọ nweghị shrinkage, ezigbo maka lining. Na-kọwaa dị ka ndị a: site n'imikpu osisi n'ime a ngwọta ngwakọta anaghị esoro ya.

Site Njirimara nke ogbunigwe binders na-ekewa n'ime:

- ikuku - ha solidification emee ikwupụta akọrọ ọnọdụ (gypsum);

- haịdrọlik - solidification Filiks na-amalite na-anọgide na ikuku na a iru mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi, e.g., na mmiri (cement).

Dabere na-eji ájá, ma ot eke, ugwu, osimiri, ma ọ bụ fechaa porous (gbasaa ụrọ, nkume ọkụ, tuff), e nwere arọ (site na 1500 kg / m3 njupụta akọrọ ala) na ìhè (ruo 1500 kg / m3) ogbunigwe. Quality nchịkọta kpọmkwem mmetụta na-abawanye na ike nke ikpeazụ ngwaahịa. N'ihi ya, jiri ya tụnyere ihe slag, agwakọta nragide na ájá na-ewu na-enweghị adịghị (ịnweta salts, ụrọ rock inclusions) enwekwu ike nke ihe ngwọta 40%.

The quantitative ruru nke mmiri na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na nkwadebe ngwọta: enweghị ya ngwọta e ji rigidity, ihe ngafe - delamination, adịru qualitative ike e ji mara na-ebelata.

Nkwenye nke eziokwu ahụ bụ na ngwa agha (GOST 28013-98) kwadebere n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị dị na àgwà ụkpụrụ na ezi ruru nke chọrọ mmiri bụ ya workability. Ibughari, plastic mejupụtara bụ ike jupụta niile gaps, ọma sụkọtara, compacted, anaghị crumble, bụghị asa, adịghị ileghara tinyere mgbidi. Na ala a Ịgwakọta na-agbakwunye nragide ngwọta na-aghọ ihe ductile, ma nke a na-eduga ná elu shrinkage n'oge solidification nke ụlọ ihe onwunwe ma si otú a kpụworo cracks.

Birinụ na teknuzu atụmatụ nke ngwa agha mixtures na ngwọta, niile parameters na-achịkwa ugbu a ụkpụrụ.

Qualitative e ji mara nke ngwa agha

Mkpa àgwà kwa ngwa agha protrude nkezi njupụta, ikike jide mmiri, na agagharị na peelability. The obere nragide oriri na ihe ndị a chọrọ machibidoro ngwakọta, mma. Ọ bụrụ na ngwakọta nwere oge na-jidere ya ma ọ bụ unfreeze, ọ na-machibidoro kpam kpam na tinye a Ịgwakọta. Iji nweta ihe ndị ha chọrọ Njirimara dị mkpa n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị akwadebe ngwa agha mix, rute, kpatụ ihe na ha. Ọ ga-abụ cyclical agwa (na-aga n'ihu ụdị), ike ndọda (ike) ihe. Na nke a ime njehie nke elu 2% ikwu nkịtị, a Ịgwakọta, akọrọ nwekwara, ruo 2.5 - na-akwanyere ndị dịanyā. N'ihi na oyi ọnọdụ, ihe ngwọta okpomọkụ kwesịrị hà ma ọ bụ ukwuu karịa 5 Celsius C. The kacha mmiri okpomọkụ gauging - 80 Celsius C.

Dabere na iwu nke agagharị MATA a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị nke ngwa agha:

1. PC4 - ji nkịtị agagharị nke 1-4 cm na-etinyere jijiji rubble ..

2. Pk8 - nkwụnye agagharị dabeere ọdịiche ndị dị nso nke 4 ka 8 cm agbasaghị nkịtị rubble (oghere nkume na brick) masonry, tiling, echichi mgbidi (nnukwu-ngọngọ, nnukwu-panel) ..

3. Pk12 -. Agagharị nke karịa 8 na ruo 12 cm na-eji maka na-ebikwasị nke ot brick, plasta, mgbidi uwe, na-ejuputa voids.

The ike nke freshly kwadebere ngwa agha na-ejigide mmiri - bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa na-egosi. Quality Akara na vitro na-eje ozi akara nke 90% na oyi, na 95% - ke ndaeyo. Na mmepụta saịtị ọ ga gafere 75% mmiri nketa ike dị ka akọwapụtara site laabu data. The ukwuu njupụta, na elu mmiri eguzogide. N'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe akọrọ ngwa agha mixes anabata mmiri ọdịnaya ka 0,1% site na ibu ibu.

Banyere peelability na-ajụ njupụta, na mmekọrita ma indices nwere ike ezi na n'ime 10%, bụghị elu. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ngwa agha ngwakọta e kwukwara ikuku-entraining nwekwara, ikwu na nkezi njupụta ọnụego ebelata 6% nke ahụ kwuru kpọmkwem oru ngo.

Àgwà ụkpụrụ ihe ngwọta

The nkezi njupụta, ntu oyi na-eguzogide, compressive ike - isi quality egosi ngwọta. Ya mere, e nwere ọtụtụ ụdị na-ekpebi a ike nke axial mkpakọ: M4, M10, M25, M50, M75, M100, M150, M200.

F10, F15, F25, F35, F50, F75, F100 - akara e ji mara ntu oyi egosi ngwọta nke na-doro alternately oyi - defrosting. Frost egosi nwere otu nke kasị mkpa maka ihe, masonry, plaster, na ihe banyere nke elu-esotezi. All ika ngwọta na-ekwu.

Njupụta ogbunigwe (GOST 28013) ekewa arọ na ìhè ndụdụ deviations na arụmọrụ nwere ike ịbụ elu karịa 10% nke ahụ kwuru kpọmkwem oru ngo. Ndị kasị sie ike a na-ewere na ihe mix. Ọ na-eji mgbe ịtọ ntọala, ndị na-ewu n'ala. The elu nke njupụta, na ike, firmer ngwọta.

Quality Standards bekee gụnyere ke ngwọta

Dị ka bekee eji maka nkwadebe nke ihe ngwọta, etinyere ciment, wayo, gypsum raw ájá, tinyere thermal ike si slags, gbawara ọkụ slag. All ndị a mmiri, dị ka nke ọma dị ka mmiri maka ogbunigwe, aghaghị iru ihe ụfọdụ a chọrọ ka data GOST 28013 na àgwà ụkpụrụ ọdabara bụla akụrụngwa.

dịanyā

N'ihi na onye ọ bụla ngwa agha dabere n'obi were na-achọ a na-dịanyā chọrọ iru mmiri. N'ihi ya, kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na ọ gụchara ngwa agha ájá na a size ruo 1.25 mm, na Ala - 2.5 mm, plasta ájá pụrụ iru 1-2 mm, gụchara plasta oyi akwa - karịa 1.25 mm (kwere omume ndiiche na 0,5% site na ibu, ma ihe ngwọta na-ekwesịghị nwere ihe karịrị 2.5 mm ájá). Ọ bụrụ na ájá na-eji na ash, na ibu ekwesịghị ice, na friji lumps. Na-ekpo ọkụ ọnọdụ ụlọ ájá okpomọkụ nwere ike gafere 60 Celsius C. Fechaa ngwa agha na-agụnye agwakọta a nragide na a porous ájá (shungite, vermiculite, gbasaa ụrọ, perlite, slag nkume ọkụ, aglonirit, ofufe ash na ndị ọzọ). Ji achọ mytyh ngwọta mere si quartz ájá, crumbs nkume mkpụrụ na a size ruo 2.5 mm (konkiri, marble, seramiiki, carbon, plastic). Agba plasta facades-agụnye iji ihe 2-5 mm konkiri, iko, seramiiki, coal, shale, plastic obere achicha. Acha ciment-ngwa agha plasta a rụrụ site na-agbakwụnye na ndị mejupụtara acha cement solution, eke ma ọ bụ sịntetik pigments mkpa ụkpụrụ.

chemical nwekwara

Nkwadebe nke ngwa agha na agụnye na-agbakwụnye na ha mejupụtara nke dị iche iche mma ngwaahịa mma chemical nwekwara gbochie delamination, na-eme ka ukwuu agagharị, ike, melite ntu oyi na-eguzogide nke ngwakọta. Nke a na-akpọ Superplasticizing, plasticizers, stabilizers, mmiri-retaining, ntụ entraining, ngwa ngwa hardening, retarding, antifirizi, gaskets, gidrofobiliziruyuschie, bactericidal, ịfụ na usoro. The anọ gara aga bụ maka ojiji na pụrụ iche ikpe.

The chọrọ ego nke chemical nwekwara kpebisiri ike site batches na laabu. Emepụta dị na ụkpụrụ, ha anaghị eme ka mbibi nke ihe, corrosive mmetụta na ejikwara owuwu na ụlọ. Nkewa site ụdị, na-eme, ha niile nwere akụkọ mgbe, nakwa dị ka ọkọlọtọ e na nkọwa. N'ihi ya, a hardening ngwa ngwa nwekwara gụnyere sulfate sodium (Kra GOST 6318, tu 38-10742) na antifirizi - urea (carbamide) (M GOST 2081) na The mmiri njigide - carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC tu 6-05-386) . A zuru ezu ndepụta nke nwekwara kpọmkwem na odide ntụkwasị 28013. Standard ciment ngwa agha na-emepụta na mgbakwunye na nke organic (mikropenoobrazovateli) na inorganic (clays, wayo, ciment n'ekwú ọkụ ájá, ofufe ash, wdg) plasticizers.

Nka na ụzụ àgwà akara

Enterprise na manufactures ngwa agha, amanyere bụ iwu oru akara a rụrụ site ịkwadebe achọrọ mmiri na kwesịrị ekwesị nkwadebe nke ngwa agha. Control a rụrụ otu ugboro kwa nnofega. Ngwa agha ngwakọta nke otu mejupụtara emepụta kwa nnofega, ga-abụ ndị ọzọ. Na akara samples-zigara a laabu (ahọrọ dị ka GOST 5802) na-ekpebi ihe niile na teknuzu e ji mara.

Ọ bụrụ na-eji ọkụ na-nyere ndị ọzọ karịa ndị kwuru kpọmkwem IEC 28013 arụmọrụ, àgwà nke ngwaahịa bụ isiokwu akara site nkwekọrịta n'etiti emeputa na n'ji.

Test ogbunigwe ekenịmde ke laabu ọnọdụ site na emeputa, na nke a n'ji nwere ike ịrịọ akara samples ngwa agha na ngwa agha. Ngwa agha mix tọhapụrụ site olu, akọrọ ngwa agha - arọ.

Banyere àgwà nke ngwa agha nwere ikike delamination na retaining ọmụmụ, na ngwọta - site ntu oyi, ọ na-enyocha ke nhọrọ ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke mejupụtara ma ọ bụ àgwà nke ihe ngwọta mmiri. Ọzọkwa ngwaahịa bụ isiokwu nyochaa ọ bụla ọnwa isii. Ọ bụrụ na ihe omume nke ndị na-abụghị nnabata-achọpụtazi ga-egosi na ugbu a ọkọlọtọ, dum ọtụtụ na-jụrụ.

Ihe a ga-ẹdude ke akwụkwọ maka ngwongwo?

The akwụkwọ na-eje ozi dị ka ihe àmà nke àgwà nke ngwaahịa na ikike nnọchiteanya nke emeputa maka oru akara, ndị na-esonụ ozi ga-depụtara:

- aha na adres nke emeputa, kpọmkwem ụbọchị na oge nke nkwadebe nke ngwakọta;

- ika nke ihe;

- ụdị a nragide;

- ego nke ibu agagharị;

- aha na ego nke chemical nwekwara;

- a banyere ọkọlọtọ, nke ahụ bụ a nkwa nke nnabata na njikere na-eri ngwaahịa technical data.

Ọ bụrụ na-eji porous aggregates, ozokwa ofu site na nkezi njupụta akọrọ ala. Iji akọrọ ngwakọta a Ịgwakọta kenyere ego, nke mere na ngwakọta ka enwetara chọrọ agagharị. Ọzọkwa akwụkwọ ga-ekwe nkwa na adị ndụ nke ngwakọta na akọrọ ala, nke na gbakọọ si ụbọchị nkwadebe tupu ngafe ọnwa isii.

Ụgbọ njem ngwa agha mixtures

Mgbe ụgbọ njem na ngwa agha dị mkpa izere ọnwụ nke ciment mmiri ara ehi. Ime iga ngwongwo site n'okporo ụzọ, nakwa dị ka bọket (hoppers) igwe na na ụgbọ okporo ígwè nyiwe. Na nke a na okpomọkụ na ga-enyocha ebuga ngwa agha, nke a na ofu site n'imikpu technical temometa ka a omimi nke 5 cm.

Akọrọ ngwa agha mixtures na-gaa na simenti ụgbọala, akpa ma ọ bụ packaged 40 kg (wrapping akwụkwọ) na ruo 8 kg (plastic mbukota). Na akwụkwọ ụgbọ njem akpa na-arụ na osisi pallets, na polyethylene - by stacking akpa na a ngwakọta na adabara containers. Store ngwakọta ke akpa na-ekwe na okpomọkụ nke 5 Celsius C na mechiri emechi akọrọ ụlọ. Mgbe ụgbọ njem ngwa agha ngwakọta atara n'ime igwekota ma ọ bụ ite ọzọ dịnụ.

The ojiji nke ogbunigwe

Akporo ogbunigwe dịgasị iche iche. Construction concretes na ogbunigwe maka cement nragide ka a bughi ihe onwunwe na-n'ọtụtụ ebe na-ewu ewu na onwe nakwa dị ka na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu nke siri ike ụgbọelu bases, kwụ, akwụ ọtọ, mmasị akụkụ, rụrụ, overlaps, mgbe overhauling, mmezi, nwughari na mweghachi .

Ọ na-kweere na na-ewu nkume ụlọ igba ogbunigwe esịmde a ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mkpokọta olu nke ihe owuwu. Ọtụtụ n'ime anyị mgbe zụrụ wayo, gypsum, weere ogbunigwe maka plasta mgbidi ụlọ ma ọ bụ onwe ezinụlọ (a na-akpọ gụchara ikwọ). Ọzọkwa, onye na-azụ masonry ngwọta maka nzukọ na-arụ ọrụ, cladding, nkume masonry, refractory. Ugbu a, i nwere ike ịhụ na ngwa agha na-ewu ahịa (GOST 28013), nwere elu thermal mkpuchi Njirimara, ụda absorption, okpomọkụ na ọkụ na-eguzogide.