Ònye bụ Onye mbụ ụwa cheesi mmeri? World cheesi akaebe n'etiti madu

Ọbụna n'Ijipt oge ochie ụtọ Chess, ka ọ pụtara ìhè site na mgbidi osise nke oge. Na n'oge ochie, Olympic Games e ẹkenịmde dị iche iche tournaments, n'ihi ya, ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-ekwu ugbu a bụ onye mbụ ụwa cheesi mmeri n'oge ahụ. Anya nyochaa ndị na na mpaghara ebe a malitere naanị kemgbe Middle Ages, mgbe ha na-amalite na-ebipụta akwụkwọ mbụ nke cheesi ọnọdụ na nkà nke egwuregwu, na ẹkenịmde ọzọ n'usoro mpi.

Background oké njọ cheesi asọmpi

Ugbua na Middle Ages e nwere na nkà mmụta sayensị akwụkwọ ndiwụt na-omimi analysis nke egwuregwu. Ọ bụ omume na ndị dere akwụkwọ ndị a nwere ike pụta mmeri mba na mba tournaments. Ya mere efu na fọrọ nke nta mythical atụle ọrụ Frantsiska Visenta, wepụtara na 1495 na Valencia. Ma extant ọrụ Damiano, bipụtara ke Rome ke 1512, Auerbach kwuru nnọọ plagiarize akwụkwọ Vicente.

Ọzọ maara nke ọma na-ede akwụkwọ bụ Luis Ramirez de Lucena, nke bipụtara akwụkwọ ya na 1497 na Salamanca. Na ya candidacy ọtụtụ ndị weere kasị kwesị ekwesị mgbe atụle ya bụ onye mbụ ụwa cheesi mmeri.

Tournaments na ọkụ nke 16 - ufọt ufọt narị afọ nke 19

Pụrụ ịdabere na akwụkwọ na-egosi na oké njọ kọrọ ihe ndị mere ndorondoro ke Rome ke 1560 bụ ebe na-eto eto bịara Ruy Lopez de Segura, onye meriri ike cheesi egwuregwu nke oge ahụ. The Madrid International Chess Congress ẹkenịmde ke 1575, ọ gafere na n'obí Eze Philip II. Ebe iti Giovanni Leonardo Da Cutro si Italy.

Best nke kasị mma site 1619 e weere Dzhoakino Greko. Nke a player ka njem dị iche iche mba, gụnyere France, Italy, England, Spain na America, na-emeri ihe niile ike egwuregwu.

Na narị afọ nke 18 ma ama cheesi akaebe dị ka Kermyur bụ iwu na Andre Philidor Frantsua Danikan. The mbụ apụghị ichefu echefu party na Saint Bris, ebe ọ haziri a pụrụ iche ute (ute na-iwu mgbe ahụ na-akpọ) na egwuregwu na-enweghị a ụgbọ mmiri. Philidor ya-eto eto nyere ụzọ bụ iwu, ma na 1747 mgbe London egwuregwu na Philip Stamm bụ ihe kasị mma player.

Ihe na-akpali egwuregwu Lui Sharlya Mahé de Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais na A. MacDonnell, nke weere ọnọdụ na 1834 na London. Winner bụ Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais, ọ bụ ezie na egwuregwu ama etre. N'otu afọ, na-na London, Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais abụọ nwụrụ egwuregwu Alexander Mc Donnell. The egwuregwu ke 1843 na London, ebe Pierre Sharl Furne de Saint-Amand ije Howard Staunton ahụ abụghị na-egbuke egbuke. Na oge a na-ewere ndị na-adakpọ. Staunton were usiene Saint-Amand na egwuregwu ke Paris ke otu na 1843, na-a mmeri. Na 1949, ndorondoro ẹkenịmde ke London na akụ aka-esi usoro, nke bụ nke mbụ Genri Tomas nkechi.

Malite nke a n'ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke cheesi

New takeoff na cheesi bụ oge site 1851, mgbe e nwere oké Adolf Anderssen, onye mmeri na London maka akụ aka-esi usoro. Mgbe a na ndorondoro si mba na a kpọrọ naanị kasị mma egwuregwu. Ya mere Anderson nwekwara ike na-ekwu na ịbụ onye na bụ nke mbụ na ụwa cheesi mmeri.

Soro a na-egbuke egbuke kpakpando rigoro Morphy na 1858. Ọ jisiri merie egwuregwu Andersen na Paris. Nke a player ndibọhọ a gold okpueze na silver okpu ọma na 1859 na Boston.

Official cheesi akaebe n'etiti madu

Mmalite nke ukara asọmpi uwa dum na-ka weere na 1866, mgbe echefuwo na akwụkwọ a na-akpọ "ụwa egwuregwu". Nke a na-ekwe ka na-akwụsị ịrụ ụka banyere onye ụwa nke mbụ cheesi mmeri. Tinye-na a mara ọkwa kpọmkwem Vilgelm Steynits, onye mmeri a egwuregwu Andersen.

Ma site 1867 na 1883 ụwa n'asọmpi na-rụrụ, ọ bụ ezie na Kolisch aha Vinaver, Neumann na Chigorin mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Esịne ke ndepụta nke ndị mmeri na Ioganna Tsukertorta, ndị na ndibọhọ super ndorondoro na London na 1883

Nke abụọ na cheesi dike na 1894 na German Emanuel Lasker, ndị na ndibọhọ US Steinitz. Ọ bụ ezie na ibu-ndorondoro 1895 na Hastings, ọ kwagara n'ime atọ, ma-eto eto nke ndorondoro mmeri, Harry Nelson Pillsbury e mara ọkwa. Ma Lasker meriri super tournaments na St. Petersburg n'afọ 1914 na na New York na 1924

Na 1921 Lasker furu efu na aha na Cuban Jose Raul Capablanca. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-esote mmeri Aleksandr Alehin, Capablanca meriri na 1927. The egwuregwu ke 1935 merie ndị Dutch Mahgilis Euwe, Alekhine jisiri iti, ma ọ bụghị naanị ya, kama na-enyemaka nke grandmasters gawa site Lasker. Na 1937 Alekhine nwetaghachiri aha, fọdụrụ undefeated mmeri ruo mgbe ọnwụ ya: a cheesi player e nsí na 1946

Ebe ọ bụ na 1948, ndị World Chess Federation (FIDE) adia nzukọ nke ọkụ, ebe kpebisiri ike site ụwa egwuregwu. Na 1948, o meriri site Mikhail Botvinnik (USSR). Ọ dochie compatriot Vassily Smyslov na 1957. Na 1960, wee si na-eto eto Mikhail Tal (USSR). Na 1963 Botvinnik iti Tigran Petrosian (USSR), onye furu efu na 1969 Borisu Spasskomu. The mmeri 1972 gara American Bobby Fischer. Mgbe ahụ, e bụ Russian Anatoly Karpov na 1975, na 1985 ọ na-eti Garry Kasparov.

Lee njem nke ikpeazụ ọtụtụ iri afọ

N'agbata afọ 1992 na 2006, nwere a na-edochaghị anya oge. N'afọ 1993, Kasparov sesara FIDE, Anapụrụ aha (mmeri nke 1992 malitere tụlee Fisher), na kere onwe ya otu - na Professional Chess Association. N'okpuru ọhụrụ nzukọ, Kasparov meriri Short na ghọrọ dike nke 1993, dị ka PCA na FIDE mbụ Karpov. N'ihi ya, mgbe nke narị afọ bụ ike akaebe nke cheesi Kasparov, Karpov, Fisher.

Ọzọ, usoro nke FIDE akụ aka-esi usoro a họọrọ, ebe e nwere ndị dị otú ahụ akaebe dị ka Khalifman, Anand, Ponomariov, Kasimdzhanov, Topalov. PCA nwekwara kụtusịa otu egwuregwu bịara mara maka kpochapụwo version (mmeri achị mmeri), ebe Kramnik iti Kasparov na 2000. naanị na 2006 nwere a ịdị n'otu egwuregwu n'etiti akaebe nke ma nsụgharị, ebe Kramnik meriri Topalov ghọọ agbagha n'ụwa onye mmeri.

Na 2007 ghọrọ ike Viswanathan Anand. Na 2013, ọ na-anọchi Magnus Carlsen.

The kacha mma cheesi egwuregwu nke mbara ala

Ọ bụrụ na cheesi akaebe n'etiti madu ike deere azụ ọtụtụ narị afọ, ndị inyom keere òkè na asọmpi were na-adịbeghị anya. Ọ na-agụta ọnụ si 1927, mgbe London e eze ẹkenịmde Women Championship ụwa ọnụ. Vera Menchik - ụwa mbụ cheesi mmeri. Ọ dị mma ịmara na, dị ka a nwa-nwayi a Czech na English nwaanyị mụrụ na ruo afọ 15, o bi na Moscow, ma mgbe ahụ kpaliri nne ya na nna na England. Menchik enen ya na aha ọtụtụ ọkụ na tournaments, nke na-enwe ya dị iche iche n'obodo gburugburu ụwa na oge site na 1927 ka 1939, ma na 1944, ọ nwụrụ, ma ọ ka mmeri.

Ọzọ dike na Soviet cheesi player Lyudmila Rudenko na 1950, mgbe ọhụrụ ụwa egwuregwu egwuregwu. Ọ dochie compatriot Elizabeth Bykov na 1953. ọzọ Soviet cheesi player Olga Rubtsov merie azụ aha ke 1956, ma ọzọ furu efu na oké ehi ndị ahụ na 1958 mgbe ghọrọ kacha mma n'ụwa dị ka Soviet na-eme egwuregwu, ma site Georgia: Nona Gaprindashvili na 1962 na Maya Chiburdanidze 1978

Naanị na 1991 bụ ike Chinese Se Tszyun, ekenye n'ọkwá Hungarian Zsuzsa Polgar na 1996 na ọzọ bilie n'elu 1999. Na 2001 ghọrọ dike Zhu Chen nke China na 2004 ka mma na-aghọta Antoaneta Stefanova si Bulgaria , ọma, na 2006 ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ Chinese Syuy Yuyhua. Na 2008, Russian meriwo aha Alexandra Kosteniuk, ndị nọchiri na 2010, Chinese Hou Yifan.

Na 2012, Ukrainian Anna Ushenina iji nweta aha, ma na 2013 bụ ọzọ mma Hou Yifan.