Quaternary oge nke Cenozoic Era: nkọwa, akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị bi

Ikpeazụ geological na ugbu a na-abịa Quaternary e kewapụrụ na 1829 site na ọkà mmụta sayensị Jules Desnoyers. Na Russia, ọ na-akpọ anthropogenic. Na-ede nke a aha na 1922, ghọrọ a geologist Alexey Pavlov. Ya n'uche na ọ chọrọ mesie ya ike na oge a na-ejikọta ya na ọdịdị a onye.

Ịpụ iche nke oge

Tụnyere ndị ọzọ geological oge nke Quaternary oge iche adịtụghị oge (ngụkọta 1,65 nde. Years). Ịga n'ihu taa, ọ na-anọgide na-ahụkarị uko. Ọzọ mma - ọnụnọ ke Quaternary sediments mmadụ omenala residues. Oge a e ji multiple na oké ihu igwe mgbanwe, n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama na-enwe mmetụta na eke na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ntighari jụrụ rụpụtara glaciation ugwu latitudes na wetting ala latitudes. Okpomọkụ mere kpọmkwem na-abụghị mmetụta. Sedimentary formations nke gara aga millennia dị iche iche mgbagwoju Ọdịdị nke ịkpụ ikwu n'ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke ụdị na variegated n'ígwé. Quaternary ekewa abụọ oge (ma ọ bụ ngalaba): Pleistocene na Holocene. Ókè-ala n'etiti ha dinara na gburugburu 12 puku afọ gara aga.

Migration nke ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi

Site nnọọ ná mmalite nke Quaternary oge e ji mara nso oge a osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ ndụ. Mgbanwe ndị na-enweta ego bụ kpamkpam dabere na inwe ndị jụrụ na-ekpokwu ọkụ. Na mmalite nke glaciation cold- umu kwagara n'ebe ndịda na weere na n'èzí. Na oge nke mụbara nkezi okpomọkụ bụ agbara usoro. N'oge a, ukwuu kọwakwuru ebe nke mmezi bụ moderately ọkụ, subtropical na okpomọkụ na osisi fauna. N'ihi na oge ụfọdụ, ọ pụrụ n'anya dum tundra mkpakọrịta nke organic ụwa.

Flora nwere ọtụtụ ugboro imeghari ka radically na-agbanwe agbanwe ọnọdụ. Ọtụtụ ọdachi n'oge a ji na Quaternary oge. Climate swings emewo na impoverishment nke sara mbara-leaved na Evergreen iche-iche, nakwa dị ka mmụba nke herbaceous umu ebe obibi.

The mmalite nke mammals

The kasị dị ịrịba ama mgbanwe ndị na-anụ ụwa emetụta mammals (akpan akpan ogo ungulates na Proboscidea na Northern Hemisphere). Na Pleistocene n'ihi na mberede Ihu Igwe ịtụnanya nwụrụ ọtụtụ thermophilic umu. N'otu oge ahụ maka otu ihe ahụ e nwere ọhụrụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-mma na-emegharị ka bi na aka ike na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu ikpochapu fauna ruru n'etiti Dnieper glaciation (300 - 250 puku afọ gara aga). Otú ọ dị, jụrụ nke n'elu ikpo okwu cover guzobere kpebisiri ike na Quaternary.

Ná ngwụsị nke Pliocene South Eastern Europe bụ n'ụlọ mastodons, ebe ndịda elephant hipparions, saber-toothed tiger, enyí ọhịa na Etruscan t. D. Na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Old World na-ebi ndụ enyí nnụnụ na hippos. Otú ọ dị, ná mmalite Pleistocene fauna malitere ịgbanwe radically. Na mmalite nke Dnieper glaciation, ọtụtụ thermophilic umu kpaliri ndịda. N'otu uzo gbanwere nkesa ebe osisi. Era Cainozoic (Quaternary karịsịa) nwetara ike na ụdị nile nke ndụ.

quaternary bestiary

Na n'ebe ndịda nke glasia e nwere ndị dị otú ahụ di iche iche nke mbụ, dị ka mammoth, woolly enyí ọhịa, reindeer, musk-oke-ehi, lemming, ọcha grouse. All n'ime ha bi naanị na oyi na-atụ ebe. Cave ọdụm, anụ ọhịa bea, hyenas, enyí ọhịa na ndị ọzọ na ibu-n'anya mbụ biri na ndị a na mpaghara na-kpam.

Oyi na-atụ ihu igwe guzobere Caucasus, na Alps, na Carpathians na Pyrenees, na-amanye ọtụtụ ụdị ịhapụ elu ugwu, biri nime ndagwurugwu. Woolly enyí ọhịa na mammoths nwere ọbụna n'ebe ndịda Europe (ghara ikwu dum Siberia, ebe ha dara na North America). Relict fauna nke Australia, South America, South na Central Africa ọbọhọ ekele ya iche site na ike nke ụwa. Mammoths na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-ọma na-emegharị ka ihu igwe siri ike, ghọrọ nwuchapu ná mmalite Holocene. Ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ glaciation banyere 2/3 nke Ụwa n'elu mgbe emetụta ice mpempe akwụkwọ.

otito mmadụ

Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, dị iche iche nkọwa Quaternary ike ime na-enweghị "ụmụ mmadụ." The ngwa mmepe nke onye - kacha mkpa omume nke ihe niile a na akụkọ ihe mere eme oge. Ebe omume ndị kasị ochie ndị mmadụ ugbu a weere East Africa.

Nna nna ụdị mmadụ n'oge a - na australopithecines, bụ nke ndị ezinụlọ hominids. Dị ka dị iche iche atụmatụ, ihe mbụ ha na-nwere pụtara na Africa, 5 nde afọ gara aga. Australopithecus nwayọọ nwayọọ malite ije ziri ezi na omnivorous. About 2 nde afọ gara aga, ha na-eme ka oge ochie ngwaọrụ. Ya mere, e a kemfe mmadụ. A nde afọ gara aga kpụrụ Pithecanthropus, foduru nke na-hụrụ na Germany, Hungary na China.

Neanderthals na oge a na ụmụ mmadụ

350 puku afọ gara aga, e nwere Paleoanthropes (ma ọ bụ Neandertals), Kpochapu 35,000 afọ gara aga. Metụtara nke ọrụ ha dị na ndịda na n'etiti latitudes nke Europe. Paleanthropic dochie oge a na ụmụ mmadụ (neanthropines ma ọ bụ Homo sapines). Ha ụzọ banye America na Australia, nakwa dị ka ọtụtụ agwaetiti colonized site ọtụtụ osimiri.

Ugbua mbụ neanthropines fọrọ nke nta mba dị iche iche si ndị mmadụ taa. Ha na-ọma na ngwa ngwa imeghari ka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mụtara nkà aka nkume ahụ. Ndị a hominids nwetara ọkpụkpụ arịa, oge ochie ngwá egwú, ihe nke ezi art, ọla.

Quaternary Southern Russia ekpe ọtụtụ archeological saịtị metụtara neanthropines. Otú ọ dị, ha na-aga kasị edere edere mpaghara. Jụrụ ndị mmadụ mụtara na-adị ndụ na-enyemaka nke aji uwe na ọkụ. Ya mere, ihe atụ, Quaternary Western Siberia na-hụrụ mmụba nke ndị mmadụ na-agbalị tinye ọhụrụ ókèala. 5000 afọ gara aga na oze Age, afọ 3000 gara aga - ígwè. N'otu oge ahụ na Mesopotamia, Egypt na Mediterranean sitere emmepe nke oge ochie mmepeanya.

minerals

Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ dị iche iche nke mineral na-hapụrụ anyị Quaternary oge. Ego na nke ikpeazụ na narị afọ iri ndị a dịgasị iche iche nke ego, na-abụghị dara na combustible ihe, ores nke sedimentary malite. Mara Littoral na alluvial ego na ya. Ihe kacha mkpa minerals nke Quaternary oge: gold, diamonds, platinum, cassiterite, ilmenite, rutile na zircon.

Ke adianade do, a nnukwu uru dị iche iche ígwè ores nke ọdọ na ọdọ-ala opitoropi malite. Otu a na-agụnye manganese na mednovanadievye ego na ya. Ndị dị otú ahụ ụyọkọ ndị nkịtị n'ime osimiri.

The richness nke subsoil

Ọbụna taa-anọgide na-akpa na-Equatorial na ebe okpomọkụ oké nkume nke Quaternary oge. Dị ka a N'ihi nke a usoro a kpụrụ laterite. Ndị dị otú ahụ a guzobere na-ntekwasa na aluminum na ígwè na bụ ihe dị mkpa African mineral. Metalliferous jikọrọ ọnụ n'otu latitudes ọgaranya ego nke nickel, cobalt, ọla kọpa, manganese, nakwa dị ka refractory clays.

Na Quaternary oge e nwere ndị dị ịrịba ama ma na-abụghị dara mineral. Nke a graviyniki (ha nile iji na-ewu) na-akpụ iko ájá, nkume na potassium salts, sọlfọ, borates, peat, na lignite. Na Quaternary sediments ala kwubiri na isi iyi nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Echefula banyere permafrost na ice. Ke ofụri ofụri, ndị ikpeazụ geological oge na-anọgide okpueze, nke malitere karịa 4.5 ijeri afọ gara aga, ndị geological evolushọn nke Earth.