Relief Kazakhstan: desat, ọkara desat, steppes. Khan-Tengri. Kazakhstan osimiri

Kazakhstan enyemaka bụ nnọọ iche iche. Iji hụ na nke a, ya suffices ka ọ dịkarịa ala ilekiri na anụ ahụ map nke mba. Ma, anyị ga-eme ya ọzọ juputara na na zuru ezu na-agwa gị banyere ugwu, na mbara ọzara, ịkpa, osimiri na otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu ebe nke Eurasia.

Geography of Kazakhstan (nkenke): na ọnọdụ na ókè

Kazakhstan - kasị landlocked mba ụwa (M pụtara ndị States na-adịghị sara World Ocean). Ya ebe bụ 2,72 nde sq. M. km na ngụkọta ogologo nke ókè-ala - karịrị 13 puku kilomita. Ke adianade do, ọ bụ nke abụọ kasị ukwuu ná mba ụwa n'etiti ndị nke na-dị na abụọ n'akụkụ nke ụwa (via Kazakhstan n'egosi ókè-ala n'etiti Europe na Asia).

A nnukwu ebe nke mba n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-ekpebi di iche iche nke ya Okirikiri na eke okụre. Geography Kazakhstan bụ na-akpali na nnọọ iche iche. Nti eziokwu: n'agbanyeghị nke nnukwu ala ebe, ise ndị agbata obi Kazakhstan. Ọ bụ na na ókè na China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan na Kyrgyzstan.

The ókè-ala n'etiti Europe na Asia a na-Aktobe region n'ime obodo. Ọtụtụ mgbe ọ na-rụrụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ foothills nke Mugodzhary, mgbe ahụ, n'akụkụ osimiri Emba na Caspian Sea.

Kazakhstan enyemaka oké elu iche. Mkpokọta vetikal dobe na mba nke ihe karịrị 7000 mita! Kazakhstan Climate - ọnọdụ continental na kama akọrọ. Na okpomọkụ e nwere mgbe a-agwụ ike okpomọkụ, na oyi - siri ike oyi (ala -40 degrees Celsius). Early mmiri na Kazakhstan Ihu Igwe ọdịiche ndị kacha chọpụta mgbe ugwu ka ọnụma snowstorms n'ebe ndịda nwere osisi nwere ike na-ama pokopoko.

Ọzọ, anyị na-akọwa ihe banyere ihe bụ na-akpali na ihe enyemaka na atụmatụ nke Kazakhstan. Ebe ná mba i nwere ike ịhụ na ugwu? Ebe na mbara ọzara, na ebe - ọzara?

Common atụmatụ nke Kazakhstan enyemaka

About 15% nke ókèala ji site ugwu na ridges, banyere 30% - bụ na mbara ọzara na elu ugwu dị larịị, 10% - ịda mbà n'obi, 45% - nke desert na ọkara desert. Ndị dị otú ahụ dịgasị iche iche teren nke Kazakhstan kọwara nnọọ mgbagwoju geological Ọdịdị nke ahụ ebe. The mba na-emi odude ke a ebe converge mụ East-European n'elu ikpo okwu, ibughari Alpine belt na apịaji owuwu Ural-Mongolian belt.

Unique atụmatụ nke enyemaka nke Kazakhstan na-na a ịrịba dobe na elu n'ime obodo. N'ihi ya, ebe kasị ala mgbe na mba na-emi odude na n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Caspian Sea (Karagiye, 132 mita n'okpuru oké osimiri larịị). Na ebe a bụ kasị elu mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta esịmde 7000 mita (elu nke Khan Tengri n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba).

Ugwu ndị kasị elu na Kazakhstan lekwasị tinyere n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ala nke ala. Ọ Altai Tarbagatai, Jungar Alatau na Tien Shan. Ke adianade do, ugwu bụ na ndịda ndịda nke Ural ugwu.

Na mbara ọzara nke Kazakhstan emi odude ke edem edere, na etiti na n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke ala. Na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda na-adịkwaghị di ala ala. Si n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ndịda nke obodo egbupu ogologo Turgai trough nke na-eme ka ya ụzọ oké osimiri abụọ nke Kazakhstan - Tobol na Turgay.

Desat ogide nnukwu ebe dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ (na Caspian mpaghara) n'ebe ndịda na na Central-ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ.

Hydrology Kazakhstan

N'ime obodo na-agba ihe karịrị 85 puku eke ọwa mmiri. The kasị ibu osimiri nke Kazakhstan - bụ Ural, Tobol, Ishim, ma ọ bụ na Syr Darya. Ndị kasị oké osimiri netwọk bụ ihe e ji mara nke ugwu, na nke kasị ala hụrụ na ebe nke desat. Ọtụtụ n'ime Kazakhstan osimiri na-ebu mmiri ha na Aral na Caspian n'oké osimiri.

Ọtụtụ na Kazakhstan na ọdọ mmiri. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu ozu mmiri, onye ebe karịa 100 square kilomita, na 21. Otu n'ime ha - na Caspian na Aral Sea, Balkhash, Tengiz, Alakol na ndị ọzọ. Kasị nke ọdọ mmiri na mba na-lekwasị ya n'ebe ugwu na etiti na mpaghara.

Na Kazakhstan, e nwekwara 13 wuru ọdọ. Mkpokọta olu nke ọhụrụ mmiri nime ya bụ banyere 87 puku cubic. km.

Kazakh steppe

Steppes na ọkara desat na ngụkọta cover banyere 70% nke ókèala ndị Central Asia mba. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na saịtị ndị ke akpasarade n'ụdị ma ọ bụ dị ka gbanwetụrụ ụmụ mmadụ na-eme bụ negligible.

Kazakhstan steppe erukwa a sara mbara belt nke fọrọ nke nta 2000 kilomita site Ural River ndagwurugwu dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na Altai Mountains - nọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Na okwu nke ebe ọ bụ kasị n'usoro nke akọrọ steppe Okirikiri na ụwa. The idụhe bụ continental na dị akọrọ: nkezi kwa afọ mmiri ozuzo adịkarịghị karịa 350-400 mm.

N'ihi na enweghị nke mmiri na Kazakhstan steppes ahịhịa, dị ụkọ, e nwere ihe fọrọ dịghị osisi. Ma, ọ bụ ọgaranya fauna na umu di iche iche. Ebe a na-emebu dịgasị iche iche nke pụrụ iche mammals: saiga, marmot, steppe pika, Roe mgbada na ndị ọzọ. Ọ dịghị obere ọgaranya avifauna nke mpaghara a. Na steppes nke Kazakhstan, i nwere ike ịhụ ugo, nwa lark, pink okwolo, nwa stork, Flamingo, udele, ọlaedo ugo, na-acha ọcha-tailed ugo.

The kasị mma na ọmarịcha Kazakh steppe ke ini utọ, na mmalite na n'etiti May. Ọ bụ n'oge a na e nwere blooming poppies, irises na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-egbuke egbuke na agba, na-atụgharị isi awọ, na-adịghị ndụ ebe ke a yi kapet puku okooko osisi dị n'ọhịa.

Kazakh desert

N'ọzara, na ọkara desat ogide fọrọ nke nta ọkara ókèala Kazakhstan. Ha gbatịa fọrọ nke nta na-aga n'ihu warara nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Aral Sea na ugwu nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ. Kazakhstan agbahapụ nke ukwu na-agụghị oké emegbu: ha adịkarịghị ewepụghị na ọhịa Okirikiri enliven obere obodo ọmarịcha ugwu nta ma ọ bụ ìgwè ndị njem phlegmatic kamel.

N'ime desert nke Kazakhstan zutere a dịgasị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ụdị: nkume nkume, ájá, anuahade, nkume, ụrọ saline.

Desert Betpak Dala ebe banyere 75.000 square kilomita, na-emi odude ke obi nke mba. The enyemaka na-nyere na ewepụghị larịị nkezi elu nke 300-400 mita. Oge okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na akọrọ, mmiri ozuzo na-erughị 150 mm kwa afọ. The Ikuku nke desert agbasa nnu marshes na aru ya mpụga echiche takyrs.

N'ebe ndịda nke Bet-eshgham-Dala odude Moyynkum omume. Dị ka a na mbara ọzara ebe bụ fọrọ nke nta ọkara. N'ebe ndịda na ọ na-bounded site elu ugwu ridges nke Karatau na Kyrgyz Alatau. Ntem, nkezi elu dị elu - 700-800 mita. Climate dara 300 mm kwa afọ bụ obere softer, ikuku ọdịda. Ọtụtụ ebe nke desert eji obodo dị ka ịta ahịhịa maka ehi.

The owuwu nke Ural ugwu belt

Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, n'ime Kazakhstan bụ na ndịda ndịda nke Ural ugwu obodo. Ebe a na ọ na-dị Preduralsky na Zauralskaya ala dị larịị Mugodzhary ugwu, nakwa dị ka ọtụtụ nta ridges na ridges (Shirkala, Shoshkakol na ndị ọzọ).

Preduralsky ala dị larịị agbatị n'etiti Caspian larịị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ya Mugodzhary. Ọ nwayọọ nwayọọ mbelata n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, a ezigbo mgbanwe na slaboholmistuyu ndagwurugwu. The nkezi elu nke ala dị larịị - 150-300 mita n'elu oké osimiri.

Mugodzhary - oké ndịda eketịbe nke Ural ugwu karị ruo 657 mita (elu nke Ugwu Boktybay). Ndị a ugwu, n'ezie, na-anọchi anya a yinye ala na nke na-emighị emi ugwu nta kpuchie ehighị nne ahịhịa. Places relict birch n'ọdọ. Mugodzhary - otu ihe dị mkpa isi iyi nke ngwaọrụ na Kazakhstan. Ebe a mined gravel na ndị ọzọ na ụlọ nkume.

Mountains nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Kazakhstan

The kasị ugwu ugwu akụkụ nke Kazakhstan - n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ. Ebe a towering àmà nke Altai na Tarbagatai iche efere nke Lake Zaisan. Tinyere ala na China na Kyrgyzstan gbatịa Tien-Shan. Site n'ụzọ, lee, ha bụ ndị kasị elu mgbe na mba. Na ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kazakhstan bụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke elu ugwu: Karatau, Junggar na ile Alatau, Toksanbay na ndị ọzọ.

N'ime Karaganda region bụ Karkaralinsky Ugwu. Nke a n'usoro na-emi esịnede isi nke konkiri, quartzite na porphyrites mara ọgaranya ego na polymetallic ores.

N'ebe ndịda e nwere nnukwu na nnọọ sinik riiji Karatau (na Tien Shan). E nwere ọtụtụ saịtị nke ochie a chọpụtara na. Site na nke a omume, na riiji bụ nwa akwukwo maka Nsonye na a nchedo UNESCO. Otu n'usoro nke mgbagwoju Karatau dị iche iche nkume: sandstones, shales, limestones, na ndị ọzọ. Ókè ya ẹtara karst Filiks na phenomena. On mkpọda nke Karatau uranium m mepụtara, ígwè, ores, nakwa dị ka phosphate.

larịị Mangyshlak

Mangyshlak ala dị larịị (Mangystau ma ọ bụ) emi odude ke otu dịịrị banye na mmiri na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ. Ya nkezi elu - 200-300 mita n'elu oké osimiri. Si n'ebe ugwu dị larịị n'ókè site ugwu elevations nke Mangistau ka 556 mita. Nọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ọ na-aga were were n'ime n'akụkụ ala dị larịị Ustyurt.

E nwere ihe abụọ na nsụgharị nke malite aha nke ala dị larịị. Dị ka ihe atụ, okwu "Mangistau" sụgharịta si Kazakh asụsụ dị ka "otu puku oyi." Ma Turkmen nchọpụta K. Annaniyazov okwu "mangylshak" sụgharịta ka "nnukwu obodo." Na Soviet ụfọdụ, n'ihi na nke a uwe rapaara aha Mangyshlak, ma na oge a na Kazakhstan aha ya ama dị iche iche - Mangystau.

"Desert. Kpamkpam na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla ahịhịa - ee ájá nkume "- ya mere na kọwara ebe ndị a ma ama Ukrainian ede uri Taras Grigorevich Shevchenko. N'ezie, ndị idụhe bụ sharply continental na bụ nnọọ akọrọ, na osimiri ndị na-perennial ọwa mmiri fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụla. The obodo ebe bụ ọgaranya ụwa nke ụmụ nnụnụ, nke e nwere ihe karịrị e nwere ọtụtụ narị iche iche iche iche.

Mangyshlak Plateau bụ ọgaranya ịnweta ego. E nwere ego mmanụ, ọla kọpa, manganese ore, nkume crystal na nkume phosphate. Mangyshlak nwekwara ọtụtụ isi mmalite nke na-agwọ ịnweta mmiri: chloride, bromide na sodium.

The ọzọ na-akpali ndị dị larịị Mangyshlak? Ọ bụghị banyere eziokwu ahụ bụ na ya na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nsọtụ kpụrụ a pụrụ iche Karagiye - n'ala ala na Kazakhstan na otu onye nke kasị mie emie na ụwa. Ọ na-emi odude na 132 mita n'okpuru oké osimiri.

Caspian Iduọ

Na ugwu, na mbara ọzara, steppes na desat nke Kazakhstan, anyị ugbua gwara. Ma nkọwa nke enyemaka nke mba a ga-ezu na-enweghị a aha ya kasị ukwuu di ala ala.

Caspian Iduọ - a nnukwu ebe na ebe nke 200 puku square kilomita (Olee ihe enyemaka otu ebe enyene Republic of Belarus). Ọ-n'ókè site n'ebe ugwu nke Caspian Sea. Na nke a, n'ebe ugwu ịgba di ala ala ugwu Common Syrt, na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - na Ural na Ustyurt ala dị larịị. Di ala ala nwere ụdị n'ụzọ ezigbo elu, ubé mmasị na Caspian Sea. The zuru elu nke ya nso si -30 150 mita n'elu oké osimiri.

Caspian di ala ala gafere ndagwurugwu ise osimiri: ndị Volga, Ural, Emba, Terek na Kuma. N'ime ndị dị larịị - a otutu na-emighị emi n'ọdọ mmiri, site na nke nnu mined ifịk ifịk.

The idụhe bụ sharply continental na akọrọ, na-ekpo ọkụ ifufe ọ na-ugboro ugboro. Na n'ebe ugwu nke di ala ala na-eto eto wormwood-ahihia steppe, na n'ebe ndịda na-adịkwaghị desert na ọkara desert Okirikiri. Ọtụtụ mgbe e nwere nnu licks na nnu marshes. Obodo eji Caspian di ala ala dị ka a nnukwu ebe ịta nri. Ọ na-amalite akwụkwọ nri na anyu.

The kasị elu ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na Kazakhstan

Khan Tengri - kapịrị ọnụ pyramidal elu nke Tien Shan, kasị elu mgbe na Kazakhstan. The zuru elu nke ugwu - 6995 mita, na a na-ele nke ice shei - 7010 mita.

Chie Mount Khan-Tengri bụ na crossroads nke atọ mba: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan na China - ya na-anọchi anya udo na mmekọrịta enyi na enyi n'etiti mba atọ. The mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ugwu a climbers meriri Soviet Mikhail Pogrebetskiy Boris Tyurin na Franz Zauberer. Nke a mere na 1931. The otu ọma burugodị bụrụ na nke agha Basmachi - partisans onye buso ndị Soviet na Central Asia.

6 na-akpali banyere n'elu Khan Tengri:

• na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu e nwere a abụọ aha - Blood Mountain (ruru ka ukwuu nke climbers ndị nwụrụ arị na ya);
• taa, e nwere 25 dị iche iche ụzọ gasị, nke ị nwere ike ịrị n'elu;
• n'elu nke lie a pụrụ iche Capsule na nke ndị niile na climbers ahapụ ha aro ndị ya mmeri;
• mara onyielu nwoke Anatoly Bukreyev aha ya bụ nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu kasị mara mma na mbara ala;
• na 2002 na Kyrgyzstan agbala a zuru ego nke 100 soms na onyinyo nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu;
• ndekọ maka kasị ascents nke Khan Tengri bụ a onyielu nwoke Gleb Sokolov si Novosibirsk, onye biliri na n'elu ugboro 34!