Sherman Act: ọdịnaya na ngwa nke na-arụpụta

Sherman Antitrust Act, gabiga na United States ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20, n'ụzọ nkịtị kwuru agha monopolies na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ. Na Ozizi, o nwere a ukwuu n'ọdịnihu, na omume ya gosiri na ya adighi ike. Gịnị bụ ọdịdị zuru oke nke ya na ihe mere maka odida nke ya ngwa, na-agụ isiokwu a.

Mmalite nke XX narị afọ na United States: ọrụ nke ọchịchị na aku na uba na-elekọta mmadụ na ibe ya

America ke mbubreyo narị afọ nke 19. - mmalite narị afọ nke 20. frantic ijeụkwụ ghọọ a classic obodo nke ụlọọrụ ikeketeorie. Na ya, enweghị ihe ọ bụla mgbochi arụ ọrụ nanị ibu tụkwasị obi. Ọ bụ ihe ezi uche na ha na-machibidoro nnwere onwe nke ahịa iwu na-kpebiere obere na-ajụ azụmahịa ọnọdụ ndị dugara ná mbibi ya. ha enweghị ike na-asọrịta mpi. Na e nwere a ibu, ekesịpde John D. Rockefeller , a na-akpọ Standart Mmanụ, nke site na narị afọ nke 20, ndị United States weghaara ahịa mmanụ ngwaahịa site 95%! The mbụ eme ihe, adiaha iji chebe ahia na azụmahịa megide monopolies na ihe mgbochi, ghọrọ Sherman Act. Otú ọ dị, n'ụzọ megidere-atụ anya, ọ dịghị otú ahụ na-ewu ewu na-akpọ "Charter nke ulo oru nnwere onwe."

Ònye bụ Sherman?

The initiator nke iwu kwuru na n'elu bụ a ma ama American ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị John Sherman, onye aha-eme na ekemende natara. A ga-eme n'ọdịnihu so na House of Representatives na Senator nke Ohio, nakwa dị ka 35th Secretary nke State na US Akụ Secretary a mụrụ March 7, 1897 na Lancaster. Nna ya bụ ọkàikpe, na ndị ezinụlọ bụ nnọọ nnukwu na gụnyere nne na nna na ụmụ 11. Education Sherman natara na a nkịtị ụlọ akwụkwọ, mgbe ahụ, ọ bịara nwee mmasị na nri, mgbe ọzụzụ, e kwetara na mmanya.

Mgbe ya na nwunye ya ọ dọtara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na 1854, mgbe ọ dị afọ 43, ọ hoputara na House of Representatives n'ụlọ ya ala nke Ohio. Na 1980, o mere mgbalị ogide etieibuot, ma furu efu na D. Garfield. Àgwà ya dị ezigbo mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ahụ, ma ndị fọdụrụ nke ụwa bụ kasị maara nke Sherman Act, gabiga na United States. Na-ezo aka ebe nke oru iwu, ọ n'ụzọ na na dịgodị aghọwo a mkpa maka nti mgbanwe nke a na mpaghara nke iwu.

Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime iwu

The Sherman Act ahụ bụ nke mbụ iwu mgbochi monopolistic America. Aha ya bụ n'ihi na ya na initiator, ọ e mma site Sineti nke mba na April 1890 (51 votes na otu), na House of Representatives (otu olu) na mma site president Garrisson. Site n'onye ahụ nke iwu bịara July 2, 1890.

The ederede nke ya kwupụtara na impeding free ahia site na-eke tụkwasịrị (monopolies), na ntinye na nzube ndị a a izu ọjọọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ma ka a mpụ. Ọ ga-kwuru na Sherman Act na a afọ iri bụ "na-ehi ụra" mode, ma ya achawabeghị iri-na-isii US president Teodor Ruzvelt.

Omume e eduzi megide tụkwasịrị na monopolies dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-ekpuchi kpọmkwem na doro free ahia mgbochi bụghị naanị na mba ozo (n'etiti ekwu), kamakwa mba. D. Rockefeller na ụlọ ọrụ ya ghọrọ isi iche. Ya mere, na 1904 megide Standart Oil e jere ozi a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke antitrust emetụtaghị okwu ikpe. The Supreme Court kpebiri na nkewa nke ụlọ ọrụ. D. Rockefeller, gbajaa Standart Oil 34 enyemaka, ugbu a, nọgidere na-achịkwa ha.

Gịnị njehie?

The Sherman Act, gabiga na United States na-akọ na ubi nke akụnụba na obere na-elekọta mmadụ iwu - ebe nke na oge a chọrọ mmelite. Mmetụta nke na ọ bụ kama mmachi. Ọzọkwa, na-eme a na-eji anya-labeelu. Aka ike nkọwa nke iwu ikpe ọchịchị emewo ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọrụ 'ịlụ ndị hà monopolies na-etiwapụ na - na nkwekọrịta aghụghọ na a na-ele ka nke gbochiri free ahia. N'eziokwu, ihe na-agafe na ndị mmadụ, emecha tụgharịa megide ya. Nke a bụ a loophole na iwu e wepụwo naanị na 1914 na-enyemaka nke Clayton Act. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na Sherman Act na a akpan akpan akụkụ nke ihe na oge anyị, ọ na-esịne ke US Federal Usoro.

Ihe sochiri ọzọ?

Na nọworo na mbụ mgbochi nanị iwu emebeghị chọrọ pụta. Social stratification ọha mmadụ wee na-aka njọ, na ndị nkịtị American obodo ahụ nọ na a nnọọ obi erughị, gara site niile ihe ịrịba ama nke aku na uba na ịda mbà n'obi. All a ndammana dugara na-abawanye na ụlọọrụ isi obodo na-amụba discontent n'etiti ndị dị iche iche agba nke ndị bi na: na-aga n'ihu intelligentsia, ọrụ ugbo, na-arụ ọrụ. The obodo na-mikpuru na mgbochi obi ije, Bilie uto nke ahia otu ọrụ na-alụ nke ndị kasị daa ogbenye na klas nke ala nche usoro. Nke nta nke nta, ihe a chọrọ "mmelite" nke na-elekọta mmadụ na akụ na ụba iwu ka batara otu ndú bụghị naanị Democrats ma Republicans. Nzọụkwụ mbụ kwupụta n'idozi nsogbu bụ "Act ka expedite obodo na ikike nke a ngosi ikpe" (1903), mgbe a e tiri iwu ahụ na nguzobe nke Ministry of Trade na Labor.

Gosi na adighi ike na omume, ma a mkpa maka mgbanwe ọ ghọrọ Sherman Act, gabiga na United States. Ọ na-ezo aka ebe nke nri nke iwu, ihe bụ nke ya ọdịnaya, ebe nku bụ otu n'ime ndị isi emehie - azịza ajụjụ ndị a na-egosi na isiokwu. The zuru akwụkwọ dị ma na mbụ asụsụ na translation. Ọ ga-abụ mkpa karịsịa nye ndị nwere mmasị na oge a na dịkọrọ ndụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke USA.