The Kingdom of Jerusalem: isi na ndụ na alaeze

Ọ bụ mba na nzuzo na na Middle East bụ ugbu a otu n'ime ndị kasị nsogbu nke ụwa, na si n'ebe ahụ egwu nke European mepere anya. Ọ na-kweere na mgbọrọgwụ nke ndị a phenomena ga-chọrọ ke ogbu nke na ọtụtụ narị afọ, n'ihi na ha bụ ihe na-nkuzi mgbamejije nke Crusades. Ọ bụ ya mere ihe iji ghọta ihe na-akpata nke East na West, nakwa dị ka ịchọta ụzọ nke udo coexistence, ndị nnyocha ụfọdụ nwere ike ikwu jiri nlezianya nyochaa akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ka ihe atụ, mmasị Alaeze nke Jerusalem, County nke Edessa na mba ndị agbata obi, ebe Kraịst bụ onye bịara site na Europe na ụmụ ha mesịrị mụta-ebi n'udo na obodo Muslim bi.

prehistory

Alaeze nke Jerusalem pụtara na ụwa map na 1099 dị ka a n'ihi nke kpọọ site Agha Ntụte nke obodo ebe Onye Nzọpụta kpogidere. Ha rutere n'ógbè na oku na-aga nke Pope Urban II, nke a arịrịọ maka nchebe nke Kraịst si na Turks tụgharịa na Byzantine Emperor Alexius mbụ. Nke a kpọkwasịwo Agha nke Manzikert. Byzantine mmeri mere ka ọnwụ nke Armenia na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Asia Minor, nke, dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, bụ mmalite nke ọgwụgwụ nke oké alaeze ukwu. Ke adianade do, e nwere ndị asịrị banyere arụrụala nke ma Sunni na Shia megide Palestian Kraịst.

Ikpuchido nọ abụghị nanị ihe mere na-amanye ndị pope na-agọzi ndị dike na Agha Ntụte. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na site na nke a oge na ukwuu nke Europe ka a dịtụ mụ, na ọtụtụ puku ndị a zụrụ nke ọma knights na-ekpe na-enweghị ọrụ, nke rụpụtara na njikere clashes na ọtụtụ na trifling idaha. Na-eziga ha na Middle East nyere ụwa, nye olileanya maka aku n'uba n'ọdịnihu (n'ihi na trophies).

Ná mmalite, ntọhapụ nke Jerusalem bụ na atụmatụ nke Agha Ntụte. Otú ọ dị, mgbe e mesịrị ha gbanwere, na July 15, 1099 obodo ahụ weghaara na Sacked site ....

ntọala

Agbagha ndú nke Crusader bụ Gotfrid Bulonsky, onye na ochie emere n'ubọchi otoro na niile ido nke naiti, Kraịst kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi iwu. Tọrọ ntọala Alaeze Jerusalem, ndị oké ozu na earls gwara ya ka-aghọ akpa gọvanọ ọhụrụ ala. Ịnọgide Na-adị ezi ụkpụrụ ya, Godfrey jụrụ okpueze, na-akọwa ya site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ pụghị-eyi ya n'ebe ọ bụla ọ nzọputa yi a okpueze ogwu. Naanị ihe o kwetara - na-aha "Ọnọ nke Nsọ ílì ahu."

Ọchịchị bụ eze mbụ nke Alaeze Jerusalem

Gotfrid Bulonsky akpa ke 1100, na-ahapụ dịghị nwoke ụmụ. Nwanne ya Baldwin ozugbo kpuwere na ghọrọ onye na-achị Jerusalem, ma were akụkụ nime nnọchigide-n'agha na a tọhapụsịrị ya, dị ka ọ nọ na kpọọ nke Armenian Christian isi Tasọs, Tel Bashir, Ravendana na Edessa. Ọzọkwa, ke akpatre obodo-ala ọ e kuchiri onye na-achị Toros na nwunye nwa-ya nwayi. O mere ka akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ndị mbụ eze nwaanyị nke Jerusalem Armenian Arda. Otú ọ dị, ekemende na-egbu nna nwunye-na malitere ya asị nke Edessa, Baldwin gbara alụkwaghịm karịa niile metere iwe nke Pope.

Otú ọ dị, a nkà ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Baldwin mbụ gbasaa Alaeze Jerusalem, akada ọtụtụ mmiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri n'obodo, na ghọrọ onyenwe nke Antioch na Tripoli County. Nakwa na ya na e nwere mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na nke Catholic okpukpe.

Baldwin akpa ke 1118, ibonke nketa.

Eze nke Alaeze nke Jerusalem tupu Nke abụọ Agha Ntụte

Amụghị nwa nọchiri Baldwin Mbụ, na-eleghara nwanne ya, bụ onye nọ France, bụ nwa nwanne nne ya - na agụ nke Edessa de Bourg. Ọ na-gbasaa gosudartva ókè. Karịsịa, de Bourque jisiri ka ndị eze nọ n'okpuru nke onye na-achị ihe gbasara onye isi nke Antioch - obere Bohemund II, nwa nwa Eze nke France, na 1124, afọ ya e weere na Taya.

Ogologo oge tupu ya accession ocheeze, iji wusie ya ọnọdụ dị n'ógbè ahụ, Baldwin de Bourg nwunye nwa-nwayi nke Armenian isi Gabriel - Morphou (lee Zhan Rishar, "na Latin Alaeze nke Jerusalem", akụkụ mbụ.). O nyere ya na di ya ndị inyom atọ. Ada ha - Melisende - ghọrọ nke atọ na otu n'ime ndị kasị ama eze Jerusalem. Tupu ya anwụọ, na nna-ya emewo niile jikoro nwa-u - Fulk nke Anjou - ike gbaa ya alụkwaghịm ma na-agafe ocheeze ka ya na ụmụ ya si ya n'alụmdi na nwunye mbụ. Iji mezuo nke a, n'oge ndụ nke Baldwin II mara ọkwa nke mbụ nke nwa nwa ya, aha ya, na nwa nwaanyị co-achị achị.

Mgbe Fulk igbu ọchụ nta Melisende ghọrọ onwe-elekọta alaeze ahụ na a na-ewere anyị dị ka ndị echebe ndị chọọchị ahụ na nkà.

Ịghọ onye toro eto, ya ọkpara Baldwin atọ kpebiri na ọ bụ oge na-eme ka a ve omume Crusader Alaeze nke Jerusalem bịara n'okpuru ya. Ọ banyere a see na nne ya, onye efehe na nwanne ya nke nta Amaury. Dị ka a n'ihi nke aka nke ndị ụkọchukwu nyere nwa Melisende n'okpuru obodo Nablus, ma ọ nọgidere na-na-diplomatic eme maka abamuru nke alaeze.

Nke abụọ Agha Ntụte

Mgbe ọdịda nke Edessa na 1144-m Melisende zitere a akwụkwọ ozi ka Pope na-arịọ maka enyemaka na ntọhapụ nke na-asị. Ọ bụghị na mberede, na pontiff mara ọkwa mwepụta nke abụọ Agha Ntụte. Na 1148 na European agha, edu French King Louis na Seventh, nwunye ya Eleanor nke Aquitaine, na German Emperor Conrad, rutere Latin Alaeze nke Jerusalem. N'ịbụ afọ 18, bụ nwa Baldwin atọ gosiri ezu ikpe, na-akwado ndị nne ọnọdụ na ya uwe ojii, bụ onye kweere na anyị ga na-awakpo Aleppo ozugbo o kwere omume na-re-ndoli ọkọlọtọ nke Alaeze Jerusalem na Edessa. Otú ọ dị rutere eze nwere ndị ọzọ atụmatụ. Ha bu n'obi ẹkemụm Damascus, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu na Crusader Alaeze nke Jerusalem anọwo na obodo-ala nke ọma diplomatic mmekọahụ. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, anyị merie "ọbịa" si Europe, nke ekemende nwere oké ọdachi maka Middle East nke Kraịst.

Anyị gara Damaskọs na Conrad Baldwin-enweta ihe ọ bụla na-amanye na-ebuli ihe nnọchibido. Christian ichighaazu n'ike mmụọ nsọ iro-ha, na weere kpataara oké mmebi nke ọgụ ike nke Alaeze nke Jerusalem. N'ihi ya, mgbe Louis na Conrad na ndị agha ya hapụrụ Middle East, ọnọdụ e nwere n'ebe aghọwo ihe ndị ọzọ ufiop karịa tupu.

Amaury mbụ

Baldwin Third chịkwa ikwubi a truce na Damascus, e meriri na 1158 site na-emeri ndị Osimiri Galili iji weghachi mbụ ugwu nke mba ahụ. Nke a nyeere eze ịlụ ndị nwa nwanne nke Byzantine eze ukwu - Feodore Komnina. 4 afọ mgbe e mesịrị eze nwụrụ, ikekwe site na nsi na, na-ahapụ dịghị nketa.

Mgbe ọnwụ nke Baldwin atọ Alaeze nke Jerusalem e mere site nne-ya, onye rigoro ocheeze n'okpuru aha nke Mbụ Amory. Na 1157, ọ lụrụ Agnes De Courtenay - ada nke agụ Edessy Zhoslena na oké-nwa nwa nke Armenian eze Kostandina First. The Church anaghị chọrọ gọzie a alụmdi na nwunye, dị ka ọsọ na-eto eto nnukwu-nna nna ha, ma ha siri ọnwụ. Di na nwunye nwere ụmụ atọ: Sybil, Baldwin na Alix. Otú ọ dị, Agnes ghọrọ eze nwaanyị, ma n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị na-esote afọ, ndị eze nke Alaeze nke Jerusalem nwere kpọmkwem ụmụ.

Amaury mbụ gwara ya mgbalị weghara n'ókèala Ijipt na mbawanye onodi ya na mba, nke ọ ịga nke ọma n'ime akụkụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-achọkwa a lụgharịa na nwa nwanne nke Byzantine eze ukwu, Maria, na-ewusi ihe nkekọ na steeti a. Ọ mụụrụ ya nwa-nwayi, Isabella.

Ọnọdụ na Middle East na-gbanwere nke ukwuu ebe ọ bụ na January 1169, Caliph al-Adid họpụtara vizier nke mgbe nta mara Saladin. Na 1170, ihe ikpeazụ na ndị agha wakporo Alaeze Jeruselem na ala meriri Eilat. All arịọ ka ndị Amalric mbụ European eze na-ekpe na-enweghị omume. Na 1974, ọ onwe-akwagide nọchigide Banias, nke a na-akpọkarị isi n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke Jerusalem. Ịghara nweta ihe ịga nke ọma na butere ọrịa ịba ahụ ọkụ, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya isi obodo, ebe ọ nọ nwụọ. Tupu ọnwụ ya, o nyere obodo nke Nablus, nwunye ya Mary na nwa ha nwaanyị Isabella n'ozuzu na onye nketa nwa Baldwin, onye n'oge ahụ nanị afọ 13.

Ndị ọchịchị nke Alaeze nke Jerusalem: ụmụ Amaury First

Rịgoro n'ocheeze ahụ, ndị na-eto eto Baldwin anọ bụ kpam kpam n'okpuru nduzi nke nne ya, Agnes de Courtenay. Ikebịghike enye butere ekpenta, na ọrịa a kpatara ya n'oge onwu (mgbe ọ dị afọ 24). Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na-eru ịghọ okenye, na ruo mgbe ọnwụ ya na-eto eto na eze, n'agbanyeghị ọrịa, o nwere na-egosi na ya a maara ihe onye na-achị.

Ebe ọ bụ doro anya na nwa okorobịa ahụ ga-enwe ike ịhapụ ụmụ, nwanne ya nwaanyị Sibylla lụrụ Guillaume de Monferrato. N'ihi ya, ọ na-a ikwu nke King of France na Emperor nke Nsọ Alaeze Ukwu Rom. Alụmdi na nwunye ha ruo ogologo oge, dị ka di ya nwuru a ọnwa ole na ole mgbe agbamakwụkwọ, ọ bụghị ịhụ ọmụmụ nke nwa-ya Baldwin.

Ka ọ dịgodị, onye ekpenta eze meriri ndị agha Salah al-Din na agha nke Monzhizare. Kemgbe ahụ, ya clashes na-agha nke ndị Alakụba akwụsịghị ruo ọgwụgwụ nke udo na 1180. Mgbe di ya nwụrụ Sybil lụrụ Gi De Lusignan. N'oge na-adịghị, Otú ọ dị, ọhụrụ na-na-iwu-efu na ọnọdụ nke eze, bụ ndị kpebiri ime ha nketa nwa ọhụrụ nwanne - Baldwin de Monferrato.

N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1185, mgbe ọnwụ nke nwanne nna ya, nwa okoro ahụ ghọrọ eze, ma chịkwara naanị a afọ. The mba ghọrọ uru nwe nke abụọ di nke nne-ya - Gi De Luzinyan, emi n'ihu ọha nyere Sybil okpueze, iwepu ya n'isi-ya. N'ihi ya, iche site ọchịchị Balduina De Monferrato, Ardennes Anjou-ekesịpde site na ala nke Agha Ntụte na Holy Land na 1090 na 1185 afọ (Richard, "na Latin Alaeze nke Jerusalem", akụkụ mbụ).

Nnyefe nke obodo

N'oge ọchịchị nke Gi De Lusignan bụ a oké ọdachi, nke mere na mba daa. Ọ niile malitere Agha nke Hattin na 1187, mgbe Alaeze nke Jerusalem e meriri ndị agha ndị agha Salah ad-Din. Onwe ya Gi De Luzinyan e weghaara, na 1187 Sybil ma ama naiti-crusader Balian de Ibelin manyere hazie agbachitere Jerusalem. The agha ndị ahaghị, ọ bịara doo anya na nọchibido Kraịst egwu na ekpochapụkwala ha. Balian de Ibelin gosiri na ya a ọkà diplomaati, ebe-enweta ihe ọ chịlie aka elu nke obodo na kwesịrị nsọpụrụ okwu. Mgbe ahapụ Jerusalem, Sibylla dere al-Din Salah akwụkwọ ozi a arịrịọ nyak a nwunye na ike ịhụ ndị ya na 1188.

Crusader ala nke Jerusalem na narị afọ nke 13

N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1190 Sybil na nwa ya nwaanyị nwụrụ n'oge a otiti ọrịa. Ọ bụ ezie na di ya Gi De Luzinyan wee na-atụle ya a eze na-achị mba ghọrọ Isabella - na nwa nwaanyị nke Amaury mbụ si ya nke abụọ na nwunye. Ọ gbara alụkwaghịm nwunye ya mbụ na lụrụ Conrad nke Montferrat. Ikpeazụ m natara nkwenye nke ya na aha, ma ọ bụghị nwere oge na--anyanya, dị ka ọ na e gburu site abụọ mgbagbu. Naanị 8 ụbọchị gasịrị, Isabella, ya dị ime nwa-nwayi, Mary, na nwunye Henry nke Champagne, gee ntị na ndụmọdụ nke Richard ndị Lionheart. Alụmdi na nwunye biri na ọnwụ nke mo nke mberede. Mgbe ọzọ Isabella lụrụ nwa-nne Gi De Lusignan, onye a bịara mara dị ka Amaury II.

The eze nwụrụ fọrọ nke nta ka n'out oge na 1205, kwuru site nsí stale azụ.

Ha na-ịga nke ọma site ada nke Queen Maria de Monferrato. Ọ lụrụ Zhana De Brienne na nwụrụ mgbe na-enye nwa. Nwa ya nwaanyị Yolanda e kpuwere, ma na mba chịrị site na nna-ya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 13 na ọ bụ di na nwunye ka eze ukwu nke Nsọ Alaeze Ukwu Rom. The ego Frederick II natara aha nke King of Jerusalem na ekwele nkwa isonyere agha ntụte. Na Palermo, eze nwaanyị mụrụ a nwa na a nwa, Conrad. Na 1228, mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Frederick ụgbọ mmiri na Holy Land, nke e kpuwere. N'ebe ahụ, ọ hụrụ ihe dị mma karịa na-amalite a agha ndị Templars, na-agbalị weghara Acre, bụ ebe nna ochie bụ. N'oge na-adịghị, Otú ọ dị, Eze Ukwu gbanwere obi ya na kpebiri iji ya na ha na ngwá agha, na-ahapụ Kraịst bi nke Jerusalem alaeze nta inyeaka.

Tupu ya ihere nzuzo ụzọ mgbapụ ka Europe, ọ gwara ala ochichi Balanu Sidon.

ịgbanwe aha

Point na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Crusader-achị na Holy Land etinye Khorezmians kpọọ nke ala-eze 1244. O sina dị, na-esote ole na ole narị afọ, ụfọdụ European oké ozu usoro ndị eze ketara aha nke eze nke Jerusalem. Na 1268 ọ nọ na-kagbuo. Dochie ya e guzobere aha nke King of Jerusalem na Cyprus. Ya mbụ ụgbọala bụ nke atọ Hugo - nwa Isabella de Lusignan. Ọ gbanwere emblem nke Cyprus, na-agbakwụnye na ihe nnọchianya nke alaeze Jerusalem. Ụmụ ya rụrụ na aha ruo mgbe 1393. Mgbe ọ gbanwere ebe ọ bụ na Jacques mbụ bụ na ka eze Armenia.

The ndụ nke ndị nkịtị na Christian-ekwu na Holy Land

The ọgbọ ọhụrụ mụrụ na Palestine, na-ewere ya n'ala nna ha na a na-adịghị mma àgwà ndị Agha Ntụte, na nso nso rutere si Europe. Ọtụtụ ndị maara na obodo asụsụ na nwunye a Christian ndị inyom nke-ekpe okpukpe ọzọ na-ikwu ndị nwere ike na-akwado na ọnọdụ ndị siri ike. Na nke a, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị a ma ama bi n'obodo, ndị obodo ahụ na - ukwuu n'ime Muslim - nọ na-achụ ọrụ ugbo. The agha recruited naanị ndị Frank, na Eastern Kraịst e ụgwọ na-enye ya nri.

Na nkà, akwụkwọ na multimedia ngwaahịa

The kasị ewu ewu na-arụ ọrụ nke Alaeze nke Jerusalem bụ film Ridli Skotta "Alaeze nke Eluigwe", nke na-agwa akụkọ nke see na Salah al-Din na kwenye nke Jerusalem. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Crusader-ekwu bụ otú egwuregwu kọmputa. Ihe atụ, na ogbu si n'ụzọ kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ. Site n'ụzọ, dị ugbu a na a ejiji ọhụrụ igwe anaghị agba nchara 6.1. The Kingdom of Jerusalem (olu, engine, ala na ụdị na ihu igwe na-emelite) e gosiri nnọọ ezi uche, na nke ọ bụla n'ógbè nwere ya ego.

Ugbu a, ị maara onye na-achị ndị dị otú ahụ na-ekwu, Agha Ntụte ka Alaeze Jerusalem, County nke Edessa na Antiọk, na ihe mere na Middle East mgbe mbụ Agha Ntụte na n'ezie ọnwụ na Ndị Kraịst nke region akara.