The oké Russian ese

Ebe ọ bụ na oge nke Baptism nke Russia, nke bịara na njedebe nke X narị afọ, na ogbu mmiri nke Orthodox Church mepụtara a peculiar na pụrụ iche nkà, na-akpọ - Russian iconography. Ọ bụ na ọ na-fọrọ nke nta ka narị afọ asaa nọgidere isi nke Russian omenala, na na n'oge ọchịchị nke Peter m kewapụrụ onwe ego sere.

Oyiyi Mongolian oge

Ọ maara na ya na Orthodox rus biiri si Byzantium na ihe nweta nke ya omenala, natara na Kiev ihe gbasara onye isi ya n'ihu mmepe. Ọ bụrụ na mbinye aka nke mbụ wuru na Kiev Desyatinny temple e rụrụ site Prince Vladimir kpọrọ esenidụt nna ukwu, nnọọ anya Russian ese pụtara na Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Smolensk, na na isi obodo, aha ya bụ Nne nke Russian obodo. Ịmata ihe dị iche ha na-arụ ọrụ site na akara ngosi na-ese site na Byzantine nkụzi, ọ bụ ike, n'ihi na ọ dịghị jide zuru njirimara nke mba akwụkwọ ke tupu Mongol oge ọzọ.

Iji nwere anwụghị nnọọ ole na ole ọrụ gburu n'oge oge a, ma ọbụna n'etiti ha e nwere ezigbo masterpieces. Ndị kasị dị ịrịba ndị a bụ abụọ na-ụzọ Novgorod icon "The Holy Face", dere site na-amaghị ukwu na njedebe nke XII narị afọ, na azụ nke nke idaha "The ofufe dịịrị nke Cross." N'ihi na ihe karịrị narị afọ asatọ, ọ na-abia-ekiri n'ime picture-eji ire ụtọ shading. Ugbu a, akara ngosi dị na collection nke State Tretyakov Gallery. Photos of a icon emepe isiokwu.

Ọzọ, ọ na-erughị ama ọrụ nke tupu Mongol oge, gosipụtawo na State Russian Museum na St. Petersburg - ọ bụ nakwa na Novgorod icon, mara dị ka "Angel nke Golden Hair." Face nke otu mmụọ ozi, full of aghụghọ obi na nke miri emi lyricism, na-eme ka onye nkiri ihe echiche nke udo ma doo anya. The ike ibuga mmetụta ndị dị otú Russian ese ya nile ketara site n'aka ha Byzantine nkụzi.

Icon sere oge nke Mongol-Tatar yoke

Mbuso agha nke Russia Batu Khan, wetere oge nke Tatar-Mongol yoke, radically-emetụta ụzọ ndụ nke dum ala. Ọ bụghị wepugara ya mmetụta na Russian iconography. Ọtụtụ, kpụrụ mbụ art emmepe e jidere ma emebiwo Horde, na ndị na-gafere izugbe eke, ahụmahụ ike, nke ike ma na-emetụta n'ozuzu nkà larịị nke ọrụ na-emepụta ha.

O sina dị, ọbụna oge a tara akpụ Russian ese na-enwe ike ike onwe ya ụlọ akwụkwọ nke sere, na-a kwesịrị ebe ke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa omenala. Special-ebuli ya akara nkera nke abụọ nke XIV na XV narị afọ fọrọ niile. N'oge a na Russia m na-arụ ọrụ a dum galaxy nke pụtara ìhè nka, ndị kasị ama nnọchiteanya nke nke bụ Andrei Rublev, onye a mụrụ na Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi gburugburu 1360.

Chepụtara-adịghị anwụ anwụ "Atọ n'Ime Otu"

Were mọnk nkwa na aha Andrew (ya ego aha-amaghị) na 1405, a ukwu abuana ke sere nke Annunciation Cathedral nke Moscow Kremlin, wee Assumption na Vladimir. Ndị a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu ọrụ nke Andrei Rublev ozi tinyere abụọ ndị ọzọ a ma ama na nka - Theophanes Grik na Daniel Black, okwu banyere nke a ga-atụle n'okpuru.

Creativity a na-ewere n'elu nwe na Russian icon sere, nke na-enweghị ike iru onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị nna ukwu. The anya na kasị ama ọrụ bụ "Atọ n'Ime Otu" - akara ngosi nke Rublev, debere Tretyakov Gallery na Moscow.

Iji Old Testament akụkọ, nke dabeere ihe merenụ kọwara na nke 18 ibuot Genesis (Hospitality nke Abraham), ndị ọkachamara na-emepụta a mejupụtara, na ya niile na omenala, dị anya karịrị ndị ọzọ nile na analogues. Agbahapụ-enweghị isi, na echiche ya, akụkọ akụkụ, o lekwasịrị anya na-ekiri anya na atọ ndị mmụọ ozi na ọnụ ọgụgụ, na-anọchi anya a Triipostasnogo Chineke - apụta ìhè nke bụ Holy Atọ n'Ime Otu.

Image, na-anọchi anya Chineke ịhụnanya

Rublev si icon-egosi ịdị n'otu nke atọ Chineke incarnation. Nke a na-enweta na na na isi mejupụtara ngwọta na-etinye gburugburu na-etolite a na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmụọ ozi. Dị n'otu, na nke onye e iche iche bụ ndị na-integrally kpụrụ, na-akowa na elu ịhụnanya ka nke a na-akpọ Iisus Hristos. N'ihi ya, "Atọ n'Ime Otu" - akara ngosi nke Rublev, ghọrọ a ụdị okwu nke ime mmụọ nghazi nke niile Christianity.

Andrei Rublev nwụrụ na October 17, 1428, na aja a otiti na malitere na Moscow. E liri ya na ókèala nke Andronikov Obibi, ebe ọnwụ etre ya ọrụ na sere nke Onye Nzọpụta Katidral. Na 1988, mkpebi nke Obodo Council nke Russian Orthodox Church mọnk Andrew (Rublev) senti n'etiti ndi nsọ.

The abara nke oké nwe

Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian iconography nso Andrei Rublev bụ ya dịkọrọ ndụ Daniel Chorny. Oyiyi, ma ọ bụ kama, na frescoes mere ha n'oge sere nke mwere Katidral ke Vladimir, otú ahụ ha nkà atụmatụ na ọkachamara na-na-esiri ike igosi a kpọmkwem Attribution.

Researchers na e nwere ihe gosiri na-eme ọnụ na Rublev iwu, Daniel na-eje ozi dị ka a agadi ma nwee ahụmahụ ukwu, ikekwe ọbụna a abara. Dabere na nke a, ndị nkatọ na-ịsị na ya ọrụ ndị na nke kasị doro anya na anya mmetụta nke mbụ akwụkwọ nke icon sere nke XIV narị afọ. Ndị kasị dị ịrịba ihe atụ bụ fresco "n'obi nke Abraham", ẹnịm ta na mwere Katidral nke Vladimir. Photo nke onye nke iberibe osise nke katidral tupu nke a na ngalaba nke isiokwu.

Nwụrụ Anwụ Daniil Chorny, dị ka Andrei Rublev, dị ka a N'ihi nke a otiti na 1528, ma e liri esote ya na Andronik Obibi. Ma nka hapụrụ a otutu nke ụmụ akwụkwọ maka onye ha kere osise na osise, jere ozi dị ka ụdị maka ọdịnihu ọrụ.

Russian ese nke Byzantine mbido

Ọ dịghị obere pụtara ìhè ihe atụ nke iconography nke oge a nwere ike ije ozi dị ka a na-arụ ọrụ nke Feofana Greka. A mụrụ na 1340 na Byzantium (òle ebe ya aha otutu), ọ na-amụta ihe nzuzo nke art, na-amụta na-ghọtara nke nna ukwu nke Constantinople na Chalcedon.

Abịa Russia ama kpụrụ a na-ese, o biri na Novgorod, Theophane malitere a ọhụrụ na-adọ nke ya ọrụ na ihe osise na arịdakwuruwo anyị ugboro Church of nnwogha. Chebere na ya, na ọkachamara mural e sere Christ Pantocrator, ndị nna ochie, ndị amụma, nakwa dị ka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Mpaghara.

Ya nkà style e ji elu kwekọrọ, dị ka nke ọma dị ka dechara ikwọ, a ghọtara site na ha dịkọrọ ndụ, na-eso ụzọ nke ndị nna ha ukwu pụtara. Nke a na-n'ụzọ doro anya pụtara ìhè site murals nke ụka nke mwere na Fedor Stratelita mere na n'otu oge ahụ, ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe, ma nọgidere doro anya ihe ịrịba ama nke mmetụta nke Byzantine sere nwe.

Otú ọ dị, n'ozuzu ya creativity Feofana Greka kpughere na Moscow, ebe ọ kwagara na 1390 afọ, ebe biri ma rụọ ọrụ ruo oge ụfọdụ na Nizhny Novgorod. Na isi obodo ukwu e kwere nkwa ọlụlụ abụghị naanị ese ụlọ nsọ, na ebe obibi nke ọgaranya ụmụ amaala, ma ihe e kere eke nke ihe oyiyi na akwụkwọ ndịna.

Ọ na-kweere na n'okpuru idu ndú ya, na Kremlin ese ọtụtụ chọọchị dị iche iche e rụrụ, gụnyere Church of Ọmụmụ nke Virgin, Arhangela Mihaila na Annunciation. Ya chepụtara na-ekewet e kere eke nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ama ama oyiyi - "The Nnwogha nke Jehova" (photos na nkebi nke a nke isiokwu), "Don icon nke Nne nke Chineke" na "The mwere nke Nne nke Chineke." Ọ Life Master na 1410.

Ezigbo erite nna ukwu nke gara aga

Nọchiri nke nkà omenala guzosie ike site Andrei Rublev na ya dịkọrọ ndụ, ghọrọ Daịọnisiọs - ese, icon na-egbu ya n'ihi na katidral ụka nke mwere nke agọzi Virgin Mary Joseph Volokolamsk Obibi, nakwa dị ka frescoes na iconostasis Ferapontov Obibi, ruo mgbe ebighị ebi na-àkù nke Russian omenala.

Ọ maara na Daịọnisiọs, na iche na ọtụtụ nke ụlọ ágbá, bụ onye mọnk. Ọtụtụ iwu ọ rụrụ na ụmụ ya, Vladimir na Theodosius. Ọ ọbọhọ a ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ gburu site na-ese ya onwe ya ma ọ bụ ma na-edu ya ekwenye. The kasị ama nke ha na-oyiyi - "Baptism nke Kraịst", "The Virgin Hodegetria" (ọzọ foto), "ụmụ n'ime Hell", nakwa dị ka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ ọrụ.

Afọ nke ndụ ya na-adịghị mma guzobere ya, ya mara na na nna ya ukwu mụrụ gburugburu 1444, na ụbọchị nke ọnwụ a na-akpọ ihe dị ka 1502-1508 afọ. Ma ya onyinye bụghị naanị na Russia ma na-na omenala nke ụwa bụ nnọọ ukwuu nke na mkpebi nke UNESCO 2002 e kwuru na Year of Daịọnisiọs.

Russian ese narị afọ nke 17. Simon Ushakov

Ọ bụla nkewa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ime oge nka ohere ịrị elu ma ọ bụ na-adakpọ, bụ nnọọ adabere na ya, n'ihi na ọbụna na oge na-adịghị akara ntoputa nke ịrịba ọrụ, N'ezie, kpụrụ preconditions maka ihe e kere eke nke ha ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.

Ọ doro anya nwere ike hụrụ na otú atụmatụ nke na-elekọta mmadụ na ndụ ime mmụọ nke Russia nke XVI narị afọ kwalitere ịgbanwe, n'ịwa ọhụrụ nkà iche nke iwu art ọzọ na narị afọ.

N'ezie, ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba na mbụ ihe àgwà nke na Asaa narị afọ bụ isi obodo na-ese Simon Ushakov (1626 - 1686). Mee elu mee ejideghi nzuzo nke nkà, ọ bụ ama na afọ iri abụọ na abụọ e goro ka onye na-ese nke Silver Chamber Jehova nke iji, ebe ọrụ ya bụ ime ka osise maka imewe nke chọọchị arịa na luxuries.

Ke adianade do, nwa nna ya ukwu na-ese ọkọlọtọ, sere map, mepụtakwara ịchọ mma maka-ọdudu-ákwà rụọkwa ọtụtụ ndị dị otú ahụ arụ ọrụ. O nwere na-na-dee image dị iche iche ụlọ nsọ, na obibi. N'ime oge ahụ, ọ bụ nke a na mpaghara nke creativity wetara ya ama na nsọpụrụ.

Mgbe nyefe nke mkpara nke Ụlọ Ngwá Agha (1656), Simon Ushakov guzosie ike na ya dị ka kasị ghọtara nka nke oge ya. Ọ dịghị ndị ọzọ Moscow ese dị otú ahụ ama, ma ọ bụghị dị ka mfọn eze amara. Nke a kwere ya na-ebi ndụ a ndụ nke nsọpụrụ na ọganihu.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na Russian ese na a chọrọ ka dee ọrụ ha nanị na oge ochie ụdị, Ushakov n'enweghị eji na ikwọ nke onye ọcha nke Western sere, nke site na oge niile samples pụtara na ọgụgụ ka ukwuu na Russia. Ịnọgide na ndabere nke nwa afọ Russian-Byzantine na omenala, ma n'otu oge ahụ creatively reworked nweta European nna ukwu, na-ese kere ọhụrụ, na-akpọ fryazhskie style e ozokwa mepụtara na-arụ ọrụ nke ese nke e mesịrị oge. Isiokwu a nwere a foto nke ya a ma ama na akara ngosi "Nri Anyasị Ikpeazụ", dere na nna ya ukwu na 1685 maka Dormition Katidral nke Atọ n'Ime Otu-Sergius Lavra.

Onye pụtara ìhè nna ukwu nke fresco sere

The nkera nke abụọ nke na Asaa narị afọ akara ọrụ ọzọ dị ukwuu-nwe - Gury Nikitin. A mụrụ na Kostroma, presumably ná mmalite 1620, ọ bụ site na a na-eto eto ọ na-amụrụ sere. Otú ọ dị, oké njọ ahụmahụ e nwetara novice ukwu na Moscow, ebe ke 1653, ọnụ na otu nke obodo ya aku egosipụta a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke isi obodo nke dị n'ụlọ nsọ.

Gury Nikitin, ndị ọrụ ha bụ dị iche iche kwa afọ uku nile zuo okè, a maara n'ụzọ bụ isi dị a nna ukwu nke fresco sere. Anyị lanahụrụ ọtụtụ ihe osise mere ebe obibi ma na onye chọọchị na Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Pereslavl na Suzdal.

A mara mma nke frescoes mere na wizard na Bible na-achị, bụ ha n'ịgba agba flavor na richness nke atụ, n'ihi na nke na-ese ndụ mgbe katọrọ echiche ụwa nke art, ya bụ reorient ya emebi ụwa nsogbu. Ke adianade do, n'ihi nke okike ya searches ghọrọ a pụrụ iche nka Usoro, na-enye ohere nwe ike na ya ikwọ pụrụ iche gbasara ohere mmetụta. Na nkà akụkọ ihe mere, ọ gara n'okpuru aha "usoro Gury Nikitin". Ma ama na-ese akpa ke 1691.

Creativity Feodora Zubova

N'ikpeazụ, na-ekwu okwu banyere iconography nke Asaa narị afọ, tinyekwara aha ọzọ dị ukwuu-nwe - bụ Theodore Zubov (1646-1689). A mụrụ na Smolensk, ọ bụ ná mmalite 1650, ka a na-eto eto ọ kwagara Great Ustyug, ebe otu n'ime ụka na-ese na akara ngosi "The Holy Face", ozugbo ike ya aha dị ka a tozuru okè na-ese.

N'ime oge ahụ, ude ya na-otú ọtụtụ ebe gbasaa Russia, na onye na-ese na-kpọrọ Moscow na sonyeere mkpara nke ese Ụlọ Ngwá Agha, ebe ọ na-eje ozi n'ihi na ihe karịrị iri afọ anọ ka e mesịrị. Mgbe ọnwụ nke Simon Ushakov, ruo ọtụtụ afọ isi nke anakọtara e nna ukwu, Feodor Zubov were ya. Otu n'ime ndị ọzọ ọrụ nke onye-nwe-ya natara a pụrụ iche aha icon "apostolate", nke ahụ na foto akwụkwọ. A kwesịrị onyinye mmepe nke Russian art nwere Zubov na ụmụ - Ivan na Alex, aghọwo na afọ Peter n'etiti ndị kasị mma obodo engravers.