The ụgbọelu "Maxim Gorky" (ndanda-20): nkọwa

Ọ maara na ndị Soviet nduhie vosmimotorny njem ugbo elu "Maxim Gorky" - ndanda-20 - atụle kasị airliner nke ya oge, ala-onwem Chassis. Ọ e wuru na obodo nke Voronezh na ụgbọelu factory.

kere eke

Ka anyị nyochaa otú ọma e ugbo elu "Maxim Gorky". Na 1932, na October, ọ akara nke 40 ncheta nke Maksima Gorkogo ide omume. Journalists na dere, edu Mikhail Koltsov ndị a na-akpali akpali omume. N'otu ụbọchị ahụ, ha kpebiri-ewu agitsamolot, ọ kpọ aha-ya na nsọpụrụ nke kpara edemede - "Maxim Gorky". Maka owuwu nke a owuwu e guzobere All-Union Committee, mba a dum malitere iweta ego maka ndị na-ewu. Na a obere oge ndị jisiri anakọta karịrị nde isii rubles.

Ònye bụ nchepụta nke ugbo elu "Maxim Gorky"? The Committee ya mejupụtara haziri ụzụ Council, onye onyeisi oche a họpụtara isi TSAPI Kharlamov. Nke e kenyere na-ekpebi ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ihu nke ígwè nnụnụ na ike teknuzu ọnọdụ na ndabere nke ya isi nzube.

Na mmepe nke ụzụ Council nke oru aka: TSAPI, CIAM, nnyocha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ulo akwukwo nke Air Force, na-ebi akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ, Kinofotoinstitut, ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta na injinia: VM Petlyakov, N. Nekrasov, A. Saukke (edu ndú engineer), AA . Engibaryan (akụrụngwa), A. A. Arhangelsky, VN Belyaev (ike ngụkọta oge), B. M. Kondorsky (ngụkọta umu), ei Pogossky na ndị ọzọ. The ọrụ gawa site AN Tupolev.

The ụgbọelu "Maxim Gorky" kere a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke òtù. M na-ele ụlọ ahụ ma na-agafe ka on a dịgasị iche iche nke na ngwá na-ewu otu (onyeisi oche AN Goryanov), haziri na Kọmitii. Na 1933, March 10 , a Commission banye nkwekọrịta na TSAPI iwu ugbo elu ndanda-20.

Ọ maara na mmebe AN Tupolev na 1933 ọma ulo oru TB-3 amaba bombu na Oghere Usoro mmepụta. Na ọ na-emekwa ụfọdụ ihe n'ihu imewe nke nnukwu colossus - eluigwe bastions. Ọzọkwa, ndị ọkachamara na-mepụtara a mbido draft nke njem nlereanya TB-4 bombu akpọ ndanda-20.

Ntụpụta elo imewe nke ọhụrụ ihe e enyocha ke April 1933, nyere maka gbasara nke puru omume na ya iji dị ka a na-agbasa echiche na ụgbọala bombu, nke nwere ike na-gbapụ ọzọ na njem. The ụgbọelu "Maxim Gorky" mepụta ihe aga-eme nke mobile ụlọ ọrụ n'elu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agha owuwu nke mba.

ngwaọrụ

Ndanda-20 TB-4 (ndanda-16) dị iche naanị na size na nwere iji nagide a payload nke 1500 n'arọ nnukwu, ọ nwere ike ejikwara na a obere airfield. Iji pụọ n'ala, o nwere na-osooso si anya nke 300-400 m (na TB-4 - 800 m).

N'ihi nke a, ndị ọkachamara na e mere a ọhụrụ nku, nke nwere a elu elongation na ebe karịa nku nke TB-4. Fọrọ nke nta niile nke ya n'elu mere nke corrugated.

The ụgbọelu "Maxim Gorky" e onwem na a ike osisi, nke asatọ engines M-34FRN, onye ọ bụla 900 lita. a. (Total ike nke 7200 l. C.). Six ugbo elu engines na ndị na-nku, abụọ - na fuselage na a tandem unit. ibu kposara na-mere nke osisi na nke nwere a dayameta nke 4 m. Na mbụ ya e zubere iji wụnye isii engine, ma chọpụtara na ha ike bụ zuru ezu.

The ụgbọelu "Maxim Gorky" n'ime oké! The ebe nke ya ime bụ 100 sq. m.: ha nwere ike ịnabata banyere iri asaa njem. Nku ndị gbawara n'etiti-larịị bed maka ike. The airliner e onwem na a n'ọkwá, nke, ịkpakọba, ghọọ a akụkụ nke n'ala.

N'ihi na oge mbụ maka a oke ugbo elu ọkachamara ji waya akara usoro. Navigation na piloting ngwa ndanda-20 na-enye ohere na ya iji n'oge ehihie na abalị. O nwekwara ike na-eme ka akwụsị na-adịghị njikere chakoo.

Site n'ụzọ, ndanda-20 na-onwem na ihe autopilot ọkachamara. On osisi chọpụtara a dịgasị iche iche nke mkpọsa ngwá ọrụ, gụnyere film projector, a dị ike na radio "Voice si na mbara igwe", obibi, radio transmitters, foto lab, a Ọbá akwụkwọ, na na. Ọhụrụ onwem ikuku mail.

Aircraft "Maksim Gorky" (ndanda-20) akwadebeghị na eletriki tụkwasị usoro na AC 120 V, 50 Hz. Nke a ọhụrụ mee maka oge mbụ (na ikekwe na ụwa) na anụ ụlọ na-eme. Onboard ebe o jupụtara abụọ mmanụ ụgbọala engines (onye ọ bụla nwere a gosiri ọsọ 3000 rev / min) na anọ generators (abụọ generators rụrụ nwetụ ugbu a ike nke 5.5 kW na nke 3, abụọ generators nwere mgbe nile voltaji 27 V na a ike nke 3 kW 5.8 kW).

Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, na ugbo elu nwere ike disassembled ma gaa na site na ụgbọ okporo ígwè.

flights

Kwere, ndị kasị mma ọkachamara ịzụlite ụgbọelu "Maxim Gorky". Na ngwaọrụ na ya imewe bụ pụtara! Ya kere eke malitere na 1933, 4 July, na 1934, na April 3, ngwaahịa e exported na airfield. Ọzọkwa, 24 April, ọ were a pụrụ iche ọrụ. N'ihi na oge mbụ na ya na-eme a ụgbọ elu ule pilot M. M. Gromov 17 July, n'otu afọ. The ụgbọ elu kere 35 nkeji.

Airliner nke abụọ ụgbọ elu wee ụbọchị abụọ gasịrị, ọ ama n'elu Red Square n'oge Chelyuskinites nzute. Ha duuru ụgbọelu abụọ alụso m-5.

N'otu 1934 N. S. Zhurovu na M. M. Gromovu a igwe nwere ike ime ka ihe abụọ na-enwetụbeghị ụdị rụzuru: ha mere ka ibu-erikpu iri na iri na ise tọn ka a elu nke ise puku mita! Ọ maara na ọbụna Antuan De Saint-Exupery, ugwo a nleta Soviet Union, ama na ya!

ọdachi

The ụgbọelu "Maxim Gorky" e ji mara bụ ọmarịcha, ma ndụ ya meruru nanị ihe karịrị otu afọ. Na 1935, May 18 ngosipụta ụgbọ elu E duziri na Moscow Central Airport, mgbe nke ya e zubere nyefee ndanda-20 agiteskadrile ha. Gorky. Aviator agiteskadrili I. V. Miheevu gafere ụgbọ ala pilot N. S. Zhurov. Ọ na-ekwe ka ofufe na ya, na ndị òtù ezinụlọ nke ndanda-20 creators.

N'ozuzu, "Maxim Gorky" ụgbọelu nchepụta bụ nnọọ mpako nke ya brainchild. The support okporo ígwè nnụnụ ịrụnye abụọ ụgbọelu: abụọ F-5 (pilot ejikwara ụgbọ ala Rybushkin) na fighter-5 (ule ọsọ igwe N. P. Blagin). Iyo filming rụrụ Schekutev ọrụ P-5.

Ò nwetụla mgbe ị hụrụ ụgbọelu "Maxim Gorky"? Description, photos nke a dị ịtụnanya ígwè nnụnụ nwere ike dị na nkà mmụta sayensị akwụkwọ nke ndị ugboro! Ma, anyị na-anọgide na anyị akụkọ n'okpuru. Ọ maara na N. P. Blagin nwere arụ otu ọrụ na a plan nke akwụkwọ film eso, o nwere ofufe n'oge filming banyere ndanda-20, otú ndị na-ekiri nwere ike ịhụ ihe dị iche na nke.

Ups ibu akọwara n'elu aerodrome dịgasị iche iche. Ma na-atụghị anya ụgbọ elu enwetara na-emenye ụjọ ụdị Blagin rụrụ a fighter ọma aghụghọ ịbụ otú na a obere anya si ndanda-20. N'ihi na ọdụ, "Maksima Gorkogo" Blagin zitere ụgbọala ya na a obere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu, inikiet inikiet wetara akara osisi (ọ bu n'obi na-akọwa gburugburu ibu "nwụrụ anwụ loop"). N'elu na-eru n'elu nke fighter dabere na-efunahụ ọnụego dara n'ala ukwu-efe efe n'okpuru ndanda-20.

Ọ bụ a pụtara ụgbọelu - "Maxim Gorky"! ya nghọta kee kacha mma ọkachamara. Na Blagina ụgbọelu efehe banye n'etiti ya engine na kụrụ aka ya na otu igbu. Ọ nyawara da na rapaara ke igwe Blagina pụtara ragged oghere nku. Nke a egwu ramming airliner ọbọhọ.

Ikekwe Mikheev na Zhurov nwere ike akụ na ya, ma ọ bụrụ na m na-5 agaghị ada oyi ọdụ, nke gburu a abụọ, ugbu a a na-egbu egbu igbu ka "Maksimu Gorkomu" ọ kụrụ ya njikwa.

Ukwu nnụnụ dara ke nku, agbanwe wee malite gbasaa nke elu-igwe. égbè eluigwe gbara a egwu gbawara, ndanda-20 asa na ezumike farmstead agụ nkwọ na a di na nwunye nke sekọnd. Nke a ụgbọ elu na-ekwu na ndụ nke 49 ndị mmadụ, gụnyere Blagina, 11 arụ ọrụ òtù na 37 njem airliner - TSAPI ọrụ na ndị ezinụlọ ha, gụnyere ụmụ isii. Filming nke a ọdachi okụrede (ọtụtụ na-eche na a na nkewa ọnụ na ikpe).

ncheta

Olili nke ndị ahụ tara nke ụgbọelu okuku a na-Novodevichy Ili Ozu. Na ikpeazụ ya na njem duru ndị nwụrụ anwụ òtù nke ọchịchị, otu nke bụ nke mbụ na odeakwụkwọ nke MC na CIM CPSU (b) N. S. Hruschov na isi nke Moscow Soviet N. A. Bulganin. The ozu ndị nwụrụ anwụ kpọrọ ozu ya ọkụ on lie nke atọ na ngalaba nke columbarium ochie akụkụ nke eli. Taa, ihe ncheta na-anyanya nnukwu kpụrụ ya akpụ jiri ibu mere nke konkiri.

Na-akpata ọdachi

Onye ọ bụla mmasị n'ezie ụgbọelu "Maxim Gorky". Description enye ya ụfọdụ ụlọ na echiche excites ndị pụrụ ichetụ n'echiche! Soviet ukara pịa niile ụta tọrọ na Blagina onye imebi ịdọ aka ná ntị na ịrụ aerobatics, kpatara ọdachi.

Ọzọ, kpamkpam mma version bụ na Blagin ụma rammed ndanda-20. The Polish akwụkwọ akụkọ "mma agha" na 1935 September 12 bipụtara a akwụkwọ ozi-aka site Blagin, nke ọdịnaya nke mkpesa na defaming ọchịchị Kọmunist. Mgbe e mesịrị ya pụtara na Paris akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Russian kwabatara "Revival". Taa kwetara na akwụkwọ ozi bụ onye arumaaru.

Blagin lie esote ndị ọzọ tara nke ọdachi. Nwa-ya nwayi na nwaanyị di ya nwụrụ aka: ha biri na a ọhụrụ ulo, kpebisie ike ịmụta nwa-nwayi ka a ọhụrụ akwụkwọ. Nwam nwanyi, nwaanyị di ya nwụrụ na otu onye nke nne na nna Blagina ozugbo họpụtara ọkọbọhọde si ụgwọ ezumike nká. Ya na ezinụlọ ya gbara ya gburugburu site na-elekọta ma na uche nke obodo party isi. N'ụzọ doro anya, version of ọrịa n'obi untenable.

Unenviable eke ugbo elu "Maxim Gorky". Ya nghọta ka na-ẹnịm ke edebe ihe ochie. Anyị na-anọgide na n'aga niru inyocha ọdachi nke na oge. N'ihi ya, n'elu ihe-enye ihe mere na-ekwu banyere a-atọ, ndị kasị eziokwu version: ọtutu madu kwere na Blagin nyere iwu ịrụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị aghụghọ na ikuku. N'ihi ya, ọ dabara a "tailspin" n'ihi na nke ala-agba. Tupu ihe omume a, Stalin ẹkenam a mba ọzọ newsreel, nke nwere footage nke ikuku aghụghọ, na-ewu ewu na afọ ndị ahụ. The pụta bụ na echiche nke na-eme ụdị omume ndị metụtara ụgbọelu "Maxim Gorky".

NKVD ekenịmde nchoputa, nke kpebisiri ike na a ọkara awa tupu ụgbọ elu na-akwọ ụgbọelu bụ ndị na-elu na ugbo elu ibu, zutere mkpara ọzụzụ na agha film studio fim V. G. Ryazhsky na A. A. Pullin. Ha dị nnọọ mmasị na ugbo elu ibu ndanda-20. Photo ( "Maxim Gorky" bụ n'ezie oké), ya mere a na nnukwu akara na ha, ha chọrọ sensashion. Ịkwado agadi Air Force na-edu ndú kwere ka ha na-esi ọnwụ na a mgbanwe ke ụgbọ elu dịruru ná njọ. N'ihi ya, na-anya ụgbọelu, na-enweghị nchikota na isi nke ụgbọ elu na-nlekọta, nwere na-ekweta. Akwụkwọ filmmaker chua ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke dí ndu efe n'elu stunts nso "Maksima Gorkogo" maka na-agbasa echiche na-arụ ọrụ. Ryazhskiy Pullin na mgbe ọdachi nọ n'azụ Ogwe.

Ndanda-20 bis

N'eziokwu, anyị na-ele anya na ugbo elu "Maxim Gorky". Onye mepụtara ya, anyị na-now ọma mara. e kpebiri ike a nke abụọ oyiri nke mma mgbe ya ida. Tandem tutu amama, na kama 34FRN asatọ M-M-guzosie ike isii 34FRNV capacitance 1000/1200 l. a. Ịmepụta ọhụrụ igwe e dechara na 1938, e aku ọzọ M. M. Gromov ya gbakee.

Na 1940-1941, na liner n'okpuru aha SS-124 (R-760) bụ na-ebu ndị njem si Moscow na Mineralnye Vody site Kharkov na Rostov-on-Don. Mgbe agha malitere, ya mee ka a ibu ụgbọelu na azụ. O jiri ke 1942 on December 14 na 60 km si Tashkent n'oge ọdịda, ihe ahụ merenụ 272 awa.

N'ezie ọ na-zubere ike 18 ọzọ ugbo elu ndanda-20 bis Otú ọ dị, amaghị ndanda-20 na uka mmepụta na e kweghị. N'ezie, ndị ọkachamara na-mepụtara oru ọzọ ibu igwe ndanda-26 na ndanda-28, ma ọ kwụsịrị na-arụ ọrụ na 1936.

imbroglio

Ya mere, ihe mere na na fateful ụbọchị na 1935? Ka anyị kwuo banyere ihe pụrụ iche ụgbọelu okuku na mere na May 18. Ihe mbụ ka a mata egwu atụ commonality ụbọchị: 1896 May 18 (. Art style) kpọmkwem 39 afọ gara aga, n'ụbọchị nke echichi Nicholas nke Abụọ, na Khodynka ubi egwu anwụrụ nke na-adịghị okomoko eze goodies mutilated e nwere ihe dị 1,300 ndị mmadụ na dị ka ukwuu ọzọ nwụrụ.

TASS kwupụtara nkọwa nke ọdachi: ka, n'ezie, banyere iri ise nke ọ bụla aka ha dị ọcha, na isii ụmụaka, tinyere, emebi Pilot scorcher. O sina dị, a pụrụ ịdabere na azịza imerime ajụjụ ndị metụtara ida nke liner, e nwere n'oge a. Oputara na-adịbeghị anya, akwụkwọ si edebe ihe ochie nke KGB declassified, ha na-ọbụna ihe mgbagwoju anya na ọnọdụ nke ikpe.

Anyị na-ama mara na imewe na-ewu ụlọ nke ụgbọ mmiri, e kenyere na OKB A. N. Tupoleva TsAGI: ihe nwere na-wuru May 1, 1934. The ụgbọelu "Maxim Gorky" e rụrụ na a pụrụ iche nkasi obi: na njem compartments na windo eyịride ákwà-nkwuba, tebụl na-onwem na oche oriọna, oche ndị saa mbara, n'ala kpuchie ya carpets. The liner nwekwara ọtụtụ ehi ụra cabins, nchekwa ohere maka ndokwa, ibu ogige, a Ọbá akwụkwọ, a nri mmanya kpaliri oyi na-ekpo ọkụ snacks, ụlọ mposi na echekwa.

Ndien ke akpatre, a ibu igwe bilie na mbara igwe. Na mgbe ahụ malitere ndị kasị dị egwu. M-5 malitere echepụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ gburugburu ndanda-20. Mgbe o jere ozi dị ka a abụọ "nwụrụ anwụ loop", m collided na nku nke "Maksima Gorkogo". The igbu bụ egwu ike. Ante-20 mbụ weturu aka nri, site inertia efe efe More 10-15 sekọnd na mgbe kwagara vetikal amaba na tipped n'elu na ya azụ. The ụgbọelu dara na pines, kwaturu osisi na n'ikpeazụ gbasasịa n'ala. Nke a dere a ụbọchị gasịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ "Pravda» (nọmba 137 1935 20 May).

N'ezie, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị e mesoro bụghị nanị ndị na-efe efe na-ụgbọelu. The irighiri gbasasịa tinyere na ókèala ndị obodo nke artists "Sokol", ndikan ụlọ nọmba 4 n'okporo ámá. Levitan na-ebibi ihe n'okporo ámá. Surikov ụlọ nọmba 7 11. Ebe a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-egbu e kpọmkwem.

mberede analysis emeghị hụrụ ya ezi na-akpata. Azịza nke isi omimi - ọ bụ ihe onye gwara ịrụ efe n'elu stunts gburugburu ndanda-20, ma ọ bụ bụ ya nkịtị "ikuku ọjọ" Blagina - mgbe natara. The "Eziokwu" on May 19-20 e bipụtara footage filming, ma ha na-agaghị kwụsịrị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ederede ozi TASS. Ọdachi gbalịrị ngwa ngwa n'ime nchefu, mgbe ọbụna gharakwa fọrọ nke nta njikere iku ihe art film "Great nku."

"Gbọmgbọm" ma ọ bụ "loop"?

Ọ dị mkpa iji mesie eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọrịa na-fated ikuku atọ na ozi ederede Tass akpọ "nwụrụ anwụ loop", na akụkọ ya nke ya pilot Rybushkin akpọ "gbọmgbọm". Berry na ya memo ọgụgụ Blagina na-akpọ "gbọmgbọm", na mgbe ahụ ụfọdụ ụgbọelu akụkọ ihe mere eme na ya research malitere ikwusa na Blagin rụrụ "gbọmgbọm" - n'ihi na Stalin ike nwere na-akọ na-ezighị ezi! N'ihi ya, na-adịbeghị anya analysis nke nsụgharị na-akpata ihe mberede kama a constructive ụka nke ukwuu mgbe dochie na-abaghị uru disputation na isiokwu: "gbọmgbọm" ma ọ bụ "loop"? Dị ka echiche nke ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara, ọ bụ omume na-arapara version na Blagin ịrụ a "akaghị."

I nwere ike na-asị otu ihe: na osovnom ọrụ ke NP Blagina bụ ihe ndị ọzọ oké karịa ama pilot V. P. Chkalova, ka a ụgbọ elu n'okpuru Neva àkwà mmiri.

Ọ ga-kwuru na mbụ na loop gburu Blagin ọla na-ekwu na ndị pilot na eve nke a ọtụtụ ọrụ na atụmatụ, na ụgbọ elu na ụzọ. Ọ na-amaghị ma pilot nwere mmebe ọrụ ... Anyị maara na ọ na-arụsi ọrụ echepụta dị iche iche ihe na, obi abụọ adịghị, bụ n'ụzọ zuru okè maara na engineering calculations. Ihe mere na oge nke ogbugbu nke abụọ loop, anyị nwere ike na-eche na. Chineke maara ma ọ rụrụ ya na usoro (n'ịtụle osisi dị iche iche égbè ihe, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịchọpụta), ma ọ bụ gaa ọhụrụ obibia.

echiche

Na ndabere nke n'elu ozi, ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara na-atụ aro ndị na-esonụ echiche:

1. Camera n'akuku P-5 na oge nke ogbugbu nke akaghị, ya ọnọdụ na kacha nta anya si ugbo elu (nku na etiti na-kpam kpam na-etinye) na-atụ aro na ọ bụ tupu-achikota n'etiti cameraman na-akwọ ụgbọelu. O doro anya na ebe a kwubiri ihe onye banyere ogbugbu nke ndị dị otú ahụ a nnyocha e mere.
2. Anyị enweghị ike ikwu na e ji "ikuku hooliganism". N'ezie, nke atọ dị ize ndụ bụ (na mbụ agaghị nke ọma, mgbe ahụ - bụghị), ma anyị na-ahụ naanị na ebe a na-emebi elu nchekwa iwu. N'ozuzu, ndị dị otú ahụ flights na njem na osisi na-ebu dí ndu a mpụ.
3. Ezi isi iyi nke ọdachi na-eje ozi Blagina pilot njehie, na ọbụna methodical (akpa loop o ziri ezi gbakọọ), ma naanị oru, nke odori ke a obere (ihe na-erughị otu abụọ) na-egbu oge na oge nke anyanwụ dara na nke abụọ akaghị.
4. Flight nkà NP Blagina-ekwu okwu banyere ya universalism na professionalism - o nwere ike mpi ndị nnọọ M. M. Gromovym. Na 1935 Blagin ise ọnwa ama 26 awa na 11 nkeji.

Ọ maara na n'oge na-nchoputa, ndị niile so na-egbu egbu dí ndu ihe nile juru na Blagina. Otú ọ dị, on nwere ntụ Blagina lie mgbidi nke Novodevichy na-eli ozu, tinyere ndị ọzọ tara nke ọdachi. On ili nke mkpokọta osisi e dere na ukara version nke ọnwụ, bụ onye gwara Tass.

Onye dere Maxim Gorky, site ụzọ, bụ nnọọ iwe n'ihi na nke ọnwụ "namesake". Ma, site na nnukwu, n'ihi na oru nke Oghere Usoro n'ichepụta nke iga na njem ugbo elu ibu ọdachi enweghị mmetụta.