Africa: akụkọ nke Afrika

Africa, onye mere eme jupụtara omimi omimi nke anya gara aga na ọbara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị na nke a - a Afrika akpọ ku n'aka nke ụmụ mmadụ. Nnukwu Afrika esetịpụ otu ise nke ngụkọta ala ebe nke ụwa, n'ala ya bụ ọgaranya diamonds na mineral. Na n'ebe ugwu agbatị na-adịghị ndụ, dị obi ọjọọ na-ekpo ọkụ desat n'ebe ndịda - amaghị nwoke rainforests na nza nke jupụtara ejupụta umu osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka ọ ghara iburu n'obi na di iche iche nke ndị dị iche na agbụrụ dị iche iche na Afrika, ha na ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ na gburugburu a puku ole na ole. Obere ebo ya ọnu na abụọ na obodo ntà na isi mba - na creators nke ọdịbendị ha pụrụ iche na pụrụ iche "nwa" Afrika.

Olee otú ọtụtụ mba Afrika, ebe na- Africa, ọdịdị mbara ala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-amụ, na mba-- niile a ị ga-amụta site na isiokwu.

Site n'akụkọ nke Afrika

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepe nke Africa bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ịpị nsogbu ke nkà mmụta ihe ochie. Ma ọ bụrụ na oge ochie Egypt dọtara ọkà mmụta kemgbe oge ochie oge, ndị ọzọ nke Afrika nọgidere na "onyinyo" ruo mgbe narị afọ nke 19. Prehistory nke Afrika bụ ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ ndị mere nke mmadụ. Na ya, ihe mbụ metụtara nke hominids a hụrụ, biri n'ebe bụ ugbu a Ethiopia. History of Asia na Africa bụ a n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, n'ihi na nke ala ebe ha na-jikọrọ site ahia na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmekọahụ tupu oze Age.

Akwukwo a mara na njem mbụ na Afrika e mere site Fero Ijipt Neko na 600 afọ BC. Na Middle Ages mmasị Africa malitere igosi Europe na uchu na-emepe emepe ahia na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ mba. The mbụ njem na anya Afrika haziri a Portuguese-isi, ọ bụ mgbe ahụ na-ezighị ezi ọgwụgwụ Cape Boyador chọpụtara na mere na ọ bụ ihe kasị ndịda n'ókè nke Africa. Afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ndị ọzọ Portuguese - Bartholomew Diaz na 1487 chọpụtara Cape nke Good Hope. Mgbe ịga nke ọma ya njem na Africa na ruru ndị ọzọ isi European ike. N'ihi ya, na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 16 n'ókèala dum nke dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ oké osimiri e chọpụtara site Portuguese, English na Spanish. Mgbe ahụ malitere colonial akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa na-arụsi ọrụ ike ohu.

obodo ọnọdụ

Africa - nke a bụ nke abụọ kasị ukwuu na Afrika, ebe 30,3 nde sq. km. Ọ agbatị site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda n'elu a anya nke 8000 km, na site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - 7500 km. Maka Afrika ji predominance nke ewepụghị chakoo. Ke edem edere-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ugbu Atlas Mountains na Sahara Desert - Plateau Tibesti na Ahaggar, n'Iru-anyanwu - Etiopia, nke dị n'ebe ndịda - na Cape Drakensberg n'ugwu.

Obodo History of Africa nwere njikọ chiri anya na British. Igosi na-adịdebeghị mmiri na narị afọ nke 19, ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nyochaworo ya, na-ekpughe pụtara maka na ya mara mma na ịdị ebube nke eke saịtị: Victoria Falls, Leeki Chaadị, Kivu, Edward, Albert na ndị ọzọ na Africa bụ otu n'ime ụwa isi osimiri - Naịl, nke bụ a. na mmalite nke oge ku n'aka nke Ijipt mmepeanya.

Chile bụ kacha ekpo ọkụ ugbu na ụwa, nke a bụ ihe kpatara nke ya obodo ọnọdụ. The dum n'ókèala Africa dị na-ekpo ọkụ climates, ma gafee ụwa.

Oké ọgaranya Afrika ke eke ego. Worldwide mara nnukwu ego nke diamonds na Zimbabwe na South Africa, gold na Ghana, Mali na Congo, mmanụ na Algeria na Nigeria, ígwè na opù-zinc ores n'ebe ugwu nke ụsọ oké osimiri.

Mmalite nke amalite ịchị

The colonial akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Asia na Africa nwere nnọọ miri mgbọrọgwụ na n'oge ochie. The mgbalị mbụ ịzọda mba ndị a Europe emeela ọbụna 7-5 ọtụtụ narị afọ. BC, mgbe ndị Grik ọtụtụ niile ndị dị n'ikperé mmiri nke Afrika. Nke a sochiri a ogologo oge nke Hellenization Ijipt dị ka a n'ihi nke na-emeri n'agha nke Alexander Onye Ukwu.

Mgbe ahụ, n'okpuru mgbali nke ọtụtụ ndị agha Rom ọ ekpokọtara fọrọ nke nta niile dị n'ebe ugwu nke ụsọ oké osimiri Africa. Otú ọ dị, Romanization e doro nnọọ nta, amaala Berber ebo nanị wee miri n'ime wilderness.

Africa na Middle Ages

N'oge ojuju nke Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Asia na Africa mere a nkọ Na-atụgharị kpamkpam na-abụghị n'akụkụ nke European mepere anya. Noa Berbers akpatre bibie Christian omenala emmepe na North Africa "sachapụ" ókèala ndị ọhụrụ mmeri - Arab, onye mere ka Islam na ya na ụgbọala Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium. Site na narị afọ nke asaa ọnụnọ Africa ranneevropeyskih ekwu fọrọ ebelata ka efu.

Oké mkpa gbanwere naanị ke ikpeazụ nkebi nke Reconquista, mgbe tumadi na Portuguese na Spaniards reconquered Ógbè Iberia, na ofu anya ya na n'ofe osimiri nke Strait nke Gibraltar. Na 15-16 ọtụtụ narị afọ, ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Africa a iwu nke mmeri, akada a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ike ihe. Ná ngwụsị nke narị afọ nke 15. sonyeere ha na French, English na Dutch.

A New History of Asia na Africa n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe na-anya oyiri. Trade n'ebe ndịda nke Sahara Desert na-arụsi ọrụ na-emepe emepe na akụkụ nke Arab na-ekwu, nke mere ka a nwayọọ nwayọọ amalite ịchị dum ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Afrika. West Africa ka guzogidere. E nwere ndị Arab agbata, ma mgbalị Morocco merie ebe a na-emezughị.

Race maka Africa

Chịrị mba nkewa nke Afrika n'oge nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19 ruo mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ na-akpọ "mbuba Africa". Nke a oge e ji mara a isiike na ikike mpi na Europe si eduga imperialist ike n'ihi na omume nke agha arụmọrụ na nnyocha arụmọrụ na mpaghara, nke e mesịrị, a kpọgara mmeri nke ọhụrụ ala. Karịsịa usoro eketịbede mgbe doo nke Berlin Conference of 1885 General Act, nke kwusara ụkpụrụ nke irè na-arụ. The njedebe nke Africa bụ mpaghara ndị agha agha dị n'etiti France na Great Britain na 1898, nke mere na Upper Nile.

Site 1902, 90% of Africa bụ n'okpuru European akara. Iji chebe onwe ya na nnwere onwe dị naanị Liberia na Ethiopia. Ebe ọ bụ na mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ biri na colonial agbụrụ, nke rụpụtara fọrọ nke nta dum Africa e kewara. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepe nke chịrị bụ na ụzọ dị iche iche, dabere ma, n'okpuru onye Protectorate ọ bụ. The kasị ojiji nọ France na UK, a obere obere na Portugal na Germany. N'ihi na Europe, Africa bụ ihe dị mkpa isi iyi nke ngwaọrụ, minerals na ọnụ ala oru.

afọ nke onwe

Weere a gbanwere ke 1960, mgbe otu mgbe ọzọ na-eto eto African na-ekwu malitere iputa site na ike nke mepere. N'ezie, usoro-amalitebeghị na dechara na ndị dị otú ahụ a obere oge. "African" Otú ọ dị, ọ kpọsara 1960.

Africa, onye mere eme na-enweghị ike na-akpa iche site n'ụwa, bụ otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'ime World War II. The n'ebe ugwu nke Afrika emetụta agha, ndị chịrị e tie nke ikpeazụ agha iji nye obodo ukwu na ngwaọrụ na nri, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ndị mmadụ. Ọtụtụ nde ndị Africa e akụkụ na hostilities, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-"biri" mgbe e mesịrị na Europe. N'agbanyeghị nke zuru ụwa ọnụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ebe maka "nwa" Afrika n'oge agha afọ ahụ akara aku mgbake, a oge mgbe ụzọ na-wuru, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, airfields na runways, ulo oru na ụlọ mmepụta ihe na, wdg

A ọhụrụ gburugburu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa natara mgbe doo site England nke Atlantic Charter, nke reaffirms nri nke ndị dị iche onwe-mkpebi siri ike. Na mgbe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gbalịrị ịkọwa na ọ bụ a ajụjụ nke nwere ndị Japan na Germany, nke chịrị si mesoo ndị akwụkwọ ya amara nakwa. N'ihe banyere nnweta nke onwe Africa ọma n'ihu ọzọ mepere emepe Asia.

N'agbanyeghị na ọ dịghị onye esemokwu nri onwe-mkpebi siri ike, na Europe na ọ dịghị ọsọ ọsọ "ka na-aga" nke ya chịrị na ise n'elu kpam kpam, na afọ iri mbụ mgbe agha, ọ bụla okwu maka nnwere onwe a brutally igbochi. Ikpe o mere mgbe ndị British na 1957, e nyere nnwere onwe nke Ghana - na ná mba. Site na njedebe nke 1960 ọkara nke Africa ghọrọ onwe ha. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ọ tụgharịa si, ọ na-adịghị ekwe nkwa ihe ọ bụla.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị anya na map, ị ga-ahụ na Africa, onye mere eme bụ nnọọ mwute, mba ekewa doro anya na ezigbo e. Ndị Europe na-amụ n'ime agbụrụ na omenala dị adị n'ezie nke Afrika, nanị nkerisi ebe na gị onwe gị. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ na-ekwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-achọkwa na otu, ya na iyi ndi-iro. Mgbe onwe, a nile nyere ịrị elu ọtụtụ agbụrụ esemokwu, agha obodo, agha coups, na mgbukpọ.

Freedom e natara, nke ahụ bụ nnọọ ihe na-eme ya, ọ dịghị onye maara. Europe ekpe, na-ewere ya na ya nile kwere omume na-. Fọrọ nke nta niile na usoro, gụnyere akwụkwọ, nlekọta ahụ ike na a ga-kere si ọkọ. E nweghị mkpara, ọ dịghị ego, ọ dịghị mba ọzọ mmekọahụ.

Mba na-adabere n'ókèala na Africa

Ka ugbua kwuru n'elu akụkọ nke chọpụtara Africa malitere ogologo oge gara aga. Otú ọ dị, mbuso agha nke European colonialism na narị afọ mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na oge a, nọọrọ onwe ha ala na ókèala nke Afrika kpụrụ n'ụzọ nkịtị n'etiti ma ọ bụ nkera nke abụọ nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ. O siri ike ikwu ma akwụ ikike onwe-mkpebi siri ike nke ọma a na ebe ndị a. Africa ka ihe kasị backward na mmepe nke Chile, na-enwe ugbu niile dị mkpa ego maka a kwesịrị ndụ.

N'oge, Afrika bi 1.037.694.509 ndị - banyere 14% nke ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụwa. Ókèala ndị Chile na-ekewa 62 mba, ma naanị 54 nke ha na-ghọtara dị ka onwe ha site na obodo nke uwa. 10 agwaetiti mba nke ha, 37 - na sara mbara ohere ka oké osimiri na oké osimiri, na 16 n'ime obodo.

Na Ozizi, Africa - a na Afrika, ma na omume ọ na-emekarị mmasị dị nso isuo. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha ka na-nwe Europe. Tinyere French Reunion, Mayotte, na Portuguese Madeira, na Spanish Melilla, Ceuta, na Canary Islands, ndị British n'àgwàetiti Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha na Ascension.

African mba na-conventionally kewara 4 iche iche dabere na obodo ebe: Northern, Western, Southern na Eastern. Mgbe ụfọdụ ekenyela a iche iche etiti.

North Africa

North Africa na-akpọ nnọọ nnukwu obodo na banyere 10 nde sq. M ^2, na na ọtụtụ akụkụ bụ desert Sahara. Ọ bụ dị kasị nke mba nke Afrika: Sudan, Libya, Egypt na Algeria. All na-ekwu na ugwu nke asatọ, otú ahụ e depụtara ga-ahụ kwukwara South Sudan, SADR, Morocco, Tunisia.

Contemporary History of Asia na Africa (ugwu) na-anya oyiri. Site na narị afọ nke 20 na ebe ọma n'okpuru nchebe nke mba Europe, na onwe ha nwetara na 50-60 afọ. ikpeazụ nke narị afọ. The obodo mbọhọ ọzọ Afrika (Asia na Europe) na ndị agadi omenala ahia na ụba mmekọahụ ya na-egwuri a ọrụ. Na usoro nke mmepe nke North Africa na a ka mma na ọnọdụ tụnyere South. Isịneke, eleghị anya, bụ naanị Sudan. Tunisia nwere ọtụtụ asọmpi aku na uba na kọntinent, Libya, na Algeria emepụta gas na mmanụ, na-exported, Morocco na-emekwa ụfọdụ na Ngwuputa nke phosphate oké nkume. The kpagburuibe nkezi nke ndị bi na a ka na-arụrụ ọrụ na-akọ ugbo oru. Obere mkpa oru nke aku na uba nke Libya, Tunisia, Egypt na Morocco na-emepe emepe njem.

The obodo kasị ukwuu na ihe karịrị 9 nde bi - Egypt Cairo, ndị bi na nke ndị ọzọ adịghị gafere 2 nde - Casablanca, Alexandria. Kasị nke ugwu Africa bi n'obodo ukwu, bụ Muslim na-ekwu okwu Arabic. Ná mba ụfọdụ, otu n'ime ukara atụle ga-French. North African ebe bụ ọgaranya ncheta nke mere n'oge ochie na ije, eke ihe.

Ọ na-ezube nwee oké ọchịchọ European oru ngo Desertec - na-ewu nke kasị ike anyanwụ na usoro ke Sahara desert.

West Africa

Ókèala West Africa gbatịrị n'ebe ndịda nke Central Sahara, na Atlantic Ocean, na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ site Cameroonian n'ugwu. E nwere savannas na okpomọkụ na oke ohia, nakwa dị ka zuru ezu enweghị ahịhịa na Sahel. Ruo mgbe oge mgbe bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke Europe ịkpa ụkwụ na akụkụ a nke Africa ebibiela mba ndị dị ka Mali, Ghana na Songhai. Guinea region maka a ogologo oge na-akpọ "eli ndị na-acha ọcha" ruru ka nwedịrị ike ịta ọhụrụ n'ihi na Europe ọrịa: .. Ọkụ, ịba, ọrịa oro ụra, wdg N'oge, a ìgwè nke West African mba bụ: Cameroon, Ghana, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Benin, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Liberia, Mauritania, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Senegal.

The adịbeghị anya mere eme nke mba Africa na mpaghara blighted agha clashes. Territory tisasịrị ọtụtụ esemokwu n'etiti anglophone na francophone mbụ European chịrị. Emegiderịta edina bụghị nanị na asụsụ mgbochi, kamakwa echiche na echiche. E nwere ọkụ tụrụ na Liberia na Sierra Leone.

Road njikọ nnọọ adịghị ike na, n'eziokwu, bụ a nketa nke ndị colonial oge. State of West Africa nwere n'etiti ndị kasị daa ogbenye n'ụwa. Mgbe Nigeria, n'ihi na ihe atụ, nwere nnukwu mee mmanụ.

East Africa

The biri na-agụnye mba dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl (ma e wezụga Egypt), ọkà mmụta banyere mmadụ na-akpọ ku n'aka nke ụmụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ ebe a na, dị ka ha, nna nna anyị hà bi.

The region bụ ukwuu na-ejighị n'aka, esemokwu ghọọ agha, tinyere nke ukwuu mgbe ndị nkịtị. Fọrọ nke nta niile ha na-guzobere na agbụrụ mgbakwasị. East Africa na-ebi ihe karịrị narị mmadụ abụọ agbụrụ nke asụsụ anọ iche iche. Na ụbọchị nke colonial n'ókèala e kewara enweghị na-ewere n'ime akaụntụ eziokwu a, dị ka e kwuru, adịghị akwanyere ùgwù omenala na eke agbụrụ ókè. The nwere esemokwu ukwuu egbochi mmepe nke mpaghara.

N'ihi East Africa na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ mba: Mauritius, Kenya, Burundi, Zambia, Djibouti, Comoros, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Mozambique, Seychelles, Uganda, Tanzania, Somalia, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Eritrea.

South Africa

South African region bụ otu nnukwu akụkụ nke Afrika. E nwere ise mba. Ya bụ: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa. All nke ha na-n'otu Southern African Customs Union, a Ngwuputa na trading tumadi mmanụ na diamonds.

The adịbeghị anya mere eme nke Africa ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na-ejikọrọ na aha a ma ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nelson Mandela (nọchiri), bụ ndị tinyere ndụ ya na-alụ maka nnwere onwe pụọ mepere mpaghara.

South Africa, onye president ọ bụ maka 5 afọ, bụ ugbu a kasị mepụtara mba na kọntinent na naanị otu onye nke na-adịghị ikwu na "Ụwa nke Atọ" Atiya. Mepere aku na uba na-enye ohere ọ ogide 30th ebe n'etiti mba niile dị ka IMF. Ọ nwere a bara ọgaranya nke ukwuu mee nke eke ego. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị kasị ihe ịga nke ọma nke mmepe na Africa bụ aku na uba nke Botswana. Ke akpa itie e anụ ụlọ na agriculture na nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ na-mined diamonds, na mineral.