Amino acid Ọdịdị. Definition na nhazi ọkwa nke amino asịd

N'etiti nnukwu dịgasị iche iche nke eke bekee amino asịd nwere a pụrụ iche ebe. Ọ bụ n'ihi na ha ahụkebe uru ma na usoro ndu na organic onwu. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na site na amino asịd iso nke dị mfe ma dị mgbagwoju ụmụ irighiri nke na-edozi, nke bụ ntọala nke onye ọ bụla na ụdị ọ bụla nke ndụ na Earth. Ọ bụ n'ihi na nke a mere na sayensị na-aṅa echebara amụ mbipụta dị ka ndị amino acid Ọdịdị, Njirimara, mmepụta na ojiji. Large uru nke ndị a ogige ke ọgwụ, ebe ha na-eji dị ka ọgwụ preparations. N'ihi na ndị na ndị na-kpọrọ aku na ha onwe ha ahụ ike ma na-edu na-arụsi ọrụ ụzọ ndụ, protein monomers bụ a ụdị nri (na-akpọ egwuregwu oriri na-edozi). Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị eji organic sịntetik onwu ka feedstock ke imewe nke eri - enanth na naịlọn. Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, ihe amino acid na-arụ a nnọọ ọrụ dị mkpa ma na ọdịdị na na ọha mmadụ, wee na-ele ha na ihe zuru ezu.

Atụmatụ nke Ọdịdị nke amino asịd

Ogige nke a na klas na-amphoteric organic bekee, ie nwere abụọ ọtọ iche iche, na ya mere igosipụta sọrọ Njirimara. Karịsịa, na ụmụ irighiri ihe ugbu hydrocarbyl radicals mmasị a NH ₂ amino iche iche na carboxylic iche iche COOH. The chemical mmeghachi omume na ndị ọzọ bekee na-eme ihe dị ka amino acid isi, otú acid. Isomers nke ndị dị otú ahụ ogige-egosipụta n'ihi na mgbanwe ma ọ bụ ndị gbasara ohere nhazi nke carbon ọkpụkpụ, ma ọ bụ amino ọnọdụ, na nhazi ọkwa nke amino asịd na-ekpebisi ike dabeere na bughi atụmatụ na Njirimara nke hydrocarbon buu. Ọ pụrụ n'ụdị ogologo ma ọ bụ branched yinye ma nwere cyclic owuwu.

Optical ọrụ aminocarboxylic asịd

All monomers nke polypeptides na ha 20 umu ugbu ke idem nke osisi, na ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ, bụ L-amino asịd. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ihe akpàràkpà carbon atọm, mbịne mgbe n'usoro na-ekewasị ìhè okporo osisi ka ekpe. Abụọ monomer isoleucine na threonine - abụọ dị otú ahụ carbon atọm na aminoacetic acid (glycine) - onye ọ bụla. amino ngwa anya ọrụ classifications ọtụtụ-eji n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ na molekụla bayoloji ọmụmụ nke usoro nke translation n'ime protein biosynthesis. -Akpali mmasị, D-ụdị amino asịd mgbe akụkụ nke polypeptide n'agbụ nke na-edozi, ma ugbu a na nje membranes na metabolic ngwaahịa nke dịkwa ka usoro ha, actinomycetes, na na-na, n'eziokwu, ha na-hụrụ ke eke ọgwụ nje ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka gramicidin. Na n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ ọma mara umi na a D-ụdị gbasara ohere Ọdịdị ka citrulline, homoserine, ornithine, ekere òkè dị mkpa na Jeremaya mere, nke cell metabolism.

Gịnị bụ zwitterions?

Ọzọ, monomers na-edozi na-ekewet nke ọtọ iche iche na-amines na carboxylic asịd. Ahụ -NH ₂ na COOH emekọ ọnụ n'ime a molekul, nke na-eduga n'ime salts, a na-akpọ bipolar ion (zwitterion). Nke a na-akọwa esịtidem Ọdịdị nke ahụ amino asịd nke ha elu ike na-emekọ ihe pola solvents, dị ka mmiri. Ọnụnọ nke ebubo ahụ na ngwọta na-akpata ha conductivity.

Gịnị na-α-amino asịd

Ọ bụrụ na ndị amino otu na molekul nọ na nke mbụ carbon atọm, agụta si carboxyl ebe ebe, dị amino acid bụ nke klas nke α-amino asịd. Ha ogide a na-eduga itie ke labeling, n'ihi na site na ndị a monomers na wuru niile biologically ifịk protein irighiri, e.g., dị ka enzymes, haemoglobin, actin, collagen na dị ka. D. Ọdịdị nke a na klas nke amino asịd nwere ike-atụle ihe atụ glycine, otu nke na ọtụtụ-eji neurologic omume dị ka a obi nkwadebe maka ọgwụgwọ nke nwayọọ iche nke ịda mbà n'obi na neurasthenia.

International aha nke a amino acid - α-glycine, o nwere ihe ngwa anya L-udi na bụ proteinogenic, na a na-translation usoro na bụ akụkụ nke protein macromolecules.

Ndi na-edozi na ọrụ ha na metabolism nke monomers

Ọ gaghị ekwe omume iche kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ nke organism nke mammals, gụnyere mmadụ, enweghị homonụ, esịnede protein ụmụ irighiri. The chemical Ọdịdị nke na amino asịd n'ime ha, na-akwado ha bụ ndị α-iche-iche. E.g., triiodothyronine na thyroxine emepụta site na thyroid gland. Ha mezie metabolism na ya mkpụrụ ndụ na-synthesized si α-amino acid tyrosine. The mfe na mgbagwoju na-edozi na-hụrụ dị ka na 20 isi monomers na ha emepụta. The prothrombin, nke achịkwakwa ọbara coagulation, bụ ugbu carboxyglutamic acid na myosin (muscle protein) achọpụtara methyllysine, na enzyme peroxidase - selenocysteine.

Ekwukwa n'akwụkwọ uru nke na-edozi na ha monomers

Ịtụle Ọdịdị nke amino asịd na ha nhazi ọkwa, ga-elekwasị anya na gradation dabeere na ike ma ọ bụ enweghị ike nke protein monomers synthesized na mkpụrụ ndụ. Alanine, proline, tyrosine na ndị ọzọ na ogige guzobere mmeghachi omume nke plastic exchange, na tryptophan, na asaa ndị ọzọ amino asịd-esi n'ime ahụ anyị naanị nri.

Otu egosi a ziri ezi na echiche ziri ezi nri bụ larịị nke ụmụ mmadụ na oriri nke protein oriri. Ọ ga-abụ na ihe ndị anọ nke ngụkọta ego nri natara site ahụ kwa ụbọchị. Ọ dị mkpa karịsịa na-edozi dị na ya mejupụtara valine, isoleucine, na ndị ọzọ dị oké mkpa amino asịd. Na nke a, na-edozi na-akpọ zuru ezu. Ha na-abanye na ahụ mmadụ si osisi oriri, ma ọ bụ oriri nwere dịkwa ka usoro ha.

Monomers onwe ha dị oké mkpa na-edozi nwere ike ghara synthesized na mammalian mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle ihe owuwu nke ụmụ irighiri nke amino asịd, nke dị oké mkpa, anyị pụrụ ịhụ na ha bụ ndị nke dị iche iche ọmụmụ. Ya mere, valine na leucine bụ aliphatic series, tryptophan - na aromatic amino asịd na threonine - ka a hydroxyamino.