Trophic yinye. Ebe ịta nri nri yinye. Trophic ọkọnọ circuit

Trophic yinye - mmekọrịta a na larịị n'etiti dị iche iche oriri macro- na Micro-ntule site na nke ike na-aga n'ime ecosystems mgbanwe na umi. All osisi, na ụmụ anụmanụ na microscopic ntule na-anya metụtara onye ọ bụla ọzọ na ụkpụrụ nke "nri - n'ji".

isi nkọwa

Trophic yinye - nke a bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa Njirimara nke ọ bụla ilekota. Nke a nri yinye. Ọ na-egosi a na-kwụ usoro nke umu. Mgbe nke a ije na-apụta ìhè na ilekota na usoro nke udia Biochemical ike na organic okwu. Dị ka ihe atụ: ahihia - a bekee - na wolf - bacteria. Dị ka a na-achị, na n'elu nke nri pyramid bụ a nnukwu eri ibe. The okwu n'onwe ya - a emepụta nke okwu Grik bụ "lụtara", nke pụtara "nri". Tupu anyị obibi na eziokwu na nke a nri yinye, mkpa ka ị tụlee echiche ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka na-emepụta, na-eji ọkụ na decomposers.

emepụta

Emepụta bụ otu ìgwè nke ntule nke nwere ike synthesizing organic okwu mgbagwoju ịnweta ogige. A na-agụnye, nke mbụ niile, autotrophs. Ndị a bụ osisi na microscopic algae, nke site photosynthesis nwere ike tọghata anyanwụ ike n'ime mpụga Biochemical. Ọ accumulates na mkpụrụ ndụ na a na-metabolism. Na ecosystems, ihe atụ nke na-emepụta na-ferns, mosses na gymnosperms na okooko osisi. Na oké osimiri, ọ bụ plankton. Obere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ algae - bụ ihe atụ nke na-amị niile aquatic ecosystems.

consuments

Consuments - na ọ bụ dị iche iche nke ntule na-eri nri na organic okwu naanị, nke na-synthesized emepụta. The ilekota site na-eji ọkụ na-akpọ heterotrophs. O nwere ike ịbụ carnivores na herbivores, ụmụ ahụhụ. Ịmata ihe dị iche n'etiti dị iche iche iwu nke na-eji ọkụ. Nke a nkewa dabeere na ala nke ntule na nri yinye.

Site consuments 1st iji na-agụnye herbivorous na ụmụ anụmanụ, na ụmụ ahụhụ na nnụnụ. Ka ihe atụ, ihe oriri osisi nwere ike nkejikotara a yinye oke bekee, òké, ele, elk. All ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a bụ site na-eji ọkụ nke 1st iji. Ha iche mma bụ na ha na-eri nri na-emepụta, na bụ osisi. Nke a bụ tumadi òké, ungulates, agwọ, ngwere dị iche iche amphibians na ụmụ ahụhụ, azụ, obere nnụnụ.

Consuments 2nd na ụdi iwu - na ọ bụ naanị eri umu. Ha na-ewu ha na-edozi site organic ihe onwunwe nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ihe oriri malite. Nke a na-agụnye bea, canine, feline, nnụnụ ndị buru ibu nke na-eri anụ, nākpu akpu na agwọ. The ilekota nke oké osimiri a niche ji site whales na Azụ dolphin.

decomposers

Decomposers akpọ Tụfuo organic residues microorganisms. Nke a bacteria na fungi. Ha na-ebi na ala na-akpali ndị Filiks nke ire ere. Decomposers bụ otu okwu ahụ bụ "destructors". Ugbu a, ndị otu a na-kwukwara, na bacteriophages.

The isi ụdị nke trophic n'agbụ

E nwere naanị abụọ bụ isi na ụdị nri na nkpọrọ: detrital na grazing. Ha nwere ịrịba iche. Ebe ịta nri nri yinye (yinye ma ọ bụ grazing) dabeere na mgbagwoju mmekọrịta nke dị iche iche na iche iche nke osisi, na ụmụ anụmanụ na saprophytes. Ọ dabeere na autotrophic ntule. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi a osisi. Sochiri herbivorous ụmụ anụmanụ. Ka ihe atụ, ungulates, ma ọ bụ òké. Na oké osimiri na n'oké osimiri nile, na ọ ga-zooplankton. Ndien ke akpatre, na n'elu nri yinye bụ anụ nke 2nd iji. Nke a na umu na-adịghị ejide ke ọhịa. Ka ihe atụ, bea, ndị nnọchiteanya nke cat ezinụlọ, Udele. Karịsịa ogologo grazing nri yinye n'ime osimiri. Ebe a na-hụrụ consuments 6 nke na 7-nke iji.

Detrital trophic yinye dabeere na decomposition usoro. Ha na-ekere òkè dịkwa ka usoro ha ma ọ bụ nje bacteria na-saprophytes.

Detrital nri yinye

Dị otú ahụ decomposition yinye bụ kasị nkịtị na oké ọhịa, na ebe ndị kasị nke akuku na-adịghị iwesa ozugbo herbivorous ụmụ anụmanụ. Ma o kpamkpam. Ya esichara microscopic dịkwa ka usoro ha na bacteria, nke na-akpọ saprophytes. All nri detrital nri yinye mgbe niile amalite na detritus. Ha ka na-microorganisms na gbarie na egweri ha. Mgbe ahụ, e bụ detritus na ha na-eji ọkụ - na eri umu. The ecosystems nke oké osimiri na oké osimiri, karịsịa na mmiri, na a na-adịkwaghị detrital yinye. E nwere ọnọdụ ndị na-adịghị adị ndụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụ, otú ha na-arụ site microorganisms.

trophic etoju

Trophic yinye na-emi esịnede ọtụtụ n'ígwé. Ndị a njikọ nwere ike mfe hụrụ na ihe ọ bụla ilekota nke mbara ala. The mbụ larịị na-mgbe ọkọnọ emepụta. The abụọ - site na-eji ọkụ nke a dị iche iche iji. N'oge na-adịghị circuit, na-emekarị nke atọ nkeji, na ogologo nke ha na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ejedebeghị. Ma a ga-enwe mgbe nile ọhụrụ Micro-ntule na fungi. Ọ bụla trophic yinye nri agwụ decomposers. Ha isi ọrụ dị iche iche ecosystems - a imegharị ihe maka iji nke organic okwu ka ịnweta ogige. Ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ nri yinye ọkọnọ kpụrụ n'ime osimiri na oké osimiri. The kasị nso nke ha - n'ọhịa na ala ahịhịa juru. Dị otú ahụ interconnected usoro nke soje trophic etoju na Nleta a ike ọkọnọ circuit.

Ọ dị mkpa ka dokwuo anya na trophic nri yinye bụghị mgbe niile zuru ezu. Ọ nwere ike na-efu efu ụfọdụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha "dobe pụta" n'ihi otu ihe ma ọ bụ ọzọ. Firstly, ọ bụghị mgbe niile na-ewetara ihe olu nke osisi - na-emepụta. Ha na-ejighị na ndị obodo na e guzobere na ndabere nke rere ere ahịhịa na (ma ọ bụ) anụmanụ foduru. A pụtara ìhè ihe atụ - na-awụba n'oké osimiri nke epupụta nọ n'ọhịa. Nke abuo, heterotrophs nwere ike kọrọ nri ígwè, ie ụmụ anụmanụ. Ma ọ bụ ha nwere ike ịbụ obere. Dị ka ihe atụ, n'otu oké ọhịa deciduous mkpụrụ osisi na alaka, na-eleghara nke na-eji ọkụ, ozugbo amalite amalite irekasị. Na nke a, n'ihi na ndị na-emepụta ozugbo sochiri decomposers. Na nke ọ bụla ilekota kpụrụ trophic yinye malite gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ. N'okpuru ụfọdụ mmetụta, karịsịa na akụkụ nke mmadụ, ndị a na sekit na sekit nwere ike ụba ma ọ bụ, dị ka ọ na-eme n'ihi na iju nke ikpochapu nke ụfọdụ nkeji.

Ihe Nlereanya nke trophic n'agbụ

Trophic circuit, dabere na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkeji ọ mejupụtara, nwere ike ịdị mfe na layered. Otu ihe atụ nke a dị mfe zuru circuit, nke e nwere na-emepụta, na-eji ọkụ na decomposers, pụrụ iyi ka ndị a: asp - biva - bacteria.

Ọkaibe trophic ígwè nwere ibu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke njikọ. Ma na-emekarị ole ha anaghị gafere 6-7 na ẹdude eke ecosystems. Ndị a ogologo ígwè nwere ike dị na oké osimiri na oké osimiri. Ndị fọdụrụ nkeji a na ezigbo ecosystems 5. E nwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke otú e si eme nri-yinye maka dị iche iche àmà:

1. Algae - roach - perch - burbot - bacteria.

2. Plankton - coral - pomacentridae Fish - White Shark - bacteria.

3. Ezie - ukpana - frog - N'ezie - na agụ nkwọ.

All ndị a bụ ihe atụ nke grazing na sekit na sekit anụ. Ma e nwere ndị ọzọ ụdị mmekọrịta. Dị ka ihe atụ, nje yinye. Ha anya dị ka ndị a: ahihia - ehi - a tapeworm - bacteria. Mgbe ụfọdụ, n'ihi na yinye nwere ike ịda consuments: currant - powdery mildew ero - phage. Ebe ịta nri nri yinye iche na parasitic na anụ akụkụ nime ya enwekwu na-amụba larịị njikọ usoro. Ma, dị ka decomposers ka nọgide saprophytes ma ikpe. A obere dị iche iche anya detrital yinye: akwukwo-awụba n'oké osimiri - microscopic dịkwa ka usoro ha - bacteria.