Architecture na nkà oge ochie Russia. Religious osise oge ochie Russia

Mmepe nke nkà na ụkpụrụ ụlọ ịke nke temple Russia ya si malite na mists nke oge. Na 988 Kievan rus 'na doo nke Christianity na m nwere oké omenala nketa nke Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium, nke-agwakọta atụmatụ nke na-egbukepụ egbukepụ ịma mma nke East na West ata onwe ya ahụhụ n'ụzọ dị mfe. N'oge njikọ nke multi-art style na mbụ art kpụrụ kpọmkwem ije na nkà nke oge ochie Russia.

Historical ndabere nke ihe mbụ style of ije na nkà nke oge ochie Russia

Arts oge ochie Russia dị ka ihe ncheta nke dịrị ndụ tupu Kraịst omenala bụ amaghị oge a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na ọkpụkpụ nke oge a na-anọchi anya nanị ole na ole osisi akpụ nke arụsị. Otu ọnọdụ na ụkpụrụ ụlọ ncheta nke dịrị ndụ tupu Kraịst Russia, dịcha, n'ihi na eziokwu na ha na-mere nke osisi na nke na e chekwara ka ụbọchị.

Sere na Russia malitere inwe ya ngwa mmepe na 10th na narị afọ, mgbe, mgbe iwebata ojiji na ókèala nke Russia na Slavic mkpụrụ okwu Cyril na Methodius ka o kwe omume mgbanwe nke ahụmahụ n'etiti Russian na Byzantine omenkà onye na-agba mgbe 988 afọ na Russian obodo nke Prince Vladimir.

Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 11, ihe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elekọta mmadụ na ngalaba nke Old Russian ala mepụtara dị otú ahụ n'ụzọ na-ekpere arụsị okpukpe akụrụngwa mmepụta mbido forcibly achị klas niile na ngalaba nke ọha ndụ. N'ihi ya, ije na nkà nke oge ochie Russia malitere ya mmepe n'ihi na ọ sonyeere a Wednesday Byzantine nketa.

Prerequisites maka mmepe nke stylistic atụmatụ nke ije

Architecture na nkà oge ochie Russia ka a holistic style ensemble bịara n'okpuru kpọmkwem mmetụta nke Byzantine ije, nke bụ synthesized ụdị nke ụlọ nsọ oge ochie ụlọ, nke nta nke nta na-akpụ a maara nke ọma 10th narị afọ ụdị cross-domed chọọchị, dị iche iche si Kraịst oge mbụ Ụlọ. Nyefee semicircular dome na ike n'ọnụ nke a quadrangular isi nke temple, na-eji ọhụrụ mepụtara "gara" ndị dome nke a support usoro na ikwado ya nsogbu na mgbidi, Byzantine architects na-egosipụta na kacha mgbasa nke esịtidem ohere nke temple na kere ọhụrụ ụdị Christian ụlọ chọọchị.

The n'elu kọwara imewe atụmatụ metụtara ụlọ nsọ, ndị isi nke bụ na-akpọ "a Greek cross", nke a ise n'ámá ndokwa equidistant ọ bụla ọzọ.

Ọtụtụ mgbe e mesịrị - na narị afọ nke 19 - na Russia guzobere na-akpọ "pseudo-Byzantine" style of temple ụlọ, ebe a squat dome forms na-emi odude na ala rụọ, belted window arcades na ime nke temple bụ a nkịtị ebe, ọ bụghị iche site na ogidi cross vaults.

Prerequisites maka mmepe nke stylistic atụmatụ nke sere

Arts oge ochie Russia ka a iche iche ụdị nkà mma nke dị n'ụlọ nsọ ada udi mgbe na n'ókèala mgbe baptizim nke rus me ha iconic ahụmahụ kpọrọ Byzantine nwe. Ya mere, ọtụtụ murals na frescoes nke Kraịst oge mbụ ụka tupu Mongol oge indistinguishable na Russian na Byzantine malite.

Na Ozizi, na ọmarịcha ihe osise, osise oge ochie Russia mwere Cathedral nke Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, ọrụ na nke na-ese site na Byzantine nwe. The temple ezoghịkwa ẹnịm, ma ya n'ime ime mma na-mara site na nkọwa na a rụzuworo na narị afọ nke 17. Gwa ese nọrọ na ebe obibi ndị mọnk na tọrọ ntọala maka na-amụta ya nka. Venerable Alypius na Gregory bụ ndị mbụ Russian nka onye na-ekpe ụlọ akwụkwọ a nke icon sere.

N'ihi ya, nkà, ihe oyiyi, na ihe osise nke oge ochie Russia enịmde na usoro iwu na methodological continuity oge ochie ihe ọmụma nke Oriental nwe.

Specificity ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-ewu ụdị nke residential ụlọ na ụlọ nsọ nke Ancient Russia

Culture of Ancient rus, sere, iconography na ije nke bụ otu ensemble, obere emetụta ije nke ọha na eze na residential ụlọ, nke na-anọgide na ihe ọ bụla na-ahụkarị Terem ụlọ ma ọ bụ nke wusiri ike. Byzantine ụkpụrụ ụlọ ụkpụrụ na-adịghị chere ọ bụla bara uru nchedo ụlọ, ma ọ bụ onye ọ bụla nke ha iche iche si iro ọgụ. Art of Ancient rus, art na ije, nke nwere ike gosiri ihe nlereanya nke ndị Pskov na Tver obibi ndị mọnk ụlọ, lekwasịrị anya ha bughi security, ikwado dome nke ụlọ na maksimalnnym ndim agba owuwu.

Iconic Old Russian sere

Culture of Ancient rus, onye art ka ọganihu n'okpuru mbara mmetụta nke Byzantine art, emewo udi site na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 15, ebe etinye obi gị dum niile ya kasị doro anya na kpọmkwem àgwà webatara na mbụ Old Russian art usoro. Na ezie na ụfọdụ art iche-iche, dị ka nkà embroidery na osisi carvings a maara Old Nna-ukwu, ndị kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na na mepụtara ya n'obi ndị okpukpe art ha natara dị mgbe mbata nke Christianity na Russia.

Orthodox omenala oge ochie Russia, ihe osise nke na-anọchi anya bụghị naanị temple murals na iconography, ma ọdịdị ihu na akwa akwa na eri, na-atụgharị uche n'ụkpụrụ okwukwe na-eji na-adị kwa ụbọchị ndụ nke ụwa ndị mmadụ hapụrụ akara ya na n'ime ime mma nke ụlọ na mma nke n'ihu.

Dịgasị iche iche nke na agba na mejupụtara

Ebe obibi na icon-sere noo nke oge ochie Russia bụ ebe a na ịta nke na nkà mmụta sayensị rụzuru na nnwale na onwu, ka ha n'aka si dị iche iche Efrata na-emepụta agba.

The miniature sere nke akara ngosi na jiri akpụkpọ anụ na nna ya ukwu advantageously eji otu ink. Ha cinnabar, nkume lapis lazuli, ocher, na-acha ọcha-edu ndú, na ndị ọzọ. N'ihi ya, ezi ya bara uru nkà nọgidere sere oge ochie Russia: oge ochie art of Byzantium ike kpamkpam dochie obodo ụzọ nke na-amị agba.

Otú ọ dị, nke ọ bụla akpan akpan Usoro nke sere ndị na-kasị amasị ya usoro na ụzọ - otú Nlụpụta agba onwe ya na ụzọ nke ya ngwa ka elu.

Dị novogorodskomu script icon-sere narị afọ nke 16, ọtụtụ họọrọ site na nna-ukwu eji cinnabar, Lazor, ọcha, prazelen. Ke edemede maka oge mbụ ọ pụtara bụ aha ndị a na agba - odo, red, nwa, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.

White bụ ndị kasị ewu ewu na agba, na-akacha eji na-ejikọta nke agba, e ji mee ihe maka ngwa nke gaps na "razbelivaniya" ndị ọzọ na agba. White emepụta Kashin, Vologda, Yaroslavl. Method nke rụpụta gụnyere ọxịdashọn nke ụzọ ibe na n'ihu acetic acid site n'ịsa dapụtara ọcha caramel.

The isi akụrụngwa nke "akwụkwọ ozi" na iconography nke ụbọchị a bụ ocher.

Arts oge ochie Russia, nakwa dị ka ya Byzantine ọkọlọtọ-agụnye iji ihe dị iche iche na agba palette nke ihe onwunwe ke odide nke nsọ image.

Otu n'ime ọtụtụ-eji isi na agba bụ cinnabar - mercury sulfide sọlfọ ahụ. Cinnabar e mined ke ọwọrọetop na Europe Russian Nikitinsky ubi. Production nke ink mere n'oge cinnabar trituration na mmiri, sochiri dissolving ya na a concomitant na pyrite ore pyrite. Cinnabar ike-anọchi dị ọnụ ala karịa minium nwetara site calcination nke-edu ndú oxide.

Lazor dị ka na-acha ọcha, mere maka ide gaps na-emepụta-aj u nke ọzọ na agba. N'oge gara aga, ndị isi nkume lapis lazuli ndị Afghanistan nkwụnye ego. Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na narị afọ nke 16, a nnukwu ọtụtụ ụzọ na-emepụta a-acha anụnụ anụnụ ink nke nkume lapis lazuli.

Ke adianade ndị a bụ isi e ji esiji ákwà, a na-eji na Russian iconography bakan, ọchịchịrị red, prazelen, green, verdigris, Krutik ( "Sinilo") stuffed kabeeji, sankir (brownish ụda) gaff, Reft, egwuregwu. oge ochie na-ese si ala niile na agba nke dị iche iche okwu.

Art style oge ochie Russian oyiyi

Onye ọ bụla territorially integral ala mkpakọrịta emee a na-igba nke nkà na aesthetic ụkpụrụ, nke ozokwa atụfu ụfọdụ njikọ na akwụkwọ sample. Ndị dị otú ahụ dịpụrụ adịpụ na onwe-emepe emepe ubi nke mba na omenala ngosipụta bụ nkà oge ochie Russia. Sere n'oge ochie karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ nke ebe art bụ isiokwu oru na visual mgbanwe, otú kwesịrị nwekwara ike kwuru banyere ya atụmatụ njikọ chiri anya ije na ide ụzọ.

Mongol mbuso agha bibie ukwuu nke fresco iconography na ncheta nke oge ochie Russia, mebie na suspending usoro nke na-ede ọhụrụ ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, a na-na foto nke gara aga bụ omume na-weghachi echekwawo akwụkwọ na adịchaghị mgbe ochie saịtị.

N'ime ndị a, ọ na-amara na na oge tupu Mongol mbuso agha nke nnukwu sere oge ochie Russia a dị ịrịba ama mmetụta gị iconography nke usoro - n'ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara ewu na gbarụọ ekwughị agba - ma site na narị afọ nke 13, agba na-amalite nye ụzọ na-egbuke egbuke ọkụ na agba. N'ihi ya, na Usoro Byzantine oyiyi na narị afọ nke 13 na bụ na usoro nke assimilation nke refraction dị otú ahụ ochie Russian mba art usoro ndị dị freshness na ìhè nke na agba, rhythmic mejupụtara Ọdịdị na immediacy nke agba okwu.

A oge, ndị kasị ama ukwu ọrụ, donosshie ka dịkọrọ ndụ art of Ancient Russia - nkenke a ndepụta nwere ike na-anọchite anya ndị Moscow Metropolitan Peter, Akwa Bishop Theodore nke Rostov, St. Andrei Rublev na Daniil Black.

Akụkụ nke Old Russian fresco

Mural sere na Russia adịghị tupu mbata nke Christianity na kpamkpam biiri si Byzantine omenala na usoro nke assimilation na mmepe nke ọtụtụ Byzantine modifying ẹdude usoro na akụrụngwa.

Mbụ, ka anyị na-ekwu na omenala nke oge ochie Russia, ihe osise nke n'ihu adị n'ụdị mosaics, na-agbanwe agbanwe na ojiji nke plaster of preparatory ihe, itinye podmozaichnoe nkume nzu n'ala n'okpuru mural, na ọgwụgwụ nke narị afọ nke 14, e nwere a mgbanwe site oge ochie Byzantine Usoro nke ide na mmepụta nke ihe - ọhụrụ primordially Russian oriri fresco.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị gbanwere n'ichepụta n'ibu ndọkwasi nile na ágbá nwere ike ịbụ na-akwanyere ùgwù anya plaster ike nanị na-adabere na nke dị ọcha na nkume nzu, mbụ diluted na ike nke quartz ájá na marble ibe. N'ihe banyere Russian sere fresco plaster isi - gesso - o mere a ogologo incubation lime na admixture na akwukwo nri mmanụ na gluu.

Old Russian ajụ embroidery

Mgbe 988 afọ, na biakwa obibia nke vizantiyskiyh omenala na nkà nke oge ochie Russia, oge ochie art nile nọ n'ógbè òtù nzuzo ememe ebe, karịsịa na onye akwa akwa.

A otutu ya na-akwalite Tsaritsyno noo mee n'okpuru nkwado nke ebube duchesses Sofi Paleologa Solomon Aloetic, Queen Anastasia Romanova na Irina Godunov.

Mputa akwa akwa ka a okpukpe art oge ochie Russia nwere otutu nkịtị mejupụtara na ụdị atụmatụ na akara ngosi. Otú ọ dị, ọdịdị ihu embroidery - bụ a mkpokọta ọrụ, na a doro anya nkesa ọrụ creators. The icon ese e sere na kwaaji ihu, e dere na iberibe uwe, herbalist - osisi. The ndabere na-achọ ákwà mma na-anọpụ iche na agba; ihu na aka - silk eri akpụkpọ-aj u, gụnyere agbatị na-etinye na edoghi tinyere contours nke ihu; Uwe na gburugburu ihe ma ọ bụ kpara na ọlaedo na ọlaọcha eri, ma ọ bụ n'ikuku ana enweta n'otutu-acha silk.

N'ihi nwekwuo ume nke ákwà underlay embroider kwaaji ma ọ bụ ákwà, nke na-ekekọtara idak abụọ lining nke rọrọ anụ ahụ.

Ike karịsịa bụ bidirectional embroidery na ọkọlọtọ na ọkọlọtọ. Na nke a, silk na gold eri amapu site.

Front embroidery nwere n'uju ngwa - nnukwu ma ikuku pelona mma temple, enịm n'okpuru ihe oyiyi, na ebe ịchụàjà e kpuchie, etinyere na ọkọlọtọ. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, akwa na oyiyi nke ndi nsọ na-mmasị ka ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke ụlọ nsọ ma ọ bụ eze, dị ka nke ọma dị ka n'ime n'ikuku ulo.

Territorial mgbanwe nke oge ochie art

Culture of Ancient rus - sere, iconography, ije - nwere ụfọdụ territorial variantivnost emetụta ma mma nke dị n'ụlọ nsọ, na ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-ewu atụmatụ nke ụlọ.

Ka ihe atụ, nkà nke oge ochie Russia, nke na-agụnye iji art dị ka a mma ime nke chọọchị ma ọ bụ mosaics, ma ọ bụ frescoes, n'ụzọ zuru okè mara site na atụ nke Katidral nke St. Sophia. Ebe e nwere bụ a free Nchikota na Mozis na mural eserese, kpughere abụọ primer oyi akwa n'okpuru ule temple. The Church of nnwogha nke obodo Large Vyazemy niile plaster isi mere nke dị ọcha lime enweghị fillers. Na na Spassky katidral Spaso-Andronievskogo obibi ndị mọnk dị ka a àkwà mmiri plaster gesso kpughere ọbara albumin.

N'ihi ya, anyị nwere ike ikwubi na singularity na ịpụ iche nke oge ochie art idu ke ya territorial nghazi ma na onye na-amasị na nkà nke Russian nka napụta na agba na ọdịdị nke echiche dị ka ya mba iwu.