Ebee bụ Central Forest Reserve? Central Forest State Biosphere Reserve: nkọwa, ọdịdị na-akpali eziokwu

Dị ka nke ọma, na mba anyị na-ọma chekwaara ugbu a nakwa n'ọdịnihu ọgbọ pụrụ iche ilekota, ebe ị pụrụ ịnụ ụtọ ọdịdị ya purest ụdị, mgbe ụmụ anụmanụ na nnwere onwe, na-eku ume-enye ndụ isi nke okooko osisi na herbs! Otu n'ime ndị na nkuku - Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Ọ nwere ihe pụrụ iche na akụkọ, a mgbagwoju anya gara aga na a oké ugbu a. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-emefu ha mkpa research, si otú huu adị nke ndị ọzọ Russian ecosystems. Ma idobere bụ na-emeghe ka ihe niile ọdịdị hụrụ. Karịsịa ụmụaka na-nnọọ ebe a. N'ihi na ha na-enwe na-akpali omume na ọdịdị, ime mkpapụ, na baba yaga, bụ onye bi na ọhịa, ndokwa na-eto eto ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na zoologists ezigbo udomo oro.

Location

Central Forest State Nature Reserve na nsogbu na ala nke Tver region n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ-nke Tver. Na nọmba, ọ bụ ebe na mmekọrita dị nso n'obodo ukwu bụ dị ka ndị:

• site Moscow na a ogologo akara na idobere banyere 285 km;
• si Kaluga, 274 km;
• si Vitebsk 212 km;
• si Smolensk, 175 km;
• si Tver, 167 km;
• si Rzhev 75 km.

Na 68 km si echebe mgbakwasị splashing kpara ọdọ Seliger.

N'ókèala dị, ndị Central Forest State Nature Reserve dị na Valdai Hills, na Watershed (Caspian-Baltic), elu esịmde nke osimiri Volga na Western Dvina. Nso ala nke idobere, ma ozugbo na ya n'ókèala na-apịa ndị si n'ala na isi mmalite nke osimiri męża, Tyudma, Tudovka, Zhukopa.

Background idobere

Ebe e nwere a Central Forest Reserve Tver region, dịtụ ọma chebere ruo mgbe narị afọ nke 20 n'ihi na nke ala owuwu ma na-windfall ọhịa ala mere ka isi ike maka mmepe. Na narị afọ nke 18 a kpọrọ ha Okovskim ma ọ bụ Volkonski n'oké ọhịa. E a wilderness. Nanị ole na ole na-enwe ike iri ndo obodo nta ndị osimiri na Tudovka Zhukopa. Na Okovskom n'ọhịa na-achụ nta cottages General Romeyko, Sheremetiev na ọtụtụ nwe ala. Ha niile na-abịa ebe achụ nta, na ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ ọ bụla nke oké ọhịa na-adịghị na-eji, na Romeyko adianade machibidoro ha akụkụ nke oké ọhịa chebe iji, machibidoro poaching na igbukpọsị oké ọhịa, ọ bụ ezie na dị iche iche nke ugwu, bụ ebe e nweghị nke agaghinihu mmiri, ọrụ ugbo na shifting usoro ma ọ bụ egbukpọ-and-apa ọkụ usoro ekpocha ala, akọ ha na-eke residential niile.

Na 1905, egwu tụrụ ndị mgbanwe, bụbu nwe ala-ha malitere na-ere, na ọhụrụ nwe n'ihi uru na-arụ ọrụ ha ihe ha chọrọ. Ọ agbanwebeghị ọnọdụ na mgbe Great October mgbanwe nke 1017. Naanị na 20s nke Soviet ọchịchị lebara nke nke umu ihe nche nke eke ego.

nkebi isi

Central Forest Reserve Tver region na akwụkwọ e guzobere 1931 na eve of New Year ememe, na 31 December. Otú ọ dị, ike ya na-arụ ọrụ malitere na 1925. Mgbe ahụ, na-akpakọrịta prọfesọ nke pedagogical Institute na Smolensk, Grigory Leonidovich Shiol, ada otu njem na-amụ eke ego nso Moscow na mkpebi na ọ bụ Tver Region ala n'etiti Volga na Northern Dvina kacha mma ruru eru na-na-eke mee. Nke a na-emegide lumbermen n'ebe ndị ahụ ma na-egbutu ihe bara ezigbo osisi na-ala nwere furu efu niile uru. Na 1930, Shiol haziri a ọhụrụ njem na kọwaa a ọhụrụ ebe maka idobere. Site ochie ya markings na ya gụnyere nanị 3,000 hectare. N'ihi mgbalị nke nwoke a pụtara Reserve na Shiol ghọrọ ya director.

ahụmahụ isi ike

Na 30-40s Reserve Central Forest nso Tver m na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na fruitfully - wuru ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ, laboratories, ụlọ ọrụ nke ụzọ. Labor bụ 61 ndị mmadụ, ndi di 15 nche nche na 21 na-eme nchọpụta. Ewepụtara ukwuu iji na idobere na-eto eto gburugburu ebe obibi Vladimir Stanchinsky, haziri ihe integrated obibia-arụ ọrụ. Ma nwoke a na 1941 bụ kwutọọ, kpagbuo, tụba ha n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ebe ọ nọ nwụọ a afọ mgbe e mesịrị.

Government ego nke idobere na-aga nke ọma, nke mere ka o kwe omume na-ebu ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na ịme uru ekoprogrammy, ma agha na-gafere. Ọtụtụ ọrụ na oku na-aga na n'afọ ofufo gara n'ihu, na ike na-agbalị ahụ gbapụ idobere na ndị obodo amaghi adọkpụpụta ihe niile ha nwere ike. Na 1941, ndị agha okpuru unit ejikwara na idobere. Ndị Nazi na ha agbakwa uwe ojii na-aga miri n'ime ọhịa na-atụ egwu, ma n'agha Central manor na ngosi nka, bibiri ọtụtụ collections na odide, na-eme mmebi 265 000, nke bụ nnukwu ihe nchikota maka Soviet oge.

Ka anya dị ka n'ihu kwagara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, ndị Central Forest Reserve maliteghachiri ọrụ ya. Mkpara ya gụnyere dị nnọọ 13 ndị mmadụ. People bit site bit efu maliteghachiri ọzọ kere a laabu. Ma na 1951, bụ afọ n'ọnwụ idobere bụ mechiri emechi na ndị ọrụ na chụrụ. Naanị na 9 arọ, nke ọzọ e zuuru na efu a otutu, ya ọzọ malitere ịtụte. Na 1985, a idobere ama esịne ke otu UNESCO mba netwọk nke na-echebe saịtị. Ugbu a, ọ na-eji nkà mmụta sayensị na ngalaba, bụ mkpara nke nche, craniological laabu akwụkwọ, ndị na-amụrụ ndụ nke aja aja bea, rụzigharịa obodo maka ọrụ, wuru guest ụlọ na a mbikọ maka njem nleta.

Ọdịdị

Central Forest Reserve-ekpuchi ebe ndị 70.500 hectare. Ọ na-ekewa zones:

• Warren isi;
• echekwa;
• ò were.

Na-echebe kernel (n'ógbè 24415 hectare) ọ bụla ọrụ na-emegide iwu ahụ eco-itule ke uwa. E nwere a mpaghara nke zuru ike, ọ bụ obodo nta echekwabara.

Echekwa mpaghara - a warara nke ala site kernel perimeta obosara nke 1 km na a ngụkọta nke ebe 130 km2. On ya bụ ewi niile capercailye ugbu a mee, eke ókè, eke ncheta.

The ò ojiji nke ebe ọ bụ na ebe nsọ na capercailye ugbu a. Ke adianade do, e nwere ebe na-ekwe na-anakọta mushrooms, berry na ndị ọzọ na tomato, ịsụ hay, azu mkpara na-egbute azụ.

eke Atụmatụ

Central Forest State Biosphere Reserve dabeere na ugwu ugwu na mbara ọzara, adịkwaghị forms of ice enyemaka. Elu oké osimiri, ya elu bụ 220-280 mita. The idobere n'ókèala na-anọchi anya moraine ridges. E nwekwara a ọdọ efere. Ke ofụri ofụri, mmiri bụ a ọtụtụ - ọ bụla 1 km2 banyere 750 mita nke iyi na osimiri. Groundwater bụ naanị 3 mita n'elu. Large ebe (6323 hectare) kpuchie swamps. N'etiti ha, "Verkhovskii akpaetu", "Staroselsky akpaetu", "Demikhovsky akpaetu" na kasị "Katin akpaetu."

Ala idobere Ọdịdị bụ nnọọ nkịtị. E nwere turf, podsolic, ala opitoropi, peat, humus, alluvial, glei primers dị iche iche ihe n'ịgwa ya, e.g., sod podsolic, peat podzolic gleyey.

The idụhe ke idobere mmiri na jụụ ke ndaeyo nkezi okpomọkụ nke banyere +16 Celsius C, na oyi na -10 Celsius C, anwụ na-acha ụbọchị, 45%.

Flora

Central Forest Reserve bụ ndị ogbenye na osisi, n'ihi na peculiarities nke ihu igwe na ala. Ebe a na-adịkwaghị European ahịhịa, naanị 546 umu ukwuu n'ime na-eto eto nke ọma na ndò. N'etiti ha, ndị ahịhịa - 490 umu osisi na Dwarf osisi - 34 ụdị osisi - 16 umu, na omenala - 6 umu. The idobere na-eto eto birch, Aspen, elm, ntụ, pine, spruce (na e nwere ebe bara uru karịsịa n'ebe ndịda apịtị spruce), Linden, akpu, alder.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị herbaceous osisi na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke Red Book, n'ihi na ihe atụ, grozdovik, apụtaghachi n'eziokwu, nwanyị akpukpoukwu. Of herbs na okooko osisi na idobere nwere ike hụrụ camomile, mallow, Ivan da Marya, mgbịrịgba, ferns, calla, Veronica, lungwort, avens, na marshes na nso ha na-eto eto blueberries, berry, cloudberries, blakberị.

fauna

N'ihi na anyị na obere paradise ghọrọ Central Forest Reserve. Animals mgbe ahụ okwu 335-nke umu. Mammals na idobere nwere nnukwu (bea, anụ ọhịa wolf, munsu, lynx, nkịta ọhịa, ele, anụ ọhịa boar, Roe diya) na obere (òké, ụsụ, otters, minks, ferrets, badgers, ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ, hedgehogs) - a ngụkọta nke 56 umu. Ọzọkwa hụrụ na idobere amphibians (awọ, toads, newts), ngwere, agwọ. Na osimiri na iyi eru site na ókèala ndị idobere na-achọta 18 umu nke azụ. Ma nke kasị iche iche ebe a, n'ezie, nnụnụ. 250 umu e dere na ha nile. Alaka chirp warbler, goldfinches, orioles, blackbirds, flytrap, finch, warbler, robins, ọbara oranges. Night ikwiikwii gaa ichu nta na ikwiikwii, peregrine ụbọchị ply, ahụrụ ugo, ọlaedo ugo, red-footed agụ nkwọ. Near ponds nesting ọbọgwụ, woodcocks, snipe, cranes, abà. The mma nke idobere bụ capercaillie, nke na-akpan echebe site chụọ.

Food n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị na nnụnụ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ, nke na-agụ na idobere 600 umu. Ọ bụghị ihe niile nke ha na-anọchite anya ndị obi ụtọ na anya na na na-adịghị emerụ, ma banyere ịma mma nke butterflies, ọ dịghị onye esemokwu. Ha na-250 umu. The kasị akpali akpali Admiral, ọla kọpa-urukurubụba, perlamutrovka, limonnitsa, polygonia.

njem mmụta ụzọ ụkwụ

Central Forest Biosphere Reserve RAD na ụmụaka na ndị okenye myiri. Ebe a, ọdịdị hụrụ ga-ejikere ọtụtụ ụzọ ụkwụ. Atọ n'ime ha bụ obere, banyere a kilometa anya, ma na-akpali. Ebe a, ndị njem na-eche baba yaga, ma ọ bụghị na-eri ha na-enye ha a ule nke ihe ọmụma nke ọdịdị nke ebe ndị a. Ụzọ ụkwụ bụ:

1. "Mystery Forest Okovskogo". Na narị atọ pine nta n'ebe 46 mita elu, setịpụrụ elele nyiwe, na ezinụlọ dum ụzọ bụ n'ezigbo na ibé osisi.
2. "Forest mkpụrụ okwu". Nke a nzọ bụ na-akpali na-amụ metụtara nke bi n'oké ọhịa, samples nke na-etinye na efere.
3. "Staroselsky akpaetu." Nke a nzọ ụkwụ na-agba site na apiti, ma meghere uzo mbadamba. On ya i nwere ike na-enwe mmasị ọ bụghị nanị na nnụnụ (lapwings, sandpipers, wagtails, cranes), kamakwa munsu ọbụna anụ ọhịa bea, nke mgbe ụfọdụ gakwuru apiti iri tomato.

N'ihi na ndị okenye na idobere e ụzọ gasị nke banyere 25 km n'ogologo. Ha na-eduga miri n'ime oké ọhịa na mere a chaperone. Nke a "Red Mill", "Barsuchiha" na "Siberia". On ụzọ gasị onwem obi, ebe ị nwere ike zuru ike, na-eri na ọbụna na-ehi ụra.

Ịtọ oge na ahịa

Central Forest Reserve na Tver Region bụ na-emeghe ka ọbịa niile izu (ma e wezụga Saturday na Sunday) si 10:00 am na 12:00 pm nke ụbọchị, sotere nri abalị hour, na mgbe ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na 13-00 ụbọchị 16-00 pm. The price maka mbanye bụ:

• afọ ruo afọ 10 - 50 rubles;
• ruo 16 afọ - 75 rubles;
• ndị okenye - 150 rubles.

Nkwado na a na-aga ogologo nke 25 km uru 1000 rubles ụbọchị 1.

A gara ngosi nka efu 250 400 rubles (dabere na otu size).

Ọnọdu-abali na idobere bụ mee ka 300 rubles kwa ụbọchị (na Zaimka na obibi) na 600 rubles na ọbịa n'ụlọ.

Nyefee a obodo Nelidovo (42 km si obodo-adịghị agafe agafe) na one direction bụ site 600 na 3000 rubles, dabere na iga unit klas.