Gịnị aku njikọ aka idi? List nke mba aku njikọ aka

Ụdị ọ bụla nke nzukọ nke mba kwetara na-ahazi ha ahia na ego iwu na mba ndị ọzọ, a na-akpọ aku mwekota. O doro anya na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị dị iche iche degrees nke mwekota.

• Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA). Agreement PTA bụ ikekwe ihe ndị kasị mkpa ụdị nke aku na uba mwekota. PTA, dị ka a na-achị, ndị chọrọ Mbelata ke tariffs maka mmekọ na ụfọdụ ngwaahịa ige.
• The mpaghara nke free ahia (FTA). Ọ na-kere ke ikpe ebe a otu nke mba kpochapụ tariffs n'etiti onwe ha, ma na-eme mpụga tarifu na bubata si mba ọzọ. Otu ihe atụ nke ihe FTA bụ NAFTA, nke pụtara efu tariffs na ụgbọala bubata n'etiti US na Mexico. Otú ọ dị, otu mba nke na-abụghị akụkụ nke NAFTA, e nwere ndị ọzọ set tariffs maka ụgbọ ala bubata n'ime Mexico.
• Customs Union. Ọ bụ mgbe a ìgwè nke mba kpochapụ tariffs n'etiti ha mba, kama ka a nkịtị tarifu na bubata site na ike nke ụwa.
• Economic n'otu. Ndị otu ahịa na-enye ahia na nke kacha mma udu, akọwaputa nkịtị mpụga tariffs n'etiti ndị òtù, na-emekwa ka uru maka free ije nke ewepụ n'etiti mba. The European Union e kere dị ka otu n'ime Treaty nke Rome na 1975, ndị nkịtị ahịa
• Economic n'otu. Economic Union na mba na-akwado free ahia na àkù, guzosie ike nkịtị mpụga tariffs n'etiti òtù, kọwaa ọnọdụ maka free ije nke isi obodo ego. The European Union nkịtị iwu na agriculture (okpu) bụ otu ihe atụ nke ụdị ego nchikota nke indicative aku na obodo.
• Monetary Union. Isi ihe na-e kere eke nke a ụdị ego n'etiti a ìgwè nke mba a ego n'otu, nke na-agụnye e guzobere isi ego ikike na-eme ka ego iwu maka dum otu.

Mmalite nke ụzọ nke EurAsEC

Yurop Economic Union - nzukọ zuru ụwa dabeere na mpaghara aku na uba na mwekota, na mba na òtù. Nke a pụtara na mkpebi nke ya akụkụ (Yurop Economic Council, na Economic Commission na Economic Court) na-aghọ iwu mba.

Ókèala ndị Yurop Union (EurAsEC) na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị nde 20 ^km2 (15% nke Ụwa ala ebe), n'ime a amuru nke bi bi na ego nke 183 nde mmadụ.

Treaty na Yurop, Economic Union na-enye maka nchikota nke omume nke ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ, ike; general ịdị ọcha na oru na ụkpụrụ. Site guzosie ike Commonwealth nke aku na uba na òtù ga-ike a nkịtị ahịa nke pharmaceuticals na 2016, 2019 na-atụ anya ka mezue guzobere a nkịtị ume ahịa, na 2025 - mmanụ ahịa, gas, na mmanụ ala na ngwaahịa.

History na-echeta ihe atụ nke reorganization nke mba aku òtù na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ ọbụna ná njikọ agha, a ezi ihe nlereanya nke a bụ Economic Community of West African States. Ọ bụghị ọtụtụ oge agafeela kemgbe inception nke ya na-elekwasị anya ka gbanwere si azụmahịa oru agha arụmọrụ ke ala nke Commonwealth.

Enyi nke ndị dị iche mbụ!

December 22, 2014 ji mgbanwe nke ngwá ratification nke ezi-onye agbata obi na-ejikọ mmekọahụ n'etiti Russia na Kazakhstan. Treaty na Yurop, Economic Union anaghị kagbuo a gara aga nkwekọrịta na akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị imekọ ihe ọnụ aka n'etiti mba abụọ na 1992, na Kama nke ahụ, ọ complements na gbatịrị akporo nke na mmekọrịta na-enye ohere mmejuputa ma atụmatụ ke ukem.

The nzukọ bụ na-emeghe ka ọ bụla ala na bụ na-akọrọ ndị ebumnobi na ọnọdụ kenyere na nkwekọrịta n'etiti ndị na-ekwu. Ná ngwụsị nke 2014, Union nwekwara sonyeere Armenia na Kyrgyzstan.

Ọ ga-kwuru na President Putin mere a azụmahịa nleta Uzbekistan, ebe na-atụle ọnọdụ nke n'isonyere Yurop Union. Ọkà Okwu nke Russian Federal Assembly kwuru na consultations na o kwere omume accession of Tajikistan na Yurop, Economic Union.

Kpatara EurAsEC Customs Union

EurAsEC Customs Union (Cu) batara full mmetụta si January 2010 ka Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan na Russia, mesịrị sonyere ya Armenia na Kyrgyzstan.

Customs Economic Union e guzobere dị ka mmalite nke akụ na ụba otu mba nọbu na Soviet Union. N'ihi ya, Member States anọgide ụzọ nke aku na uba na mwekota n'ihi na mwepụ nke omenala mgbochi n'etiti ha. Ná ngwụsị nke 2014 na Yurop, Economic Union dabeere na ụgbọala, nke bụ otu ụdị ego a ebe na-agba ume n'ihu aku mwekota.

TC EurAsEC so n'òtù: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia.

Documents bịanyere aka na 1995, 1999 na 2007., Ijere mezie ma na-echebe ndị statutory ikike nke Customs Union. The Common Economic Space Aims ịchịkwa akwụkwọ na 2007, regulates oruru nke mbụ ụgbọala, nke abụọ - akwụkwọ.

TC ụkpụrụ

Nka na ụzụ Regulations, ihu ọma nke nke bụ ihe ndabere maka accession na Cu:

- National nkwado ngwaahịa.

- Certificate nke Customs Union, agbala na dị na akwụkwọ, nke na-enye a ndepụta ngwaahịa n'okpuru amanyere bụ iwu ime nyocha. Nke a akwụkwọ bụ nti na obodo nile nke TC.

- The ibu ọnụego nke mpụga mgbasa na nkwanyerịta TC ahia. Common Customs Code na-achịkwa Yurop Economic Commission na Department of Statistics.

Economic ịlụ achọkarị mbubata na mbupụ naanị ndị na akụ bara uru na a akpan akpan aku ebe. Otu ihe atụ nke a bụ ụgbọala. Naanị ngwaahịa na-eru eru dị ka "ibu ụgbọ" nwere ike kpamkpam dị / exported n'ime a kọwaa ókèala. Dị na Nkeji edemede 4 nke Customs Usoro, ngwongwo nweta ndị dị otú ahụ ọnọdụ ndị na-esonụ mgbe:

- ngwaahịa na-emepụta na Cu ala.

- Products, na-emepụta anụ ụlọ oriri na ugwo nke ahịa ọgwụ na nkwekọrịta.

- ngwaahịa na izute ma ọnọdụ: agbala na Cu ala maka nzube nke ụlọ oriri.

Ngwaahịa na-adịghị ndị ahụ erughị nke TC ngwongwo na nkwanye ùgwù nke a na-adịghị ebubo ọ bụla mkpa akwụkwọ iji chọpụta ebe ndị ngwongwo ụgbọala, ga-ata usoro nke ndị nkịtị ahịa na Customs Union ala.

Ọzọ Russian aku ịlụ

- APEC. Economic Cooperation (APEC) guzobere na 1989 ka a kpọkọta ndị mba nke Asia-Pacific mpaghara. APEC bụ a forum maka 21 mba. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke obodo ama ruo ogologo oge bụ na nguzobe nke ahịa nke ngwaahịa na ngwaọrụ n'èzí Europe. Ọkachamara kweere na AETS e kere omume na-eto eto na aku na uba nke mepere Japan, nke nwere ike na-achịkwa ndị Asia-Pacific mpaghara. Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa ka putara ighe Commonwealth isi na-ekwu, gụnyere na ya, dị ka ọ na-enyere ahazi akụ na ụba na-eme n'etiti yiri mba.

- CIS. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụfọdụ mba nke bụbu Soviet Union na ndabere nke Ọkaakaa hara nhata dabeere na nkwekọrịta nke Commonwealth nke Independent States (CIS). Na oge a, ndị CIS-agụnye ndị na-esonụ mba: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan na Ukraine. The nkwekọrịta e banyere 1991.

- BRICS. BRICS-eweta ọnụ ise bụ isi na abụrụ aku nke ndị na-esonụ mba: Brazil, Russia, India, China na South Africa. Tupu Nsonye na South African nzukọ a na-akpọ "BRIC." All mba na-akụkụ nke, na-a ngwa-ngwa-eto eto na aku na uba, nwere a ịrịba mmetụta na mpaghara na zuru ụwa ọnụ mgbanwe.

Ná ngwụsị nke 2014 BRICS mkpuchi akp 3 ijeri mmadụ, na-anọchite anya 40% nke ụwa bi.

The Commonwealth e hiwere na 2006 na St. Petersburg forum nke akụ na ụba na-eje ozi nke Brazil, Russia, India na China. Nzukọ mbụ e nwere na 2009 na Yekaterinburg. Ná nzukọ na-atụle ihe iseokwu nke inyerịta mmekọrịta, agbazinye, gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ha.

Na-aga, ndị Maastricht Treaty

European Economic Union (EU) - akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gọọmenti, esịnede iri abụọ na asaa Member States nwere a nkịtị iwu na ọtụtụ ebe. The EU na e kere 1993 na bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke nkwekorita European Union, nke a na-ezo dị ka ndị Maastricht Treaty. Otú ọ dị, a nọ na-kpọkwasịwo oruru nke ọtụtụ European òtù, bụ ndị so mee ka mmepe nke EU.

Dị ka akụkụ nke EU mbụ gụnyere nke 12 Member States: Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, Ireland, France, Spain na UK. N'afọ 1993, ndị European Council, nzukọ Copenhagen (Denmark), kọwara ibiere accession na EU. Ndị a chọrọ, mara dị ka Copenhagen ibiere na-agụnye ndị ahụ dị mkpa dị ka:

• mụ ochichi onye kwuo uche na-akwanyere ndị ruuru mmadụ na ụkpụrụ iwu;
• arụ ọrụ ahịa asọmpi aku na uba;
• nnabata nke ibu ọrụ nke otu, gụnyere EU iwu.

Development nke EU mgbe 1993

EU mụbara site 3 ugboro ebe ya inception. Na 1995 ọ nọ na-esonyere 3 ọhụrụ so: Austria, Finland na Sweden. Na 2004 ọ batara EU nke 10 ọhụrụ òtù, tumadi si bụbu Soviet Bloc: Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia na Slovenia. Na 2007, Romania na Bulgaria, nke ke izute ntinye ibiere na 2004 na-kwetara na nabatara n'ime Union. Na 2013 ọ kwukwara na ndepụta site na steeti Croatia.

Otu n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke EU - akụ na ụba na ego n'otu, nke na-egosi na e kere eke nke a nkịtị European ego. International ahia n'ime ókè nke ụdị ego ebe ga-eme nnọọ ka e kere eke nke na-alụbeghị di ahịa, zuru ezu na edo ịnye ọnụahịa na ụkpụrụ nke mba ahịa. Ịmepụta a otu ahịa bụ ike na-akpali ubara mpi n'etiti ndị niche ngwaahịa na-eme ka ọ dịrị ya mfe ụlọọrụ ego, akpan akpan, ahia mba ofesi n'etiti ndị òtù nke otu akwụkwọ ego ebe. N'ikpeazụ, na ogologo okwu ka a nkịtị ahia na ego ohere kwesịrị mfe European ụlọọrụ Ọdịdị maka mmezi nke niile normative iwu omume na homogeneous.

euro

Economic ịlụ mgbe setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ dịrị n'otu aku nke mba n'ime ha. Ezigbo akara nke akụ na ụba na-eme otu akwụkwọ ego mpaghara nwere ike-enweta site na iwebata otu akwụkwọ ego; Nke a convergence ga-ike uku Ime Otu n'etiti ndị dị iche iche na mba aku. The ọnọdụ setịpụụrụ iwebata nke euro na e kere eke nke a otu akwụkwọ ego:

1. The mmezi nke mba mgbanwe udu n'ime a gaghị agara nso (ọnụego mgbanwe usoro, ma ọ bụ ERM) dịkarịa ala afọ abụọ tupu iwebata nke euro.
2. Ịnọgide na-enwe ogologo oge mmasị udu.
3. Ejikwa ọha ụgwọ n'ime kenyere ókè.
4. Mmezi nke general ọchịchị ụgwọ na ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 60% nke oké ụlọ ngwaahịa.

EU na Ọdịdị

European aku n'otu na-agụnye 4 ndutịm ahu, nke obibi kpọmkwem ebe nke akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọrụ.

1. The Council nke Ozi. Na-emekarị na ọ mejupụtara nnọchiteanya nke Ministries nke Ọzọ Affairs nke so na EU na-ekwu. European Council nke Ozi nwere ikpeazụ sịnụ n'ihe nile na-adịghị kpuchie site ofu contracts guzobere EU ma ọ bụ ya ụzọ òtù. The Council nke Ozi na-anakwere na Kọmitii ekiri, na-agwa okwu metụtara mmekọahụ n'etiti ndị EU mba na-esonụ ebe: oha, ugbo, azu, ulo oru iwu na esịtidem ahịa, nnyocha, ike, iga, gburugburu.

2. European Commission. Economic n'otu nke na-ekwu, dị ka a na-achị, na-etolite ọkachamara ozu obibi okwu ego. Dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ nzukọ nke EU Executive, na European Commission eme ihe. Ọ na-achọ ijere ọdịmma nke Europe dị ka a dum na okwu nke mpụga mmekọahụ, aku na uba, ego, ụlọ ọrụ na agriculture atumatu.

3. European nzuko omeiwu. Ọ na-agụnye ndị nnọchiteanya nke so na EU na-ekwu, ndị na-họpụtara kpọmkwem votu ha mba. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-eje ozi dị ka a forum maka ntụle nke mbipụta nke nchegbu onye Member States na EU dị ka a dum, Europe nzuko omeiwu nwere dịghị ike ike ma ọ bụ mejuputa norms nke iwu. Otú ọ dị, o nwere ụfọdụ akara n'elu EU mmefu ego na ike mee ka ihe maka echiche site Council nke Ozi ma ọ bụ na European Commission.

4. Court. Ọ bụla aku na uba na ịlụ kwesịrị inwe a ndabere iwu kwadoro, na European Union bụ sokwa. The Court mejupụtara 13 ikpe na isii ọkàiwu na-anọchite anya ndị EU Member States. Ọrụ ya bụ ịkọwa iwu na ụkpụrụ mere site mkpebi na-ekechikwa maka EU otu ọchịchị, na ụlọ ọrụ na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na so na EU na-ekwu.

International aku ịlụ

- Wto / GATT. Isi Iwu 153 n'etiti mba bụ General Agreement on tariffs na Trade (GATT). Mbelata tariffs, mkpochapu mgbochi, ebinyeghị akụkụ ọ bụla tax na omenala iwu na mmekọrita ọ bụla ọzọ - a bụ isi ihe nke nkwekọrịta, nke e banyere 1947

- YUNKAD. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - onye nnọchiteanya ahụ nke General Assembly nke UN (United Nations), nke na-emekọ na okwu nke mmepe, ahia na ego. Isi nzube nke nzukọ na-esetịpụrụ onwe ya na obere mba ndị mepere emepe na mwekota nke zuru ụwa ọnụ aku ahịa.

- NAFTA. The kasị North American free ahia mpaghara n'etiti United States, Canada na Mexico si 1994

- ASEAN. Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na aku na uba na obodo nke mba nke Southeast Asia, nke ugbu a na-eto eto ngwa ngwa, na-anọchite anya ndị Association of South-East Asia. The nkwekọrịta e aka site na-esonụ mba: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam. ASEAN si mgbaru ọsọ na-iji na ngwa ngwa aku n'uba, nchebe nke mba ọdịmma, udo na kwụsie ike; eme site na iwu ozu na-edozi esemokwu n'udo.