Gịnị bụ rụzuru nke ama ama alaeze Karla Velikogo? Gịnị bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ na-etinye n'ihu gọvanọ?

Otu puku, narị abụọ afọ gara aga, na January, 814 nke, na-ahapụ ya alaeze ruo mgbe ebighị ebi otu n'ime ndị bụ nna ndị Roman-Germany, ezi European mmepeanya, nchoputa nke mbụ European Union. Frank Western Empire gụnyere ókèala karịa ọtụtụ: ọ bụ oge a na France, Belgium, Switzerland, Holland, Italy, nnukwu akụkụ nke Germany na Spain. Ma ọ lụrụ ọgụ ná ndụ ya niile, ọ bụghị naanị maka ebe: n'ebe ọ bụla na-abata ndị agha ya, na-enwe mmeri Christianity. Gentile Europe forcibly baptism na ọkụ na mma-agha. Nke a dị mkpa site eziokwu ihe rụzuru ghọrọ ama alaeze Karla Velikogo.

Bridge ruo ugbu

Slavic mmepeanya nnọọ maara nnọọ ike nke West si guzobere, chere ihu na a egwu onye iro, ike, dị aghụghọ na ọbụna pụtara-spirited, ma ọ bụrụ na choro ọnọdụ. Ọ bụghị nanị na mma-agha merie Carl, ma ego, na-agha ụgha, na nye. Ịkekọrịta, adịkwaghị. Slavic ebo bled ikwusi ọ bụla ọzọ.

Ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ agha dọkpụụrụ na, anwuwo ama kpasue Karl. The kasị omiiko akụkụ nke ndị Slav ama ha bibiri, ụfọdụ gara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ọtụtụ webatara na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ ghọrọ Austrians, Danes, Germany, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-anọchi a "na koodu" na bịara n'okpuru Roman aka. Ka ihe atụ, okporo osisi were Western ele Christianity na ghọrọ ilu iro Slavic Russia.

All ga-enwe mmasị na ígwè uche na a na-ghar uche nke Emperor Karl, ma na-amụ ihe nke Frank mmepeanya na mberede na-aghọ doro anya ebe sitere na taa onslaught nke Europe na East. The usoro a ka na-aga. Nke ahụ bụ n'ihi ihe rụzuru ghọrọ ama alaeze Karla Velikogo (6 klas na-apụghị ịmata mmekọrịta dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na onye nkụzi ga-inupụ pụrụ ichetụ n'echiche)!

mere uyen

Ndabere nke Frank Alaeze Ukwu kpụrụ tupu ọmụmụ Karla Velikogo magbuo atọ oké ọchịchị bụ ndị gbanwere nwuchapu sloth na Merovingian usoro ndị eze. Clovis kụrụ ghọọ mba kwụụrụ na mmekorita ya na popu chọọchị; Karlom Martellom e kere a n'ezie, bara uru ọkachamara agha na gosikwa na ndabere nke feudal usoro benefices (magburu akwụ), na Agha nke Poitiers, kwụsịrị mbuso agha nke Europe na Islam; Pepin na Short ghọrọ ndị mbụ ukara eze ndị Carolingian usoro ndị eze, na-eziga ndị monasteries ikpeazụ nke Merovingian umengwụ. N'ihi Pepin Rome reoriented si East (Byzantium) na West.

N'ihi ya tọrọ ntọala nke European mmepeanya - Rom-Germany. Ọ na-aza ajụjụ nke ihe rụzuru nke ama ama alaeze Karla Velikogo, ebe ọ bụ na nke ukwuu guzobere European mmepeanya, mere kpọmkwem n'oge ọchịchị Charlemagne.

eze abua

Karl nna, Pepin na Short, n'oge kụziiri nwa-ya inye obodo omume, na-ekwu na ihe doro anya gbasara nyocha nkà na ịdị njikere ime omume. Young Charles arụsi ogige nzukọ, ji ọchịchọ obi na bú dọọ diplomatic omume, sonye mkpọsa nke Aquitaine. Mgbe Pepin nwụrụ, iri-na-isii nwa ama ama-akwadebe maka onwe-oha. Gịnị bụ rụzuru nke ama ama alaeze Karla Velikogo kasị? Proper agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị nketa, na-adọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnọọ n'oge, na-amụta ọ bụla na ihe niile dị mkpa n'ihi na oha.

M nwere a nwa Pepin bụghị nanị. Na ihe onwunwe na-ekewa fọrọ nke nta dokwara: Karl nwetara Nuanon na Karlomanu - Soisson. The abụọ - zuru na hà eze ndị Frank. Dị ka na mbụ, fraternal mmekọahụ abụghị. N'ihi na a mfe nkwekọrịta chọrọ kasị ukwuu ọrụ, na n'ihi nkukota kọrọ kasị nta ya iwe.

N'ihi na ndị iro nke mepere ọhụrụ franc ọ ghọrọ mbara: ọhụrụ meriri Aquitani welitere isi ha, Saxon na Britain enwe si n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nakwa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na site na ókèala nke oge a na Italy wee a ezigbo ihe iyi egwu - eze ndị Lombards Desiderius, ka n'otu ọtụtụ ndị dịịrị banye na mmiri. Ebe ọ bụ a ezigbo agha na nnukwu ego. N'ụzọ bụ isi na-emetụta ndị popu ala, meriri ọzọ Pepin na nyere n'onyinye Rome. Plus, Desiderius ngwa ngwa enyi na intermarried na gburugburu Duke, bụ ndị na-enweghị mmasị na mmepe nke Frank ala.

Karl-eme ya mgbe niile asị agaghị na-achọpụta na ihe iyi egwu. Ọ nlezianya mụọ mba ha, njem, na-acho inweta, onyinye ebe obibi, feasted. N'etiti ndị a ọrụ mfe ewute ọgba aghara Aquitaine. A na-akpọ nwanna nwoke na hiking na Gascony na Aquitaine, ma ọ flatly jụrụ. Carl edozi onwe ya.

Ka ọ dịgodị, Desiderius wee si Pope ebe site na mpaghara. Stephen III anya mmiri jụrụ maka enyemaka si na ụmụnne abụọ - na Carloman na Charlemagne. Ma m na-enweta ya. Carloman achọghị ịlụ ọgụ, kama Carl lụrụ a ugboro abụọ. Ya na nne - Bertrada - amanye nwa ịhapụ mbụ nwunye Himiltrudy dị ka ihe ibé nke udo si n'ebe ndịda - na nwa nwaanyị nke Desiderius, desideratum. CHF itie ke Italy ngwa ngwa apịaji, mmetụta gbazee.

United ike

Karl ahụhụ a ọnọdụ nnọọ ogologo. Zitere nna ya Dezoderatu fọrọ nke nta kpamkpam gbubiri agbatị na nwanne ya nwoke wee malite iji kwadebe maka agha. Otú ọ dị, Carloman na mberede na-atụghị anya nwụrụ maka mmadụ niile. Karl ada n'elu nketa na ghọrọ naanị kwesịrị ịbụ eze ndị Frank.

Na ozugbo, na 772 afọ, malitere a na ndụ agha ukwu: mkpọsa, na mbuso agha, a nọchibidoro anọchibido, suppression nke ndị agbata obi, ndị agha na - a na ajọ gburugburu. Kwa afọ na May banyere ọzụzụ agha - ebe zubere ime ihe. Mgbe ụfọdụ na a afọ ọ na-adịghị ona onye njem, kama abụọ.

Karl ngwa ngwa ghọrọ a ọchịagha na a oké strategist. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ihe ize ndụ na-abịaru nso si dị iche iche ntụziaka, ọtụtụ ahụhụ uche nke ọgba aghara na mbibi. Otú ọ dị, ihe nile nke ọnụ ịkọwa, na ya pụta magburu onwe. Carl ọsọ ọsọ ịghọta nke kachasi mkpa nke ọnọdụ na ozugbo mere ihe.

Otu nke ya anya na ndị agha bụ isi ihe na mmeri na kụnyere obi ike: Karl - n'okpuru abụọ mita ogologo, mma warrior, dị ike na nke dị jụụ - obi ike ada a ghara ọbụna obi ike agha. Gịnị bụ rụzuru nke ama ama Empire Karla Velikogo dị ka a N'ihi ya, ike-N'eziokwu.

ihe e kere eke nke usuu

Karl mgbe niile na-alụ agha, na ọ chọrọ bukwanu mmadụ na ego. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe onwunwe ka mma - nnukwu ókèala nyere ihe nile na ọbụna karị. Ma ha na-. N'ọdịnala ya ụzọ - ya na nna ya, nna nna ya - aka iso ke ụdị agha mgbanwe.

The ukwu nke mgbe ọrụ increments n'ala ya ojiji (benefice), plus eziokwu - ebibiela draft usoro. Site n'usoro nke afọ niile bụ isi nwe ala - adabere na ndị bishọp - ha na ha ịnyịnya na ụkwụ ebe-achịkọta ndị mmadụ, na-ama na njikere na Ewepụ Ihe Mgbochi.

Enweghị oge kwere nkwa a nnukwu mma, mgbe dodging - a nnọọ njọ ntaramahụhụ. Nchikota ndi mmadu di bụ adịkarịghị eluigwe na ala, mgbe mgbe agha kpomkwem ndị ebe n'ime nke egwu agbata obi. Ọ bụ a nnọọ irè usoro na franc ala gbasaa na ike. Ya mere, ihe rụzuru ghọrọ ama alaeze Karla Velikogo? Mezuwo 6 zara, sị: ihe e kere eke nke a n'ezie agha na nchikota ndi mmadu di usoro.

The agha na Lombards

Desiderius miri emi, kpasuru iwe na-ewe iwe nke ukwuu: ọcha niile na-akwado nke Charles ná mba ya, were nso Carloman gbara ọsọ ma choro na Pope echichi nke otu n'ime ụmụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ eze Frank ocheeze.

Ma Pope agbanweela. Kama a adụ pliable na Stephen zutere ya chọrọ Adrian. Na m zutere na mmegbu, na a nkwa chọrọ. Kama nke ahụ, ha malitere Desiderius ọzọ mebie Papal States. Adrian emechi na Rom na zigara Charles banyere iyi egwu nke Holy Roman Church.

Nke a oge Carl dị njikere. N'ihi na zuru ezu ọcha nke akọ na uche, ọ gbalịrị ugboro abụọ ruo kwekọrịtara na Desiderius, ma ọ bụghị ịga nke ọma. Ee, na-achọghị ka m maa. The okwu mebiri. Alpine gafee nọ na-emechi na tightly ekekọtara. Karl maka ụfọdụ amaghị ugwu ụzọ tụgharịa ndị agha niile, na-eleghara na-eje ije n'azụ nke onye iro, nọchibido ka Pavia, ebe Desiderius okụrede, were Verona - nke abụọ isi obodo nke alaeze nke Lombards.

Na Rome Karl banyere dị ka mmeri. O kwere nkwa (na ghọgburu!) Adrian ọhụrụ nwe. Ka ọ dịgodị, nnọchibido nke Pavia e dechara nke ọma. Desiderius na ndị ikwu ya na e trimmed na ebe obibi. Karl ghọrọ eze nke Lombards na n'otu nke alaeze abụọ n'ime otu - Frank. Lombards kwụsịrị ịdị adị. Gịnị bụ rụzuru nke ama ama alaeze Karla Velikogo? Azịza ya dị nkenke bụ ike inye. N'agbanyeghị otú ihe ọjọọ empaya, ma obere feudal fragmentation - ikpeazụ gburugburu nke European mere eme. Ma ọ bụ na-na-àkù nke eziokwu banyere ihe rụzuru nke ama ama alaeze Karla Velikogo.

Order na Italy

Otú ọ dị, agha ahụ biri na mmeri nke Desiderius bụghị. The ọhụrụ Roman patrician Karl manyere ihe karịrị otu ugboro na-etinye ala riots na-ekpughe conspiracies.

N'ikpeazụ-eweta udo na Saxony, o we me ka Rome obere nwa ya Pepin, bụ onye e tere mmanụ ịchị mbụ Lombards. The ochie iwu kwetara na, na mpaghara ama ụfọdụ ùgwù, na ọha ụlọ ọrụ.

Ma, n'ezie, ọ dịghị ihe ngwọta na-gafere enweghị nkwenye nke Karl - ama ukwuu dị ka na North na Central Italy, ọ mụtara zuru ike. Ugbu a, m na-aghọta ihe ihe rụzuru ghọrọ ama alaeze Karla Velikogo. Azịza ya dị nkenke bụ - a maara iwu.

Bavarian ahuhu

The mmeri nke gbara agbata obi Lombardy nnọọ mebiri emebi ala nke Bavaria - na agha, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Duke Tassilo III bụ ọgụgụ isi na mgbanwe: bụghị otú ahụ ogologo oge gara aga, o kere a mmekota nke Bavaria na Lombards, na ugbu a na-agbalị ka iwe oké Frank eze. Ọbụna maliteghachiri iyi nyere ihe nna ya Charles. Ma site autocracy ya agaghị nye na-adịghị eduga agha n'oge May nzukọ. A nzuzo nkwekọrịta kwubiri na Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium, na niile Italian emegide Charles, ọbụna na Danube okuku - megide Karla Velikogo.

Karl diri ihe niile a bụ bụghị otú ahụ ogologo oge. Ebe mesoo agha Saxony, ọ we duru ìgwè ndị agha na ókè-ala Bavaria. Tassilon malitere ịchọ nchedo Pope, bụ onye kwetara ka a ogbugbo na search maka udo. Carl nyere banye a kpọmkwem set nke akwụkwọ, ma mgbe Tassilona nzuzo hapụrụ obodo na nkwa ọ bụla ghara inye. Papa m bụ onye iwe, gọzie Charles na-alụ agha.

The Bavarians, n'adịghị Tassilona, ka ndị Frank na-eri nri ịkpọasị kama na-atụ egwu. Ọ bụ ya mere Bavarian eze hapụrụ ya a depleted agha na mberede. Eme ihe ọ bụla - Karl me onyinye fief iyi na ekpe ndi edoro na mbe - ọbụna nwa ya nwoke.

Tassilon ikpe site Sejm maka ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na ikpe ọnwụ. Carl gbaghaara ya, ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na a ebe obibi ndị mọnk. Tassilona na nwunye ụmụ ya nile ahụhụ otu eke.

Bavaria obodo kwụụrụ kagburu. Adabere-gọvanọ kọrọ ozugbo Charles. Ọnụ na Bavaria na ndị Frank natara Slavic ala - ókè ma Carinthia, ị nwere ohere na Balkans. Ya mere replenished ókèala. Nke ahụ bụ ihe rụzuru ghọrọ ama alaeze Karla Velikogo (History, mezuwo 6, na-akụ na n'oge a).

Okpu ihe alaeze

Anyị wee mbụ orú arọ na iri nke ọchịchị Charles - na-ekpegara agha, intrigues na ọtụtụ mmeri nke mere ka ọtụtụ mba - nnukwu na obere, ndị - na bụghị nnọọ yiri nke agha, ọ ghọrọ ike ijikwa niile a aku na uba, ịnọgide na-enwe otu aha. King ndị Frank chere banyere alaeze ukwu okpueze.

Gịnị bụ rụzuru nke ama ama alaeze Karla Velikogo? Azịza nwere ike ịdị iche iche, ma otu n'ime ha - a: ná mma na anọ na iche iche ọcha n'ụdị nke ebo niile nke ndị Saxon, ndị Frank, Lombards, Frisians, Alamanov, Bavaria - ya bụ, iri-German bottling ebo - Slavic, Romance na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ mmiri nke Alaeze Ukwu . Iche ọhụrụ aha dị mkpa: ọ bụ ihe-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha ikike n'etiti niile nnọọ na-achị, irrespective nke ha si, asụsụ, ọbụna okwukwe.

Iji dozie ike ajụjụ nwere ike naanị Rome. O wee ruo na site na mberede. Pope Leo III of, nọchiri Adrian, nwetara n'ime ihe jọrọ njọ akụkọ, ma jụọ maka enyemaka si Karl dị ka oké patrician oké mkpa ọha okwu. Against Pope bụ a izu ọjọọ na nwara igbu ọchụ. Eleghị anya ihe mere e arụnyere na popu ikpe kwa ego iji, nke eju ezi ezinụlọ Adrian nwụrụ. Leo III agbapụla na intruders gafee Alps, kpuchie na Karl.

Charles chikọta agha ya ozugbo kwagara Italy ka e kasị ikike nke mkpezi ikpe. The ikpe wee ebe, n'oge nke Pope Leo III sụrụ iyi, na-ebo ya ebubo enwebeghị ike iji gosi na. N'ezie, nke a edinam bishọp mmasị a obere, ma na-eche echiche mgbidi agha Karla Velikogo, nnọọ ole na ole ndị mmadụ ike jụ. Gịnị bụ rụzuru nke ama ama alaeze Karla Velikogo? Azịza ya dị nkenke nwere ike a: ụwa nchịkwa.

Onye ama ama nke omume nke echichi wee ebe on Christmas Day afọ 800 na nnukwu ụlọ ụka Senti nke St. Peter. Frank eze ebikwasị Pope ebube okpueze e kwusara Chineke okpueze ndị ukwu na udo (!) Emperor of Rome Karl August. Okwu ndị a na-ugboro ugboro ugboro atọ, ndị niile na ugbu ke temple.

Na usoro onwe ya, na-enwe ọganihu nke ikpe, na-enwe nzukọ na chọọchị nke kasị elu nnochite anya nke ụlọ ọrụ gwara anyị na omume e haziri n'ọdịnihu ma jiri nlezianya na, n'agbanyeghị otú disabuse onye obula na Papa na Carl onwe ya. Ọ na ozugbo-ada ka iyi ịkwado - niile ugbu a, na-amalite n'ebe Pope. Gịnị rụzuru ọzọ ma ama alaeze Karla Velikogo!

Nke ahụ bụ ụzọ ọzọ iji weghachi Alaeze Ukwu Rom, nke a oge na a na Kraịst na chọọchị na a akụkụ nke German Emperor na isi. Karl ama dezie a nnọọ ogologo oge na mmeri. Ọ na-eli ya nwaafo Aachen.