Iran-Iraq War: akpata, akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọnwụ na-akpata

A ogu nwere ọtụtụ aha. Ọ a kasị mara amara dị ka Iran-Iraq agha. Nke a na okwu bụ karịsịa nkịtị ke mba ọzọ ma na Soviet / Russian isi mmalite. Peasia na-akpọ agha a "Sacred Defense", dị ka ha (Shiites) na-echebe site encroachment Sunni Arab. epithet "amanye" a na-eji. Na Iraq, e nwere a omenala na-akpọ agha Qadisiyah Saddam. Hussein bụ onye ndú nke ala na bụ kpọmkwem na-elekọta ihe niile arụmọrụ. Qadisiya - ebe, na-esote nke e a bụrụkwa agha n'oge Arab mmeri nke Persia na VII narị afọ, mgbe Islam e propagated gburugburu mba. N'ihi ya, Iraqis tụnyere agha nke XX narị afọ na kpara njem na East megide ndị ọgọ mmụọ. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu (karịa a nde ndị nwụrụ anwụ) na ogologo okwu (1980 - 1988 gg.) Ogba esemokwu nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ.

Ihe mere na-akpata esemokwu

Ihe kpatara agha ahụ na ókè-ala esemokwu. O nwere a ogologo prehistory. Iran na Iraq n'ókè-ala-a nnukwu ibé ala - si Turkey na Persian Gulf. Na Ndida nke a akara-agba tinyere Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud a na-akpọ), nke a kpụrụ si mmakọ nke abụọ ọzọ oké waterways - Taịgris na Yufretis. Na ebe n'etiti ha pụtara mmadụ mbụ obodo. Ná mmalite nke XX narị afọ, Iraq bụ akụkụ nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu (ugbu a Turkey). Mgbe ya na ida n'ihi na mmeri na First World War kpụrụ Arab Republic, kwubiri a nkwekorita na Iran, dị ka nke ókè-ala n'etiti ha ga-ewere ọnọdụ na-ekpe ụlọ akụ nke osimiri dị mkpa. Na 1975 e nwere nkwekọrịta na nyefe ná mba ọzọ n'etiti ọwa.

Mgbe Iran si islam mgbanwe mere, bịara na ike e Ruhollah Khomeini. The agha malitere nhicha, n'oge nke repressed na asuan ọrụ na agha-eguzosi ike n'ihe ka Shah. N'ihi nke a, na-edu ndú ọnọdụ ndị na-enweghị uche-isi usu. N'otu oge ahụ, Iraq, na Iran haziri provocations megide onye ọ bụla ọzọ na militants na ndị òtù nzuzo. Nnọkọ Oriri na Ọṅụṅụ na-doro anya na-emegide ịkpalite esemokwu.

Iraqi aka

The Iran-Iraq agha na eziokwu na September 22, 1980, Iraqi agha gafee osimiri ahụ rụrụ ụka Shatt al-Arab na wakporo ógbè Khuzestan. Official media mara ọkwa na ndị na-akpata agha ghọrọ iwe Persian ókè nche imebi ókè ọchịchị.

The iwe gbasara on a ibé 700 kilomita. The mkpa bụ n'ebe ndịda direction - nso ka Persian Gulf. Ọ bụ ebe a na n'oge afọ asatọ bụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na-alụ ọgụ. Central na n'ebe ugwu asakde iso ese ndị kwesịrị ikpuchi isi moiety, na Iranians nwere ike ghara ịga ha na azụ.

Mgbe 5 ụbọchị, bụ obodo kasị ukwuu Ahwaz e weere. Ke adianade do, bibie mmanụ ọnụ na ndị dị mkpa maka aku na uba nke ịgbachitere mba. The eziokwu na mpaghara bụ ọgaranya a dị oké mkpa akụ, na-enwe nnukwu ọnọdụ. Na ọzọ afọ iri ka Hussein wakpoo Kuwait, ihe kpatara ya bụ otu - mmanụ. Mgbe ahụ mmalite nke US-Iraq agha, ma na 80 mba obodo wezugara onwe ya si esemokwu, na Sunnis na Shiites.

Land ọrụ e so ụgbọelu bọmbụ udo obodo Iran. E wakpoo na isi obodo Tehran. Mgbe a izu nke na-amanye Maachi Hussein kwụsịrị ndị agha ahụ na awa rivals ụwa nke e jikọtara ya na nnukwu weere na Abadan. Ọ mere na on 5 October. Hussein chọrọ ka anyị agha n'ihu dị nsọ ezumike nke Eid al-Adha (nke 20 ụbọchị). N'oge ahụ Soviet Union na-anwa ikpebi ụdị-enyere ndị ọzọ. Nnochite anya Vinogradov tụrụ aro ka Prime Minister agha support ka Iran, ma ọ jụrụ. Ọzọkwa, Iraq udo amụma na jụrụ. Ọ bịara doo anya na agha ahụ ga-protracted.

prolonging agha

Ná mmalite, ndị Iraqis nwere ihe ụfọdụ na kara: ma na-egwuri n'aka na anya agha, na space uru, na demoralization nke Iranian agha, bụ nke mere n'abalị bọtara ụbọchị ihicha. Arab na-edu ndú mere ka a nzọ na eziokwu na mkpọsa ga-obere na ga-enwe ike itinye ndị Peshia na negotiating table. Agha merela agadi 40 kilomita.

Iran amalitela ihe ngwa ngwa nchikota ndi mmadu di na ga-eme ka itule ike. Na November bịara ọbara agha Khorramshahr. N'okporo ámá ọgụ gara maka a ọnwa, mgbe ahụ Arab-isi usu-efu ụzọ na esemokwu. Site na njedebe, agha ghọrọ positional. Frontline kwụsịrị. Ma, ọ bụghị n'ihi na ogologo. Mgbe a mkpirikpi lull, na Iran-Iraq agha, ndị na-akpata nke gụnyere implacable ịkpọasị ndị ọzọ na-ọ bụla ọzọ, ka maliteghachiri.

Public mmegide ke Iran

Na February 1981, Iran-Iraq agha kpaliri a ọhụrụ ogbo, mgbe Iranians gbalịrị ijide mbụ counterattack. Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara ná njedebe odida - ọnwụ nke abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke pesonel. Nke a mere ka ihe tiri gbawara n'etiti na Iranian ọha mmadụ. Military megide ụkọchukwu bụ onye kweere na ndị ọrụ nche nye mba. Megide a ndabere, a chụpụrụ president Banisadr.

Ihe ọzọ bụ Ndị mmadụ Mujahedin nke Iran (MKO). Òtù ya chọrọ ike a Socialist Republic. Ha na-ulo oru ụjọ megide ọchịchị. Gburu ọhụrụ president Mohammed Radzhai na Prime Minister Mohammad Bahonar.

The mba ndị ndú, na rally gburugburu ayatollahs zara uka njide. Na njedebe, ọ ga na-ike, na-ebibi ndị okpuru.

Nnyonye anya ọzọ Middle East mba

Wee Iran Iraq agha, ugbu a, na-amụta na-atụghị anya. Israeli Air Force rụrụ ịwa "Opera". Ọ na-e-iji na mbibi nke "Osirak" nuclear center. Chernobyl zụrụ Iraq na France maka nnyocha. The Israel Air Force gburu mgbe Iraq na-kpam kpam adịghị atụ anya ka onye agha site n'azụ. Defense nwere ike ime ihe ọ bụla. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe a merenụ na-kpọmkwem emetụta N'ezie nke agha, ma Iraqi nuklia usoro a gbahapụrụ ọtụtụ afọ gara aga.

Ihe ọzọ bụ atọ ndị ọzọ nkwado maka Syria Iran. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ndị ọchịchị na Damascus anọwokwa Shia. Syria emechi pipeline si Iraq, nke weere ọnọdụ na ya n'ókèala. Ọ bụ a dị ike igbu ka aku na uba nke mba, t. Iji. Ọ bụ kpamkpam dabere na "nwa gold".

The ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha

Na 1982, ndị Iran-Iraq agha ọzọ kwagara n'ime ifịk na-adọ, mgbe Iranians were abụọ counterattack. Nke a oge ọ bụ ihe ịga nke ọma. Iraqis esiwo si Khorramshahr. Mgbe ahụ Ayatollah nyere ya udo okwu: na arụkwaghịm nke Hussein, ugwo nke reparations na nchoputa nke ndị na-akpata agha. Iraq jụrụ.

Mgbe ahụ Iranian agha n'ihi na oge mbụ gafere ókè nke ndị iro na-agbalị ime Basra (unsuccessfully). Na agha aka ruo ọkara nde mmadụ. The agha ịmịpụta na a remote marshland. Mgbe ahụ Iran ebubo Iraq nke na-eji iwu chemical ngwá agha (mustard gas). E nwere ihe gosiri na ihe dị otú teknụzụ ndị biiri tupu agha ahụ, ndị Western mba, gụnyere Germany. Na akụkụ ụfọdụ na-arụpụtara na US naanị.

Gas ọgụ bụ isiokwu nke uche pụrụ iche na nke ụwa media. Ugbua na njedebe nke ndị agha na 1988, e nwere a bọmbụ nke Kurdish obodo nke Halabja. Site na nke a oge e nwere nanị ndị nkịtị, esịnede ihe agbụrụ nta. Hussein were ọbọ na Kurds, onye ma-akwado site na Iran, ma jụrụ ibuso ya agha. Eji mustard gas, tabun na sarin - a umi na-eme ka ọnwụ.

The agha na ala na oké osimiri

Next Iranian iwe na Baghdad kwụsịrị 40 kilomita site na isi obodo. 120 puku ndị agha na e gburu na N'ezie nke a na nkedo. Na 1983, Iranian agha na nkwado nke Kurds wakporo n'ebe ugwu nke mba ahụ. Onye kasị ukwuu kenkwucha ihe ịga nke ọma na-enweta site na Shiites na 1986, mgbe Iraq Ọ fọrọ nke nta ebipụ oké osimiri n'ihi na ọnwụ nke-achịkwa ahụ dịịrị banye na mmiri FAO.

The agha na oké osimiri ka mere ka mbibi nke mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri tanker, gụnyere ndị ekesịpde mba ọzọ. Nke a kpaliri ike ụwa ime ihe ọ bụla iji kwụsị agha.

Ọtụtụ na-eche maka njedebe nke Iraq agha. US banyere agha mmiri na ndị Peshia Gulf, -eso ha mmiri tanker. Nke a mere ka clashes na Iranians. The kasị egwu ọdachi okuku nke a njem ugbo elu A300. Ọ bụ ihe Iranian airliner-efe efe si na Tehran ka Dubai. Ọ gbara ala n'elu Persian Gulf mgbe ọ chụọ n'ọrụ agha ugbo agha nke US Navy. Western ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere kwuru na ọ bụ ihe mberede ọjọọ, dị ka ụgbọelu kwuru emeghe maka ihe Iranian fighter.

N'otu oge ahụ na United States mebiri na asịrị mara dị ka Watergate, Iran ma ọ bụ na-Iran-Contra omume. Ọ mụtara na ụfọdụ akpa iwu kwadoro na ire ngwá agha na islam Republic. Iran mgbe ọ bụ embargoed, na ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị. -Etinye aka na mpụ pụtara Osote Odeakwụkwọ Ellot Abrams.

US megide Iran

Ke akpatre isua agha (1987-1988), Iran ọzọ gbalịrị weghara putara ighe mkpa mmiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Basra. Ọ bụ a sikwara ike njite iji kwụsị a ọbara mkpọsa, dị ka Iraq agha. Ihe mere na ọ ịbụwo na mba abụọ e okụre.

The Gulf War ọzọ metụtara US Navy. Nke a oge, ndị America kpebiri ọgụ Iran abụọ mmanụ nyiwe, nke e ji mee ihe dị a ikpo okwu maka ọgụ na-anọpụ iche ụgbọ mmiri. Ndị agha bụ idem Marines, ugbo elu ụgbọelu, nāpunara, na 4 tọn. D. The Iranians e meriri.

eme udo

Mgbe ahụ Ayatollah ghọtara na ọhụrụ mgbalị ka oge na agha ahụ bụ na-abaghị uru. Ọ hapụrụ Iraq agha. Weere na abụọ ndị buru ibu. Dị ka dị iche iche atụmatụ, ha dịrị n'agbata ọkara nde tara. Nke a na-eme ka agha otu n'ime isi agha nke nkera nke abụọ nke XX narị afọ.

Veterans nke agha Iraq jara Saddam, bụ onye e weere na onye nzọpụta nke mba. Ókè nke ala laghachi na mbụ. N'agbanyeghị oké ụjọ nke ndị nke ya, Saddam bụ site NATO na Warsaw mmeko, t. Iji. The ọchịchị ụwa achọghị agbasa Islam mgbanwe.