Kedu ihe usoro adiabatic?

Iji wuo igwe kwesiri ike ịrụ ọrụ site n'iji okpomọkụ, ọ dị mkpa ịmepụta ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Mbụ, okpomọkụ engine na-arụ ọrụ na a cyclic mode, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke consecutive thermodynamic Filiks ike a akaghị. N'ihi usoro ahụ, gas, nke a na-agbanye n'ime galọn nwere piston na-ebugharị, na-arụ ọrụ ya. Mana otu ugbochi maka igwe na-arụ ọrụ oge dị ntakịrị, ọ ghaghị ịrụ usoro oge na oge n'ime oge ụfọdụ. Ọrụ niile a rụrụ maka oge a na-ahụ maka eziokwu, nke ekewara site na oge, na-enye otu echiche dị mkpa - ike.

N'agbata narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, e kere ígwè ndị mbụ na-esi ike. Ha na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, mana ha na-eji nnukwu ọkụ, bụ nke a na-enweta site na ọkụ ọkụ. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ajụ ajụjụ: "Olee otú gas na-arụ ọrụ n'ime igwe ọkụ? Kedu otu esi enweta ihe kachasị na-arụ ọrụ na obere mmanụ ọkụ? "

Ịrụ analysis nke gas ọrụ , o nwere ịme a dum usoro nke ọkwụkwọ na echiche. Nkọwa nke okwu nile ma mepụta nduzi sayensị dum, nke a kpọrọ: "Nkà na ụzụ thermodynamics". Na thermodynamics, a nabatara ọtụtụ okwu, nke na-eme ka ọ ghara imebi nkwubi okwu. Ọrụ ahụ bụ gas ephemeral (ọ bụghị dị na okike), nke a ga-ejikọta ya na ụda olu, nke mkpụrụ ndụ ya adịghị emekọrịta ibe ha. Na eke na gburugburu ebe obibi-adị naanị ezigbo, haruru, nke nwere mma-kọwaa Njirimara indistinguishable si ezigbo gas.

Iji tụlee ụdị nke ihe dị iche iche nke mmiri na-arụ ọrụ, iwu nke thermodynamics e nyere ka ọ kọwapụta usoro mmezi ahụ, dịka:

• Usoro isochoric bụ usoro nke a na-arụ n'enweghị agbanwe agbanwe olu ọrụ ọrụ. Ọnọdụ nke isochoric usoro, v = const;
• Usoro nke isobar bụ usoro a na-eme n'enweghị mgbanwe nrụgide na-arụ ọrụ. Ọnọdụ nke isobaric usoro, P = const;
• Usoro nhazi (isothermal) bụ usoro a na-arụ mgbe ị na-echekwa ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na ọkwa. Ọnọdụ nke usoro isothermal, T = const;
• Usoro adiabatic (adiabatic, dị ka a na-akpọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ nke oge a) bụ usoro a rụrụ na mbara igwe n'enweghị mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọnọdụ nke usoro adiabatic, q = 0;
• Usoro ntinye nke kachasị bụ usoro kachasị anya nke na-akọwa ihe niile a na-ekwu na thermodynamic, dịka nke ọ bụla ndị ọzọ nwere ike iji mee ihe n'ime nnukwu cylinder na piston.

N'oge e kere ụgbọ ọkụ mbụ, anyị na-achọgharị usoro nke kachasị arụmọrụ (arụmọrụ) nwere ike nweta. Sadi Carnot, na-enyocha usoro dum nke thermodynamic, bịara na mmepe nke usoro ya, nweta aha ya - Carnot cycle. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ahụ mgbe nile, mgbe ahụ, adiabatic compression process. Ọrụ ahụ, mgbe ịmechara usoro ndị a, nwere nchekwa nke ike ime ụlọ, ma usoro ahụ erubeghị, ya mere onye ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-agbasawanye ma na-eme usoro mgbasawanye ahụ. Iji mezue okirikiri ma laghachi na mpaghara mbụ nke ahụ na-arụ ọrụ, a na-arụ ọrụ mgbasa ozi adiabatic.

Carnot gosipụtara na arụmọrụ nke usoro ya ruru n'ogo ma dabere nanị na okpomọkụ nke abụọ isotherm. Nke dị elu karịa ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha, nke dị elu karịa arụmọrụ ya. Mgbalị ịmepụta ihe na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ dị na Carnot ghara ịmalite. Nke a bụ usoro dị mma nke a na-apụghị ime. Ma, o mechara isi ụkpụrụ nke abụọ iwu nke thermodynamics, banyere na-apụghị ime nke na-a ọrụ, hà na-akwụ ụgwọ nke kwes ike. Awara ọtụtụ nkọwa maka iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics, nke dabeere na nke Rudolf Clausius gosipụtara echiche nke entropy. Ihe nghota nke nchoputa ya bu na entropy na abawanye uba, nke na - eduga na "onwu".

Ihe kacha mkpa nke Clausius bụ ịghọta ihe dị mkpa nke usoro adiabatic, mgbe a na-egbu ya, entropy nke arụ ọrụ adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Ya mere, usoro Claiaus adiabatic bụ s = const. Nke a bụ entropy, nke na-enye otu aha ọzọ na usoro a na-eme n'emeghị ya ma ọ bụ iwepụ okpomọkụ, usoro nhazi. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ nọ na-achọ maka usoro dị otú a nke igwe ọkụ, ebe ọ na-enweghị mmụba na entropy ga-eme. Ma, ọ dị mwute, ọ pụghị ịmepụta ihe dị otú ahụ. Ya mere, o wepụtara na a pụghị ịmepụta igwe ọkụ ma ọlị.

Ma, ọ bụghị ndị niile na-eme nchọpụta nwere obi ụtọ. Ha na-achọ ezigbo oge maka igwe ọkụ. N'ihi nyocha ha, Nikolaus August Otto kere usoro nke ọkụ ọkụ ya, bụ nke a na-ahụ ugbu a na mmanụ ụgbọ ala. N'ebe a, a na-arụ ọrụ mgbakwunye nke mgbatị nke mmiri na-arụ ọrụ ma na-etinye ọkụ ọkụ nke isochoric (ọkụ na-agba ọkụ mgbe niile), mgbe ahụ, mgbasawanye adiabat na-egosi (ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke na-amụbawanye olu ya) na iwepụ okpomọkụ nke isochoric. Ngwongwo mbu nke combustion n'ime Otto na-eji gas na-acho oku dika mmanu. Ọtụtụ mgbe e mesịrị, a na-emepụta carburettors, nke malitere ịmepụta ikuku nke ikuku na mmanụ ụgbọala na-emepụta mmanụ ụgbọala ma na-enye ha engine cylinder.

N'ime otto Otto, a na-ejikọta ngwakọta combustible, ya mere uru mkparịta ụka dị ntakịrị - ngwakọta combustible na-eme ka ọ kwụsị (gbawa mgbe nrụgide dị egwu na okpomọkụ dị). Ya mere, ọrụ n'okpuru usoro mkparịta ụka adiabatic dị obere. N'ebe a, a na-ebute otu echiche ọzọ: ogo nke mkpakọ bụ njedebe nke ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ezu na olu nke mkpakọ.

Nchọgharị maka ụzọ isi mee ka ike ịrụ ọrụ nke mmanụ nọgidere na-aga n'ihu. Enwere mmụba na arụmọrụ na mmụba na ogo nke mkpakọ. Rudolf dizel mepụtara ya okirikiri nke okpomọkụ ọkọnọ bụ rụrụ na mgbe nile nsogbu (na isobaric usoro). Mgbanwe ya mere ntọala maka engines na-eji mmanụ dizel (a na-akpọkwa ya mmanụ mmanu). N'ọnwụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ, ọ bụghị ngwakọta combustible ma ikuku na-ejikọta ya. Ya mere, ha na-ekwu na arụ ọrụ na usoro adiabatic. Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na nrụgide na njedebe nke mkpakọ ahụ dị elu, ya mere ndị injectors na-injected site na injectors. Ọ na-ejikọta na ikuku dị ọkụ, na-emepụta ngwakọta combustible. Ọ na-ere ọkụ, ebe ike nke ume ọrụ na-abawanye. Ọzọkwa, mmeba nke gas na-aga n'ihu na adiabat, a na-emekwa stroke ọrụ.

Mgbalị iji chọpụta mgbanwe nke Diesel na ígwè ọrụ ọkụ, ya mere, Gustav Trinkler kere usoro ọmụmụ nke Trinkler. A na eji ya na engines diesel taa. N'okpuru Trinkler, isochore na-enye okpomọkụ, mgbe ahụ site na isobar. Naanị mgbe ahụ ka mgbasawanye adiabatic nke onye na-arụ ọrụ na-eme.

Site n'iji ya na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-edozi ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ. Mana n'ime ha, usoro iwepụ ọkụ na-ekpochapụ mgbe ọ gasịchara mmụba nke gas na-emepụta site na isobar. N'elu ugbo elu na ikuku gas na turboprop engines, usoro adiabatic na-eme ugboro abuo: n'oge mkparita uka na mmeba.

Iji mee ka echiche niile nke usoro adiabatic kwenye, a kwadoro usoro nyocha. N'ebe a, e nwere otu ihe dị mkpa, nke a na - akpọ exponent adiabatic. Uru ya maka carbon diatomic (oxygen na nitrogen bụ ihe ndị bụ isi dị na ikuku) bụ 1.4. Iji gbakọọ ndepụta adiabatic, a na-eji àgwà abụọ ọzọ mara mma, ya bụ: ikebaric na isochoric okpomọkụ nke ike nke ọrụ. Ha ruru k = Cp / Cv - bụ adonbatic exponent.

Gini mere usoro adiabatic ji jiri usoro ihe omimi nke ihe eji eme ihe? N'ezie, a na-arụ ọrụ usoro polytropic, mana n'ihi na ha na-eme ngwa ngwa, a na-echekarị na ọ dịghị mgbanwe okpomọkụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.

90% nke ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta osisi ọkụ. N'ime ha, a na-eji mmiri vapo mee ihe dị ka mmiri na-arụ ọrụ. A na enweta ya site na mmiri esi mmiri. Iji mekwuo ikike ịrụ ọrụ nke steam, ọ na-ekpo ọkụ. Ekem, ke akwa mfịna, a na-enye steam na-ekpo ọkụ na steep turbine. N'ebe a kwa, usoro nke adiabatic nke na-ebuwanye ibu. A na-ebugharị turbine, a na-agafe ya na generator eletrik. Nke ahụ, n'aka nke ya, na-emepụta eletrik maka ndị na-azụ ahịa. Mkpụrụ vaịn steam na-arụ ọrụ n'usoro n'usoro Rankine. Dị ka o kwesịrị, mmụba na arụmọrụ jikọtara ya na mmụba nke okpomọkụ na nrụgide nke mmiri vapo.

Dị ka a na-ahụ site na ihe ndị a, usoro adiabatic bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mmepụta nke ume na ikuku.