Kolyma HPP: ọnọdụ, eke ọnọdụ, uru akụ na ụba. Kolyma hydropower osisi aha ya bụ YU Frishter

Gaa na ebe ndị a na-atụle otú ahụ a igwe - ahụ ga-esi atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu, ma na-ndị pụrụ iche na ihe isi ike na ụzọ na-atụ anya kwa anya Kolyma HPP. Merie narị ise kilomita site Magadan na Far North - adịghị mfe ọrụ.

Isi

Nke a na-ezo aka hydroelectric ike osisi nke PJSC "Kolymaenergo", nke, n'aka, bụ a enyemaka nke JSC "RusHydro". Kolymskaya HPP maka set of kwa bụ ihe pụrụ iche. Nke a abụghị nnọọ a ukwuu, na ike Ọdịdị.

Unique bụ tumadi n'ihi na Magadan Region na ike ya usoro a dịpụrụ adịpụ site na ike nke na ike usoro nke Russia, nakwa n'ihi na nke a bụ hydroelectric ike fọrọ nke nta niile dị mkpa ubi ike - 95% - enye onwe ha. A bụ isi iche - ya na ọnọdụ. The n'ọnụ nke permafrost bụ ndị mbụ na naanị. Kolyma HPP nwere kasị elu dam, na engine ụlọ na-emi odude n'okpuru ala. ọ bụ ike kacha ike n'etiti yiri oru ngo.

History nke e kere eke

Echiche banyere otú iji eke ike eruba nke Kolyma River ndị e tinye n'ihu na mmalite nke zitere nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ geologist Ascension. E nwere ọbụna gbuo ọtụtụ oru tupu mmalite nke Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya. Ọzọ, ikpe na-enweghị oge na-akpali. N'ịwa ọkụ eletrik ebe a nọgide jiri obodo coal. Laghachi oru nke mpaghara a nke chọrọ ihe, dị ka Kolyma HPP, ọ bịara na sixties, mgbe e merie post-agha Mbibi na mmeri nke uwa malitere. Na June 1964, anyị mere ka a topographical égbè ndị a nile na ebe, na na 1965 bịara ebe a na a otu nke Minista Energy nke haịdrọlik injinia.

Results nke njem a, na-eje ozi dị ka mkpebi nke nnyocha e mere na-arụ ọrụ na saịtị nke itinye n'ọnọdụ nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu hydroelectric ike. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-niile mere, Magadan Region, were ìgwè mbụ nke haịdrọlik injinia-enyocha. Na December nke ndị na-esonụ afọ sonyeere mmepe nke oru ngo, na 1967 malitere na saịtị nke mgbagwoju nnyocha. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na oru ngo "Lengidroproekt", na ebe nke iri na atọ njem enyoba lekwasịrị a alụmdi. Na November 1969, na mmalite nke ya adị ndị na-ewu management nzukọ "Kolymagesstroy" ke "Vilyuygesstroya". Mgbe ọnwa ole na ole na USSR State Planning Committee aha nke na-arụ ọrụ na tupu ndị na-ewu e meghere. Na nkenke, na 1970, ndị hydroelectric ike ojii na River Kolyma amalitelarị ya adị - ma n'ụdị ewu.

mbido

Na February 1970, akpa ụgbọala na-adọkpụ site Yakutia lekwasịrị ebe e zigara, na March ewu na ngwá bịarutere. Anya si n'ebe ndị dị otú ahụ na izu abụọ na ụzọ - nke a bụ nkịtị, dị anya site na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ bụ Kolyma HPP. Natural ọnọdụ dị oke pụrụ iche - na permafrost, n'Ebe North. Ndị mmadụ na technology na-abịa bụghị naanị site Yakutia, kamakwa site Magadan n'ime obodo Uptar ha cheere ruo a n'ụzọ isi - akpa n'elu ikpo okwu na-ewu. Nke mbụ, ọ dị mkpa na-ewu ụlọ na-arụ ọrụ na-ewu okporo ụzọ na ndị ọzọ nke akụrụngwa. Ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na hydroelectric ezere hassle nke ndị dị otú a plan, na Kolyma hydroelectric ike osisi bụ na-aga n'ụzọ nile efu. Nke a abụghị dam na ụlọikwuu ndị a chọrọ ndị (ihu igwe abụghị a tent!), E wuru nchekwa ọnụ, ohere ụzọ, ụlọ na sockultbit.

N'ihi ya, e mmezi hydrobuilders Sinegorye na abụọ-akụkọ ụlọ mere nke ibé, mgbe nke aluminum ogwe, mara mma na mma-nọgidere na-enwe, na a akwụkwọ, a ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, ụlọ ahịa na ulo omenala. Ọ ga-echeta na ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị nnọọ aka ike, na permafrost agaghị ekwe omume na-ewu ụlọ na ntọala na-ewu ụlọ nke ọ bụla size na-mgbe wuru na stilts. Summer nwayọọ, mgbe ụfọdụ, na-ekpo ọkụ, n'elu oyi akwa na-agbaze n'ala, ntọala floats. Ọfọn, oyi bụ mwepu iri isii na abụọ degrees Celsius - nkịtị okpomọkụ, anaghị dịkwuo ọtụtụ izu. Heating oge na Far North dịruru a kacha nta nke abụọ na narị abụọ na iri asaa na ụbọchị, mgbe - ọzọ. Ma mba ahụ nọ nnọọ mkpa nke ukwuu Kolyma HPP, ya aku na uba mkpa bụ nnukwu.

isi ụlọ ọrụ

Na June 1974, enye ama akpa ịwụ n'ụwa. Ya mere, o wee malite iwu dam. Kolyma HPP e wuru n'out oge na mmezi hydrobuilders ọzọ afọ abụọ, na n'ikpeazụ, na 1976, ụlọ a bụ All-Union ujo. Abụọ na ọkara puku nke kasị mma Komsomol obodo wee Kolyma iche iche. Na 1980, bụ osimiri na-egbochi na saịtị nke hydroelectric ike, na n'oge na-adịghị mbụ haịdrọlik unit esesịn a nwalere. A ngụkọta nke ise, nke ikpeazụ n'ime ọrụ naanị na 1995. Na 2010, hydroelectric ike bịara mara dị ka "Kolyma HPP aha ya bụ Frishter yi" - aha-ya mgbe mbụ director na-ewu ụlọ faili.

hydroelectric ewu - a dị ike dam elu-mgbali HPP: nkume rijuru afọ dam, ala ụlọ mmiri intakes, PTC na ISG (ulo oru-nkà na ụzụ mgbagwoju na a mechiri emechi nkesa ngwaọrụ) spillway. Nwa Oge na-adịgide adịgide ala nrụnye ebe a na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu, na ha ogologo bụ n'elu asaa kilomita, na ego nke vylomki - 425 000 square mita. Na-ekwe nkwa hydroelectric ike - 224 megawatts, na arụnyere - 900, na nkezi, site na 3.325 ijeri kWh nke eletrik kwa afo.

osimiri

Hydroelectric ike osisi wuru n'ebe dị anya site n'ọnụ - 1854 km Kolyma ka mmiri na-asọ oké osimiri. E nwere ndị dị nnukwu Kolyma mbata, nke na-ugbu a idei mmiri na-esite. The ndagwurugwu Kolyma River n'ebe a ukwuu mkpafa, kpụrụ akpiri na nnọọ ná mkpọda ugwu. N'ihi na ike, mpịakọta na-buru oke ibu. Ọbụna mgbe okpomọkụ nakwa n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ idei mmiri na-agwụ agwụ, HPS akwado dumping mmiri larịị. N'ihi ya agbatiri nnyefe site osimiri. Hydroelectric ike ọ gaghị anọ naanị - Kolyma HPP cascade mejupụtara abụọ ụgbọ. Nke a hydroelectric ike ojii - elu ogbo nke cascade. Na iwebata nke Ust-Srednekanskaya nwere ike n'ụzọ zuru ezu mezie navigability nke Kolyma River, na ụdịdị nke ime nke Kolyma HPP ga-enwe ihe mgbochi. Ugbu a abụghị ikpe. Onye ọ bụla mmiri orùrù-agwụ a oké ọrụ nke ike n'ikpere mmiri na n'ala oké osimiri. Nke a bụ n'ihi na-anaghị emezi emezi ime ọtụtụ ugboro karịa ọ e gbakọọ, na spillway ogologo na-arụ ọrụ.

All iso nke hydroelectric dams na ọdọ. Ebe osimiri na-achọ ihe abụọ: ihe zuru nkwa afọ-gburugburu mmiri nnweta na ezi mkpọda. Hydro na-emekarị odude ebe ndagwurugwu-view nke chakoo. Kolyma - ọ bụ a osimiri, ya e wuru na ndagwurugwu Kolyma HPP. Sinegorye - mmezi nke Power - bụ naanị narị ise kilomita site Magadan. Eleghị anya, na-adịdebeghị mmiri na ọ bụ obere - 3-4 awa ụgbọala. North anaghị amasị mgbe ndị mmadụ na-guessing ụzọ maka a mgbe. E nwere ike ịbụ na ihe nile iri atọ awa gaa mpaghara etiti, ma ka obi ụtọ na ngwa ngwa na-enweghị achọghị njem. Ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-aga ogologo tinyere Kolyma abụọ na narị abụọ kilomita, na ụzọ ga-ada nke abụọ (na ikpeazụ) cascade - Ust-Srednekanskaya. Ebe a, ihe na ụrọ dam a na-wuru na kacha dịrị warara nke ndagwurugwu.

parameters

Kolyma hydroelectric ike ebe e wuru na nkebi abụọ: nke mbụ, wuru ciment veranda isi na-adịru nwa dams, spillways, oriri ọwa na tunnels, culverts, akụkụ nke PTK ụlọ, na kọmputa ụlọ na atọ nkeji na a gụnyere na-ebelata nrụgide, na nke abụọ ogbo nke ofu isi dam e wuru , a spillway, oriri na n'ụzọ zuru ezu HPP ụlọ. Otu narị na iri atọ na anọ na ọkara mita - elu nke dam na kacha, nke di n'etiti nnukwu ala ya - kasị elu ná mba ahụ. Ogologo-ya, anya isi na riiji, 683 mita, obosara - 15. n'elu na n'okpuru - nzube bụ isi nkume konkiri prism ndepụta impervious isi ala (aja loam), nzacha mere nke ájá na gravel prisms mere ndokwa n'etiti abutment na isi.

Spillway fọrọ n'akụkụ ụlọ, ọ na-mere nke ihe dị ka a trohprolotny spillway chutes na-agwụcha jumps. Onye ọ bụla trinadtsatimetrovy iri-na-mita na-adịru overlaps shutter. Bilie na-ada shutters winches, onye ọ bụla nke nwere ike bulie abụọ na narị abụọ tọn ọ bụla n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị oké ọnụ ahịa abụọ. Kolyma esite (ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, dị ka ọ mara na mpaghara) 6 kilomita n'obosara na 148 n'ogologo, ya ebe - 441 square km, kacha omimi - 120 mita. Jupụta na mmiri ebe ọ bụ na 1980, usoro kere afọ asatọ. Dị ka mgbe niile na-eme na-ewu hydropower osisi, idei mmiri a otutu ala oru ubi. Ebe a, na Kolyma, na ịta ahịhịa na ọka n'ubi-adịghị, n'ezie. Ma niile ụlọ kpaliri - ha oké ọnụ ebe a. Sea ndị mmadụ n'anya: na ya enwetaghị grayling, whitefish, Lenca, burbot, na ọtụtụ dị iche iche nke ndị ọzọ ezi azu.

More banyere eke ọnọdụ

All-Union ụlọ mere ịmụta nke a kpam kpam n'enweghị onye bi na na kewapụrụ ụwa chakoo. Kolyma okporo ụzọ, nke bụ kacha nso n'okporo ụzọ, dị iri anọ kilomita, nke bụ nke ukwuu maka ọnọdụ nke Far North. Stoke na Kolyma, dị ka ihe niile nke ebe ugwu osimiri, n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama mkpumkpu. The kasị ibu bụ na n'oge okpomọkụ nakwa n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ idei mmiri abụọ ebili mmiri - spring (elu na June) na udu (August na September). Na-ekpo ọkụ oge na gbatịrị n'ụzọ dum eruba - na 97 percent.

Na oyi na ọ bụ, n'ezie, ọ fọrọ nke nta aṅacha pụọ: osimiri na-oyi kpọnwụrụ na mmalite nke October, na na meghere kwupụta ọgwụgwụ nke May, n'oge a na-mmiri oriri tụlee 3 cubic mita kwa nke abụọ. A ogologo oge kefriza - site na 200 na 270 ụbọchị otu afọ. The winters dị nnọọ oyi, njupụta nke okpomọkụ fluctuations nke iri itoolu na asatọ degrees nke afọ! Nke ahụ bụ, na oyi -62 (kacha nta okpomọkụ), na na okpomọkụ +36 (kacha). Ebe a mgbe niile na-afụ ifufe, karịsịa n'oge oyi, ha na-ike, na mwepu na iri isii na ọ na-eme ka ihu igwe abụghị nnọọ ihe siri ike, ma ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta egwu. The ebe bụkwa a ukwuu seysmichen - asaa ihe (MSK-64 ọnụ ọgụgụ).

Sinegorye

Nso hydroelectric toro obodo. The eke ọ bụ mfe. Mgbe a ojii ka na-ewu, e nwere ihe karịrị 17 puku ndị mmadụ (na-echeta na nke ikpeazụ - ise - na unit ghọrọ arụmọrụ na 1995), mgbe ahụ, n'ihi na otú ọtụtụ ndị na-ebe a dị nnọọ enweghị a ọrụ. Sinegorye ngwa ngwa nsị, ndị mmadụ na-ahapụ ka ndị ọzọ ebe, ka ndị ọzọ na-ewu oru ma ọ bụ na-adịdebeghị mmiri. N'oge, dum bi na nke Sinegorye ọ dịghị ihe karịrị puku mmadụ abụọ na ndị mmadụ. Nke a hydroelectric ike ojii na-eje ozi na-arụ ọrụ, ọrụ nke electric na ala ọrụ. Ọnụ na ndị bi Sinegorye ekpe na ndokwa nke na-elekọta mmadụ uru.

Ihe niile e ngwa ngwa-agwụ: ike, muta, omenala. Naanị-egwu mmiri dị ruo ugbu a. The ike nke ibu-ọgaranya egwuregwu ahụ - fọrọ nke nta n'ebe ahụ. Otu ọnọdụ fọrọ nke nta n'ebe nile. Ma nke a region a chọrọ ịzụlite, ọ bụla ikpe agaghị efu ugbua wuru. Olee otú ọtụtụ ụlọ bụ ugbu a efu na Sinegorye! Ha niile a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ. Ọbụna e nwere ajụjụ ọ bụla banyere nke ahụ, gịnị mere na-ebi ebe a. Ee, obodo subsoil jupụtara ore - ígwè na uranium, tin, platinum, gold ... Kolyma HPP n'ihi nzube a na wuru - ịzụlite nkwụnye ego.

Olee otú ọ na e mere

Mgbe dị anya 30s nke obodo akụ na ụba na-enyoba, o doro anya na ọ dị mkpa oké ọnụ ma dị ike ike isi. Permafrost, ike ihu igwe na-eme ka ọrụ karịsịa na-ewe oge na oke ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, kpaliri n'ihu. E mere mgbagwoju anya mgbawa na nnyocha mgbe ị na-ahọrọ a ụdị dam, anyị hụrụ ihe ndị kasị ezigbo ọnọdụ maka itinye n'ọnọdụ. Mere a ezigbo preparatory ọrụ, na ebe a - GES guzo mara mma. Ihe nile "nditịm site iwu," dị ka ha na-ekwu na ndị a n'akụkụ. Na nke a, a echiche - terroformirovanie. Ọ bụrụ na usoro a na-ada ruo ọgwụgwụ, ọ na-eduga a zuru ụwa ọnụ reorganization nke mbara ala na-agbanwe ọdịdị ya, gburugburu ebe obibi na idụhe. Ihe yiri nke ahụ e mere na Kolyma HPP.

a dị ike na ulo oru na mpaghara, duziri ụzọ e kere, guzosie ike a dịgasị iche iche nke mmepụta. Anyị chọpụtara na mepụtara a ọrụ na-emepụta na-ewu ihe: ájá, nkume, ụrọ, gypsum. Na ole technology ogidi si n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Magadan! Ọ na-arụ ọrụ kasị dị ike ugbo ala - kpofuru BelAZ, KrAZ, KamAZ, jiri nwayọọ ebe a trailers na-egwupụta, bulldozers, traktọ. Mgbe niile, ọ dị mkpa iji mee ka dị nnọọ banyere ihe ọ bụla, ebe a bụ ebe efu, na anụ ma ọ bụ obere shurupchika ịchọta, ka naanị multi-ton transformer na tobaim hydrogenerator. Ohere iko, uwe, ngwá ụlọ, nri na cranes - ọ napụtara n'okporo ụzọ na anya ala.

feat

Kolyma, dị ka a mma, bee site na riiji Cherskogo, nkerisi ya abụọ nnukwu konkiri ubu, nke ugbu a dị mkpa ka a kwadebere - ka mmezi ma dị ọcha, n'ihi na ọ bụ ebe a na ihe karịrị oge a tọrọ a nnukwu aak nke dam. Industrial Area esesịn ekwe ka emeghe mmepụta, na ihe mbụ mkpa ihe owuwu. Egwupụta n'ụzọ nkịtị-ata n'ime ndị gba ọtọ na ala nke osimiri, bụ ebe a na-akwadebe a maka ebe isi nke dam. Arụ ọrụ mmepụta mountaineers, agba mgbidi itinye n'ọnọdụ, na-aga miri n'ime ugwu, igbute konkiri, drifters Brigade. Mita site mita penetrated tunnels culverts. N'otu ụzọ ahụ na a nkume chịngọm ná ntutu isi a nnukwu ohere maka igwe na nkeji HPP.

Mmiri e gbochiri egbochi bụ ebe a - nanị onye na ụwa, n'ihi na ha amaghị otú ogologo na-eme ya na permafrost. A na-aga n'ihu yinye gwongworo wee si Magadan, na Sinegorye me ihe karịrị otu puku tọn cement kwa ụbọchị naanị. Nke a oyi, ndị kasị ndị kasị oké frosts, nke adị na planet. Na okpomọkụ na e nweghị ụzọ. Ya mere - site na snow drifts, n'imeri osimiri na iyi, ngwa otú ahụ, na n'ezie ike na-ifriizi na iri isii degrees, na-edu ya ụgbọala na-adọkpụ na-arọ (ihe karịrị 170 tọn) na mgbe oversized ibu. The ugwu na-aga, na-amị amị mkpọda. Mgbe niile, ọ bụ ihe niile n'ihi ndị dị otú ahụ a nnukwu ihe mgbaru ọsọ! Ọ bụ a feat.