Kyuri Per: ọkà mmụta sayensị rụzuru. Nobel Nrite maka physics, Pierre na Marii Kyuri

Per Kyuri (May 15, 1859 - April 19, 1906) bụ a French physics, a ọsụ ụzọ na crystallography, ndọta, piezoelectricity na radioactivity.

ịga nke ọma akụkọ

Tupu o sonyeere nnyocha nke nwunye ya - Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Per Kyuri ama a maara na-akwanyere ùgwù na ụwa nke physics. Ọnụ ya na nwanne ya Jacques, ọ chọpụtara onu nke piezoelectricity, ebe crystal nwere ike ịbụ electrically ekewasị, na mepụtakwara na quartz akpịrịkpa. Ọrụ ya na symmetry nke kristal na Nchoputa na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndọta na okpomọkụ na-e kwadoro na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Ọ na-akọrọ ndị Nobel Nrite na 1903 na physics na Anri Bekkerelem na nwunye ya Mariey Kyuri.

Pierre na nwunye ya na-egwuri a isi ọrụ na nchọpụta nke radium na polonium, bekee nwere a ịrịba mmetụta na ndi mmadu na uru na nuclear Njirimara. Alụmdi na nwunye ha tọrọ ntọala na nkà mmụta sayensị usoro ndị eze: ụmụ na ụmụ ụmụ nke ama ama physics na-aghọkwa maara nke ọma ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Marie na Per Kyuri: A Biography

Pierre A mụrụ Paris, France, na ndị ezinụlọ Sophie-Kler Depui, nwa-nwayi a factory nwe, na Dr. Eugene Curie, freethinking dibịa. Ya na Nna ya na-akwado ndị ezinụlọ umeala ọgwụ omume, n'out oge ka afọ ju ya ịhụnanya nke sayensị. Ezhen Kyuri bụ Idealist na ezigbo onye Republican, na tọrọ ntọala a ọgwụ maka merụọ n'oge mmekota nke 1871.

Pierre natara ya tupu mahadum n'ụlọ. Ọ na-akụzi mbụ site nne ya, na mgbe ahụ na - na nna na ndị okenye nwanne, Jacques. Ọ mmasị karịsịa njem mmụta obodo, ebe Pierre nwere ike na-edebe ihe na-amụta banyere osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ, na-emepe emepe a ịhụnanya nke okike, ẹnịm ke ndụ ya, nke bụ naanị ya ntụrụndụ na ntụrụndụ mgbe gị ụdi na nkà mmụta sayensị ọrụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 14, o gosiri ike ịkwụsị ka anara sayensị na malitere ịmụ na a prọfesọ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ, bụ onye nyeere ya aka ịzụlite ya onyinye a ịdọ aka ná ntị, karịsịa gbasara ohere onodi.

Curie nwata na-ele nwere ekenịmde nna-ya, na hụrụ a penchant maka ibuo ọmụmụ.

Of pharmacists na Physics

Pierre ihe ọmụma na ubi nke physics na mgbakọ na mwepụ kpọrọ ya 1875. Bachelor nke Science ogo na afọ iri na isi.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ 18, o nwetara ihe Ẹkot ogo na Sorbonne, a makwaara dị ka University of Paris, ma ozugbo banyere doctoral omume n'ihi enweghị ego. Kama, o jere ozi dị ka a laabu nnyemaaka ke ya Alma mater na 1878, na-aghọ otu nnyemaaka Paul Desena, maka ime nnyocha na-arụ ọrụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ-physics. Mgbe nwanne ya Jacques na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ime nnyocha nke mineralogy na Sorbonne, ha wee malite a na-arụpụta oge nke afọ ise nke nkà mmụta sayensị na mmekota.

ihe ịga nke ọma n'alụmdi na nwunye

Na 1894, Pierre zutere ya ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na nwunye - Mariey Sklodovskoy, bụ ndị nyochara physics na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Sorbonne, na nwunye ya July 25, 1895, ebe mere a mfe obodo agbamakwụkwọ na ememe. Natara dị ka a onyinye agbamakwụkwọ ego Maria eji maka zuo nke abụọ ịnyịnya ígwè, nke di na nwunye ahụ mere a agbamakwụkwọ njem gaa French anāchi achi, na ndi nọ ha bụ isi n'aka ntụrụndụ maka ọtụtụ afọ. Na 1897 ha nwere a nwa, na a ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị, Pierre nne nwụrụ. Dr. Curie kwagara-eto eto di na nwunye na nyeere na-elekọta m nwa nwa, Iren Kyuri.

Pierre na Marie mikpuru onwe nkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ. Ha kwuru na ọ bụ polonium na radium, bụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ na-amụ radioactivity na bụ nke mbụ na-eji nke a okwu. N'ọrụ ya, gụnyere ma ama doctoral tesis Maria, ha na-eji data site na a mwute piezoelectric electrometer, kere site Pierre na nwanne ya nwoke Jacques.

Per Kyuri: A Biography nke ọkà mmụta sayensị

Na 1880, ya na nwanne Jacques gosiri na mkpakọ nke crystal ihe electric nwere, piezoelectricity. Ikebịghike (na 1881 a afọ) e gosiri na-abụghị mmetụta: na kristal nwere ike nkwarụ site electric ubi. Fọrọ nke nta niile digital electronics taa iji nke a onu na ụdị nke crystal oscillators.

Tupu ya a ma ama doctoral tesis on ndọta maka atụ magnetik ọnụọgụ French physics azụlitewo na okè nnọọ mwute torsion itule. Ha mgbanwe e ji na-agbaso site na-eme nnyocha a na ubi.

Pierre mụọ ferromagnetism, paramagnetism na diamagnetism. Ọ chọpụtara na kọwara na nduzi nke a umi ike nke na a na-magnetized site na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, maara taa dị ka Curie iwu. The mgbe nile na iwu a na-akpọ Curie mgbe nile. Pierre nwekwara chọpụtara na ferromagnetic bekee nwere a dị oké egwu okpomọkụ nke mgbanwe, n'elu nke ha atụfu ya ferromagnetic Njirimara. Nke a na onu a na-akpọ Curie ebe.

A ụkpụrụ nke chepụtara Per Kyuri, ozizi nke symmetry, bụ na anụ ahụ pụrụ ime ka asymmetry, enweghị ọ na-akpata. Dị ka ihe atụ, a random ngwakọta nke ájá na weightlessness asymmetry nwere dịghị (ájá bụ isotropic). N'okpuru nduzi nke ike ndọda ruru ka asymmetry nke ubi direction na-ebilite. Grits "ota" na njupụta, nke enwekwu na omimi. Ma nke a ọhụrụ urughuru eduzi interposition ájá n'ezie egosiputa asymmetry nke ndọda ubi, na-eme nkewa.

radioactivity

Pierre et Marie nke radioactivity ọrụ dabere na-arụpụta nke X-ụzarị na Anri Bekkerelya. Na 1898, mgbe ọtụtụ nchọpụta, ha chọpụtara polonium na a ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị - radium, allocating 1 g nke a chemical mmewere nke uraninite. Ke adianade do, ha hụrụ na beta ụzarị na-ezighị ezi na ebubo ahụ.

Oghere nke Pierre na Marii Kyuri achọ mgbalị. Ọ bụghị ego na-ezuru, na ịzọpụta na njem na-akwụ ụgwọ, na-arụ ọrụ ha biked. N'ezie, onye nkụzi ụgwọ bụ ntakiri, ma di na nwunye ahụ nọ na-ọkà mmụta sayensị na-etinye oge ha na ego iji chọpụta.

The chọpụtara nke polonium

Ihe nzuzo nke ịga nke ọma ha na-etinye Nku Curie ọhụrụ usoro nke chemical analysis, dabere n'ezi n'ihe nke radieshon. Onye ọ bụla umi e enịm na otu n'ime efere nke capacitor, na ihe electrometer eji a piezoelectric quartz na tụrụ ikuku conductivity. Nke a buru ibu bụ proportional ka ọdịnaya nke nọ n'ọrụ umi dị ka uranium ma ọ bụ thorium.

Di na nwunye enyocha a ukwuu nke na njikọ nke fọrọ nke nta niile mara ọcha ma chọpụta na naanị uranium na thorium bụ redioaktivu. O sina dị, ha kpebiri tụọ radieshon enwupụta na ores nke na-amịpụtara uranium na thorium, dị ka halkolit na uraninite. Ore gosiri ọrụ na 2.5 ugboro ukwuu karịa nke uranium. Mgbe ọgwụgwọ na ihe acid fọduru, na hydrogen sulfide, ha chọpụtara na-arụsi ọrụ ike umi ke niile Jeremaya so bismuth. O sina dị, ha na-egosipụta a ele mmadụ anya n'ihu nkewa, na-ekwu na bismuth sulfide bụ obere obodo karịa sulfide bụ ọhụrụ mmewere, nke ha aha ya bụ polonium na nsọpụrụ nke Marii Kyuri n'ala nna nke Poland.

Radium, radieshon, na Nobel Nrite

December 26, 1898 na Jacques Curie Bemoni, isi nke nnyocha na "Municipal School of Industrial Physics na Chemistry", na ya akụkọ ya na Academy nke Sciences mara ọkwa na nchọpụta nke a ọhụrụ mmewere, nke ha aha ya bụ radium.

French physics, tinyere otu nke ya ụmụ akwụkwọ maka oge mbụ kpughere ike nke atọm, ịchọta a na-aga n'ihu okpomọkụ ụzarị ọkụ ahụ chọtara ọhụrụ mmewere. Ọ na-nyochaworo na ụzarị ọkụ nke redioaktivu bekee, na na-enyemaka nke magnetik ubi, ọ bụ ike ikpebi na ụfọdụ ndị enwupụta ahụ na-ghaghị ebubo, ndị ọzọ na - na na-adịghị mma, ma ndị ọzọ na-anọpụ iche. Ya mere chọpụtara Alfa, beta na gamma radieshon.

Curie-akọrọ ndị Nobel chọr'inwe na Physics na 1903 ya na nwunye ya na Anri Bekkerelem. Ọ e ọdịda na ude nke pụrụ iche ọrụ ha sụgharịrị ha researches radieshon phenomena chọpụtara site Prọfesọ Becquerel.

adịbeghị anya

Per Kyuri, onye nchoputa ibido na-adịghị ọtụtụ ndị nakweere na France, nke ekweghị ka ọ na-oche nke anụ ahụ onwu na mineralogy na Sorbonne, gara Geneva. The aga ịgbanwe ihe na ike ga-kọwara ya leftist echiche na nghọtahie n'elu atumatu nke atọ Republic na mmekọrita sayensị. Mgbe ya candidacy jụrụ ya ajụ na 1902, na 1905 ọ nọ na-kwetara na Academy.

Ugwu nke Nobel chọr'inwe kpaliri French nzuko omeiwu na 1904 ka a ọhụrụ professorship maka Curie na Sorbonne. Pierre kwuru na ya ghara ịnọgide School of Physics, mgbe ọ na-agaghị n'ụzọ zuru ezu ego site laabu na ndị dị mkpa ọgụgụ nke na-enyere aka. Ya ina zutere, na Mary gawa ya laabu.

Site na mmalite nke 1906 Per Kyuri dị njikere, n'ikpeazụ, na nke mbụ na-amalite ọrụ na kwesịrị ekwesị ọnọdụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ na-arịa ọrịa na nnọọ ike gwụrụ.

April 19, 1906 na Paris, n'oge nri ehihie, na-aga site na a nzukọ na ibe na Sorbonne, agafe na-amị amị site na mmiri ozuzo Rue Dauphine Curie echefuwo n'ihu ịnyịnya e ji ebu ihe. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nwụrụ n'ihe ọghọm. Ya nnwụchu ọnwụ, ọ bụ ezie ọdachi, Otú ọ dị, nyeere ya aka iji gbanahụ ọnwụ si eziokwu na Per Kyuri chọpụtara - radieshon ikpughe, na mgbe e mesịrị gbuo nwunye ya. Di na nwunye na-eli na crypt nke arụsị na Paris.

Ihe nketa nke na-ọkà mmụta sayensị

The radioactivity nke radium-eme ka ọ na-nnọọ ize ndụ chemical mmewere. Ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na ọ bụ nanị mgbe ojiji nke umi ìhè dials, ogwe, clocks, na ndị ọzọ na ngwá ná mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ malitere inwe mmetụta na ahụ ike nke technicians na-azụ. Otú ọ dị, radium chloride na-eji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke cancer.

Polonium natara a dịgasị iche iche nke ndị bara uru ngwa na ọrụ mmepụta ihe na nuclear ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ na-amara na-adị nnọọ na-egbu egbu na ike ga-eji dị ka a nsi. Ikekwe, ihe kasị mkpa bụ na ya iji dị ka a neutron fuuz maka ngwá agha nuklia.

Na nsọpụrụ nke Pierre Curie na Radiology Congress na 1910 mgbe ọnwụ nke Physics e aha unit nke radioactivity hà 3.7 x 10 ¹⁰ disintegrations kwa abụọ ma ọ bụ 37 gigabecquerels.

Science usoro

Ụmụ na ụmụ ụmụ nke physics na-aghọkwa ndị a ma ama ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Nwa ha nwaanyị, Irène ndọ Frederika Zholio na 1935, ọnụ ha natara na Nobel chọr'inwe na onwu. The tọrọ nwa Eva, a mụrụ na 1904, lụrụ a na-American diplomaati na director nke UN Ụmụaka Fund. Ọ bụ ya bụ akwụkwọ nke biography nke nne ya, "Madame Curie" (1938), sụgharịa ọtụtụ asụsụ.

Nwa nwa - Helene Langevin-Joliot - ghọrọ a prọfesọ nke nuclear physics na Mahadum nke Paris, na nwa nwa ya - Pierre Joliot-Curie na aha ya bụ na nsọpụrụ nke nna nna ya - a maara nke ọma biochemist.