Le Chatelier si ụkpụrụ: a na nkà mmụta sayensị itunanya nke narị afọ nke 18

Eziokwu nke ịdị adị nke Le Chatelier si ụkpụrụ, ọtụtụ maara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ma ole na ole na-aghọta na nwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpọmkwem bụ maara nke ọma edumbet.

French ọkà mmụta sayensị gwara ụwa banyere ike ịha nke iwu na 1884. Maka njedebe nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ, ndị chọpụtara dị nnọọ mkpa na ozugbo dọtara uche nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Ma n'ihi na enweghị nke mba na nkà mmụta sayensị imekọ ihe ọnụ na a ọkara narị afọ gara aga, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ihe itunanya nke Le Chatelier maara obodo ya. Na 1887, ndị Ndahie nke chemical ịha na mpụga ọnọdụ mgbanwe, kwuru na German ọkà mmụta sayensị Karl Ferdinand Braun, onwe ha chọpụtara otu ihe ahụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị iwu, dị ka n'okpuru-briefed na French Open. Ọ bụghị site na oge, ụkpụrụ a na-ezo dị ka ụkpụrụ nke Le Chatelier - Brown.

Ya mere, ihe bụ ụkpụrụ nke Le Chatelier?

a usoro na ịha bụ mgbe nkọ na-ya nguzo na ịgbagha mpụga agha, ihe na ọnọdụ. A na-achị na-emetụta ọ bụla usoro na maka ihe ọ bụla Filiks: chemical, eletriki, n'ibu, kwes. Of akpan akpan bara uru nke Le Chatelier si ụkpụrụ bụ reversible chemical Jeremaya mere.

Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na mmeghachi omume ọnụego bụ kpọmkwem dabere na ụdị mmeghachi omume site thermal mmetụta. Na-amụba okpomọkụ hụrụ ịha mgbanwe kwupụta endothermic mmeghachi omume. Ẹsụhọde okpomọkụ, karị, na-eduga ná a mgbanwe nke chemical ịha kwupụta exothermic mmeghachi omume. Ihe kpatara nke a na-hụrụ na eziokwu na n'oge ọgwụ usoro nke ịha mpụga agha ya n'ime a kwuo obere dabere na mpụga ihe. Aṅụrụma nke endothermic na exothermic Filiks nke ala nke ịha kwupụtara site van't Hoff:

V2 n'ụlọ ọrụ = bọmbụ V1 * y (T2-T1) / 10

ebe V2 n'ụlọ ọrụ - bụ na chemical mmeghachi omume ọnụego na gbanwere agbanwe okpomọkụ, bọmbụ V1 - mmeghachi omume mbụ ike ọsọ, y - egosi nke okpomọkụ dị iche.

Swedish ọkà mmụta sayensị Arrhenius ewepụtara a usoro exponential na nduzi nke mmeghachi omume ọnụego ya na okpomọkụ.

K = A • e (-E (RT)), ebe E - ebighị ike, R - eluigwe na ala gas mgbe nile, T- okpomọkụ na usoro. The uru A bụ mgbe nile.

Dị ka nsogbu na-abawanye hụrụ chemical ịha nnofega ke direction ebe bekee weghara obere olu. Ọ bụrụ na olu nke na-amalite ihe ọzọ vesos mmeghachi omume na ngwaahịa, ịha na-gbanwere n'ebe amalite mmiri. Ntem, ọ bụrụ na olu karịa olu nke mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa nke reactants, na ịha na-gbanwere kwupụta dapụtara chemical ogige. Ọ na-na-eche na onye ọ bụla ahumachi nke gas enyene otu olu n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ. Ma mgbanwe mgbali na usoro ọ bụghị mgbe nile emetụta chemical itule. Le Chatelier si ụkpụrụ na-egosi na mgbakwunye mmeghachi omume na ihe inert gas agbanwe mgbali, ma usoro bụ na ịha. Na nke a bụ mmeghachi omume budata naanị nke ihe na-na-metụtara na reactants (helium nwere dịghị free electrons, ọ na-adịghị eme na bekee na usoro).

Mgbakwunye na mmeghachi omume a ụfọdụ ego nke a umi na-eduga ná a mgbanwe nke ịha n'akụkụ nke usoro ebe a umi na-aghọ obere.

Ịha-akpa ike. Ọ na-"tiwara" na "kwekọọ" ndammana N'ezie nke mmeghachi omume. Kọwaa ọnọdụ a site otu ihe atụ. Hydrogenation bromine ngwọta kpụrụ hydrobromic acid. E-abịa oge mgbe ikpeazụ ngwaahịa a kpụrụ nke ukwuu, ya olu karịa ngụkọta ego nke monomolecule hydrogen na bromine, mmeghachi omume ọnụego slows. Ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere na usoro bụ hydrogen ma ọ bụ bromo, mmeghachi omume na-aga na ndị na-abụghị direction.