N'isi ogwe: nkọwa, aha. kwụ mkpọpu ala

Mankind bụghị na narị afọ mbụ nke ọma ịmụta ala ohere. Ọ bụghị nanị banyere ụzọ okpuru ala, nke nọ na niile isi obodo nke ụwa, ma na-egwupụta kere Ngwuputa. N'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ, a pụrụ iche akụrụngwa - tunneling ọta iji hụ na nchekwa nke na ngwá na mkpara n'oge gwupụtatụrụla.

First tunneling ọta e ji 1825 n'oge na-ewu nke ọwara n'okpuru osimiri Thames. Kemgbe ahụ, nke a na ụdị ngwá na-ugboro ugboro na ndị na-ewu ụzọ okpuru ala na isi obodo ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg na obodo ndị ọzọ.

tunneling ọta

Tunneling ọta bụ a ibughari modular metal Ọdịdị n'ụdị a oghere cylinder. Ọ na-wuru na situ gwupụtatụrụla ma ọ bụ na-ewu nke ala iji chebe tọrọ mines na kwụ direction si daa. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-akpọ a nwa oge ma ọ bụ mobile bolting - pụrụ iche imewe, nke na-wuru iji chebe ọwara si ebube mgbidi.

Structurally, tunneling ọta ndị a mgbagwoju set ngwá, nke a na-ekewet atọ isi akụkụ:

1. Mma. Ọ na-eme nnọọ usoro nke mkpọpu ala, oké nkume development.
2. Reference. Ọ na-eje ozi ịnabata inyeaka ngwá, nakwa dị ka haịdrọlik jacks, ese osisi ịga n'ihu.
3. Ọdụ. Gbaa mbọ hụ na nchebe nke pesonel n'oge erection adịgide adịgide support.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ ọwara ọta nwere ike na-agụnye a dịgasị iche iche nke ngwá a chọrọ ka mfe ọrụ na mmepe nke-egbu egbu, ụgbọ njem nke ụwa pụta, ike ma na-echebe mgbidi si daa.

The ewu nke ọwara ọta

Isi ihe na ọta ndị shei mma mgbanaka na nke na-ndokwa ịcha ọcha ọwara ọta. Na ụfọdụ ụdị "egbutusị" na-na ụdị nke carbide inserts mere ndokwa na a ụfọdụ n'akuku ọ bụla ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na elu nke rotor na nkwado mgbanaka.

Ọzọ, na ohere n'ihu pupụtara, ọta na-akpali na-enyemaka nke haịdrọlik cylinders, nke dabeere ikpeazụ mgbanaka lining. Mgbe ahụ, usoro aka downhole haịdrọlik cylinders nke pịa prefabricated osisi panel oké nkume, n'ihi ya, ọ na-gburu.

The nwechapụ n'etiti support na cutter mgbanaka ekewa mkpụrụ ndụ site vetikal partitions na kwụ partitions n'ime tiers. N'ime ndị a "compartments" bụ ndị dị mkpa akụrụngwa. Kwụ nnukwu isi nwere ike mere site haịdrọlik jacks.

Nhazi ọkwa nke ọwara-agwụ ike igwe maka cross sectional udi

A, tunneling ọta na-aga ozugbo na ọrụ na saịtị. wuru na mma support mgbanaka na nchara Ibé akwụkwọ si ígwè agba, curved tinyere cylindrical n'elu na-etolite na shei.

Kwụ mkpọpu ala rigs dị iche iche cross-sectional udi, size, imewe na usoro nke ngwa. Kacha nkịtị ụdị cross-ngalaba bụ a gburugburu. Naa nkịtị bụ akụkụ anọ ụgbọala, arched na ndị ọzọ na ndepụta.

Ọta dị n'obosara ogologo

Dabere na n'obosara ọwara agwụ igwe, ndị na-esonụ ụdị nke owuwu:

1. Obere (ruo 3200 mm) - eji mepere emepe ọrụ maka owuwu nke siwa tunnels.
2. Ọkara (ruo 5200 mm) - eji maka owuwu nke hydro-oru nkwurịta okwu na mmepe nke ugwu ego.
3. Large (n'elu 5200 mm) - practitioners na-emepe emepe ụgbọ okporo ígwè tunnels, ụzọ ụgbọ oloko e, nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ na Ngwuputa.

The cross sectional ebe nke na-arụ ọrụ n'elu dịgasị site 10 ruo 16 ma ọ bụ karịa square mita, dabere na-arụ ọrụ n'elu n'obosara.

ụdị ngwá na a n'ụzọ egbu development

Na mmepe nke ịnweta ego na ihe e kere eke nke ala kwụ mkpọpu ala Railways na-ebu dị iche iche iche nke ọwara-agwụ ike igwe.

Ha dị iche na ogo nke ígwè ọrụ nke onyeisi ozu:

1. Ofụri Esịt ígwè. Agbaji nkume ndị dị otú ahụ rụrụ iji pụrụ iche ngwá - backhoe, mbara, mkpanaka arụ ọrụ n'ahụ ha, nakwa dị ka echichi nke hydro-n'ibu mmetụta.
2. Ikpe ígwè. Enweghị a pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ maka mmepe nke ala n'ígwé bụ ha nanị mma. N'ihi na oké nkume mbibi a na-eji jackhammers rụrụ ọgbụgba ọkụ ma ọ bụ enwe n'ime n'ihu n'ókè nke ọta n'ala.
3. Special tunneling ọta. Na ndị dị otú ahụ rụrụ isi òkè a na-emechi. Ha na-eji ike tunnels na karịsịa ike geological ọnọdụ.

Mgbe a Ọdịdị ekewa iche zubere maka ojiji na dị iche iche na ọnọdụ - iru mmiri Ona, ịzụlite ihu rụrụ nkume na ala kwụsie ike na penetration n'ala na ike nke si 0,5 ka 5 ma n'elu elu.

nzube ngwá

Tunneling ọta ji kee olulu na kwụ direction. Nke a ụdị ọrụ a na-ezo dị ka "kwụ mkpọpu ala" na n'ọrụ dị iche iche ubi nke mmadụ ọrụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe ọ na-eji maka ihe e kere eke na mmụba nke ẹdude ụzọ okpuru ala, Ngwuputa.

Nso nso, ebe nile na-arụ ọrụ na ibikwasị nke dị iche iche nkwurịta okwu e n'okpuru ụzọ, okporo ụzọ awara awara na ndị ọzọ na-esi n'aka nkwurịta okwu, kwuru na dị ka kwụ directional-egwu ma ọ bụ HDD.

Kwụ directional Drilling

The nile ngwa nke a technology ruru elu echekwa arụmọrụ. Akpan akpan:

• na iwepu mkpa ịrụzi ụzọ na njedebe nke na-eme;
• Ọ eliminates mkpa overlapping nke ụgbọala na-eke eruba bypasses;
• ekwe omume nke na-ebikwasị ọhụrụ edoghi, na o megideghị ike n'ezi ihe nke ndị na-achị ha.

Mgbe n'itinye usoro nke kwụ directional mkpọpu ala ọwara echebe ndị ọrụ na-emepụta a pilot onu, bụ nke a na gbasaa Rimmer - laa azu expander edinam. Site okokụre ọwara gbatịrị pipeline eriri.

Dị ka nke ikpeazụ bụ mgbe a polymeric uwe, nke na-ahụ jupụtara ihe. Mgbe ekwesi nke ciment ngwakọta (banyere ụbọchị 21), a ọhụrụ nkwurịta okwu akara dị njikere.

N'isi mbadamba taa

Ibi atụ nke ngwa òkè nwere ike a ụlọ nke ọwara ọta ọwara site "Frunzenski okirikiri" ogologo 3760 mita n'agbata ụgbọ "Fame Avenue" na "South" na St. Petersburg Metro.

The oru ngo na-agụnye ụlọ ọrụ si Germany Herrenknecht AG, nke na-agba mbọ ime ka tunneling ọta. "Metrostroy" - na ụlọ ọrụ ọzọ na ndị Russian n'akụkụ, onye na-arụ ọrụ mepụtara ngo ike mbụ post-Soviet abụọ-track ọwara.

Na mbụ, na anụ ụlọ ike ka rụkọrọ ọrụ na ndị German emeputa. "Spasskaya" nyere ha na-echebekwa "Aurora" na ọtụtụ-eji maka owuwu nke sloping amaokwu na ojii.