Njirimara nke electrolytes. Strong na-adịghị ike electrolytes. Electrolytes - ihe ọ bụ?

Magburu onwe electric eduzi - ọlaedo, ọla kọpa, ígwè, aluminum, alloys. Na ha, e nwere a nnukwu ìgwè nke na-abụghị dara ihe, agbazenụ na okenye agbanwe agbanwe nke nwekwara nwere conductivity onwunwe. Nke a siri ike bases, asịd, ụfọdụ nnu, ịgụnye kwuru na dị ka ihe "electrolyte". Gịnị bụ ionic conductivity? Ka anyị hụ ihe nwere electrolyte umi ndị nkịtị.

Nke ahụ na-ebu ebubo?

Gburugburu ụwa jupụtara dị iche iche na-eduzi na insulators. A Njirimara nke ozu na bekee mara ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ochie. Greek mgbakọ na mwepụ Thales nwere ahụmahụ na amba (Grik - "elektrọn"). Rubbing ya na silk, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na onu mpo ntutu, ajị emep uta eri. Mgbe e mesịrị ya bịara mara na amba bụ insulator. N'okwu a na e nweghị ahụ na ike na-ebu ihe electric ụgwọ. Good eduzi - ọla. Na ha mebere atumatu na atọm chee, mma ion na free, enweghị ọjọọ ahụ - electrons. Ha na-enye nyefe ebubo mgbe ugbu a na-ebugharị. Strong electrolytes na akọrọ ụdị adịghị nwere free ahụ. Ma mgbe dissolving na-agbaze na crystal lattice na-ebibi ma na ndị polarization covalent nkekọ.

Mmiri, na-abụghị electrolytes na electrolytes. Gịnị bụ mgbasa?

Ịṅa ma ọ bụ attaching electrons, na ụmụ irighiri akụkụ ndị dara na nonmetallic ọcha na-converted n'ime ion. N'etiti ha na crystal lattice E nwere nnọọ a siri ike na-akpakọrịta. The mgbasa ma ọ bụ agbaze nke ionic ogige, e.g., sodium chloride, na-eduga ná mbibi ya. Na dịghị pola ụmụ irighiri metụtara ma ọ bụ free ion, ha ibili si na mmekọrịta na mmiri. Na 30-ies nke XIX narị afọ, Michael Faraday chọpụtara na ngwọta nke ụfọdụ bekee na-eduzi ọkụ eletrik. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ẹkenam n'ime sayensị ndị dị mkpa dị echiche:

• ion (ebubo ahụ);
• electrolytes (eduzi nke abụọ ụdị);
• cathode;
• anode.

E nwere njikọ - siri ike electrolytes, crystalline lattice nke bibiri kpam kpam na ntọhapụ nke ion.

E unyi anaghị agbasa na ihe na ndị na-echekwara na molekụla ụdị, e.g., sugar, formaldehyde. Ndị dị otú ahụ ogige na-akpọ ndị na-abụghị electrolytes. N'ihi na ha, e ji guzobe ebubo ahụ. Na-adịghị ike electrolytes (carbonic acid na acetic acid, ammonium hydroxide na ndị ọzọ na bekee) nwere obere ion.

Ozizi electrolytic dissociation

N'ọrụ ya, na Swedish ọkà mmụta sayensị S. Arrhenius (1859-1927) dabeere Faraday kwuru. Na n'ihu dokwuo anya ọnọdụ nke ozizi ya nke Russian na-eme nnyocha I. ikiri ụkwụ na B. Kistyakovsky. Ha chọpụtara na mgbasa na agbaze ụdị ion nile adịghị bekee na electrolytes naanị. Gịnị bụ dissociation nke S. Arrhenius? Nke a bụ a mbibi nke ndị na ụmụ irighiri ihe, nke na-enye ịrị elu nke ebubo ahụ na ngwọta na agbazenụ. Isi n'ọnụ ọnọdụ S. Arrhenius:

1. Ndọkwasi, asịd na salts na ngwọta na-na a dissociated ụdị.
2. Reversibly dissociate n'ime ion ike electrolytes.
3. Na-adịghị ike na ụdị obere ion.

Egosi ogo dissociation gị n'ụlọnga (mgbe mgbe n'ụzọ dị ka a pasent) bụ ruru nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri n'ime ion rekasịrị, na ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ahụ na ngwọta. Electrolytes dị ike, ma ọ bụrụ na uru nke a oke n'elu 30%, na-adịghị ike - na-erughị 3%.

Njirimara nke electrolytes

The n'ọnụ ubiere S. Arrhenius a, tinyere ndị ọzọ na-adịbeghị anya ọmụmụ nke anụ ahụ na nke chemical Filiks ke ngwọta na agbazenụ ekenịmde Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị. Natara nkọwa Njirimara nke ndọkwasi nile na asịd. Ihe mbụ na-agụnye ogige naanị metal ion nke nwere ike achọpụtara na ngwọta nke cations, anions bụ ahụ OH ^-. Acid ụmụ irighiri gbarie n'ime ọjọọ ion acid fọduru na hydrogen protons (H ^+). The ije nke ion na ngwọta na-agbazekwa - jupụtara. Tụlee ihe nke nnwale nke ị chọrọ na-anakọta a yinye agụnye carbon electrodes na nkịtị bọlb. Nyochaa conductivity nke ngwọta nke dị iche iche bekee: sodium chloride, sugar na acetic acid (mbụ na nke abụọ - electrolytes). Gịnị bụ ihe electric circuit? Nke a ugbu a na-isi na-eduzi interconnected. Mgbe emechi circuit bọlbụ ga-akpọ ayama ke saline. The ije nke ion enweta n'usoro. Anions na-eduzi ndị na mma electrode na cations - na na-adịghị mma.

Na usoro a, acetic acid na-agụnye a obere ego nke ebubo ahụ. Sugar abụghị electrolyte anaghị eduzi ugbu a. N'etiti electrodes na a ngwọta ga-egbochi ihe oyi akwa, ìhè agaghị ìhè.

Chemical na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti electrolytes

Mgbe agwụ oke mmiri nwere ike na-edebe ihe omume nke electrolytes. Gịnị bụ ionic arụmarụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ Jeremaya mere? Tụlee ihe atụ nke a chemical mmekọrịta n'etiti barium chloride na sodium nitrate:

2NaNO ₃ + BaCl ₂ + = 2NaCl + Ba (NO _{3) 2.}

Electrolyte usoro nwere ike e dere ionic ụdị:

^{2Na + + 2NO 3- + Ba 2+} + 2Cl - = 2Na + + 2Cl - + Ba 2+ + 2NO 3-.

E mmeghachi omume umi - siri ike electrolytes. Na nke a, ihe ndị mejupụtara nke ion adịghị agbanwe. Chemical na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti electrolyte ngwọta na o kwere omume na atọ ikpe:

1. Ọ bụrụ na a ngwaahịa bụ unyi anaghị agbasa na umi.

Molekụla akụkụ: Na ₂ NKE ₄ + BaCl ₂ = BaSO ₄ + 2NaCl.

Anyị dee ihe ndị mejupụtara nke electrolytes n'ụdị ion:

2Na ^{+ +} NKE ₄ ²⁺ Ba ²⁺ + 2Cl ^- = BaSO _{4 (ọcha ịkpali)} ⁺ 2Na + 2Cl ^-.

2. Otu n'ime dapụtara ngwaahịa - gas.

3. Otu mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa bụ a na-adịghị ike electrolyte.

Water - otu n'ime ndị kasị ike electrolytes

Na ya dị ọcha mmiri (distilled) anaghị eduzi ihe eletrik. Ma na ya mejupụtara nwere a ole na ole nke na ebubo ahụ. Nke a protons H ⁺ anions na OH ^-. Dissociation dabara a negligible nọmba nke mmiri ụmụ irighiri. E uru - ionic ngwaahịa nke mmiri nke bụ mgbe niile na 25 ° C. Ọ na-ekwe ka ị mara ịta nke H ⁺ na OH ^-. Kpagburuibe hydrogen ion na acid ngwọta, hydroxide anions ọzọ na alkalis. Na-anọpụ iche - otu ego nke H ⁺ na OH ^-. The ọkara nwekwara ihe e ji mara ndị ngwọta onye Onyenwe anyị + bara uru (onye Onyenwe anyị +). The elu ya bụ, ka hydroxide ion ugbu a. The ọkara bụ na-anọpụ iche na onye Onyenwe anyị + nso nso 7.6. Na ọnụnọ nke H ⁺ na OH ^- ịgbanwe ha na agba-egosi bekee: litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl oroma na ndị ọzọ.

Njirimara nke ngwọta na agbazenụ nke electrolytes na-ọtụtụ-eji ụlọ ọrụ, engineering, oru ubi na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. Scientific bụkwanụ tọrọ site a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke pụrụ iche ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akọwa nke omume nke ahụ nke nke iso nke nnu, asịd na bases. Ndị a ngwọta ime multiple ion mgbanwe mmeghachi omume. Ha na-eji ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta Filiks, electrochemistry, electroplating. Filiks dị ndụ-erukwa n'etiti ion na ngwọta. Ọtụtụ ọla na nonmetals, na-egbu egbu na ụdị-edebe irighiri, oké mkpa n'ụdị ebubo ahụ (sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, site na ndị ọzọ).