Phylogenetic nọmba ịnyịnya - "icon" nke evolutionary usoro

Otu n'ime ihe ndị a kasị mara amara na kasị mụọ nke mmanu ndi mere onwe-egosi maka evolushọn bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oge a phylogenetic odnopalyh ungulates. Multiple paleontological achọta na kwuru na ndị mepere forms enye a na nkà mmụta sayensị na-egosi isi nke usoro isiokwu a. Kọwara Russian bayoloji Vladimirom Onufrievichem Kovalevskim na 1873 phylogenetic usoro nke ịnyịnya na taa bụ "icon" nke evolutionary paleontology.

The evolushọn site na narị afọ

The phylogenetic evolushọn nke usoro - ọ bụ, nke soje Transitional forms eduga guzobe nke oge a na umu. Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkeji nke usoro nwere ike zuru ezu ma ọ bụ ele mmadụ anya n'ihu, kama na e soje Transitional forms bụ a mkpa maka ha nkọwa.

Phylogenetic nọmba ịnyịnya kwuru na-egosi na evolushọn bụ n'ihi na ọnụnọ nke ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro nke forms, dochie ọ bụla ọzọ. Plurality nke paleontological Nchoputa na-enye ya a elu ogo n'aka.

Ihe Nlereanya phylogenetic usoro

A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke inyinya na ọ bụghị naanị otu ihe atụ kọwara. Ọfọn-amụ na nwere nnukwu ogo ntụkwasị obi nke phylogenetic nọmba nke whales na nnụnụ. A controversial na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ihe ndị kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na dị iche iche dị populist phylogenetic insinuations bụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oge a chimpanzees na ụmụ mmadụ. Esemokwu n'elu-efu a intermediaries adịghị akwụsị na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Ma, n'agbanyeghị otú ọtụtụ echiche, na-anọgide na-agbagha uru nke phylogenetic usoro dị ka ihe àmà nke evolutionary ime mgbanwe nke ntule na-agbanwe agbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ.

Communication evolushọn nke inyinya na gburugburu ebe obibi

Multiple ọmụmụ enen ozizi paleontologists O. V. Kovalevskogo a chiri anya dị n'etiti mgbanwe ọkpụkpụ nke nna nna nke inyinya na gburugburu ebe obibi mgbanwe. Na-agbanwe agbanwe na ihu igwe mere ka a ọnụ na oké ọhịa, na ndị nna nna nke oge a odnopalyh hoofed ụmụ anụmanụ na-emegharị ka ndụ na steppes. Mkpa ngwangwa ije kpasue bughi mgbanwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na mkpịsị aka na nsọtụ, mgbanwe na ọkpụkpụ na ezé.

The mbụ njikọ ke yinye

Ná mmalite Eocene, mbụ oge a ịnyịnya prapredok biri n'elu 65 nde afọ gara aga. Nke a "ala ịnyịnya" ma ọ bụ Eohippus, nke bụ size of a nkịta (30 cm), dabeere na dum ụkwụ N'ịdị, nke anọ (n'ihu) na atọ (azụ) mkpịsị aka ya na obere ụkwụ. M rie eogippus Ome na epupụta na nwere a lumpy ezé. Dun agba? Na ehighị nne ntutu na a ibughari ọdụ - nke a bụ a anya nna nna nke ịnyịnya na ịnyịnya ọhịa na ụwa.

intermediates

Banyere 25 nde afọ gara aga, uwa mgbanwe ihu igwe, na steppes malitere ịbịakwute ọhịa mgbanwe. Na Miocene (20 nde afọ gara aga) e mesohippus na parahippus ama ọzọ yiri oge a ịnyịnya. A mbụ herbivorous nna nna na phylogenetic usoro a na-atụle ga-a ịnyịnya na merikgippusa pliogippusa na-aga n'ime arena nke ndụ nde abụọ gara aga. Hipparion - ikpeazụ njikọ nke atọ toed

Nke a nna nna bi na Miocene na Pliocene na mbara ọzara nke North America, Asia na Africa. Nke a tridactyl ịnyịnya, yiri nne mgbada, ọ bụghị nwere a wara njakpa, ma m nwere ike na-agba ọsọ na ngwa ngwa, na-eri ahịhịa na na ọ na-a nnukwu ókèala.

Odnopalaya ịnyịnya - pliogippus

Ndị a odnopalye nnọchiteanya apụta 5 nde afọ gara aga ke otu ókèala dị ka hipparions. Environmental ọnọdụ na-na-agbanwe agbanwe - aghọ drier, steppe na budata eto. Ebe a na-na-odnopalost ọzọ dị mkpa mma maka nlanarị. Ndị a Inyinya-ha di na elu na 1.2 mita na n'ubu, nwere 19 na abụọ nke ọgịrịga na ike uru nke ụkwụ. The ezé aghọwo ogologo okpueze na Enamel folds nke ciment oyi akwa.

The maara ịnyịnya

Modern ịnyịnya dị ka a ikpeazụ nzọụkwụ ke phylogenetic usoro pụtara ná ngwụsị Neogene, na na na njedebe nke ikpeazụ ice afọ (banyere 10,000 afọ gara aga) na Europe na Asia na-ama ọtụtụ nde ọhịa inyinya-ata nri. Mgbe mgbalị nke oge ochie dinta na Mbelata ịta nri mere a ọhịa ịnyịnya ụkọ ama 4000 afọ gara aga. Ma mmadụ abụọ n'ime ya subspecies - na tarpan na Russia na Przewalski si ịnyịnya na Mongolia - na-enwe ike jide si ogologo oge karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ.

ọhịa inyinya

Taa, ndị a ọhịa inyinya na-fọrọ nke nta ka-arahụ. Russia na-atụle ga nwuchapu Tarpan na Przewalski si ịnyịnya ọhịa na-adịghị eme. Na ìgwè ehi nke ịnyịnya na-ata nri kpamkpam, - a feral akpa ụdị. Dị otú ahụ inyinya ezie na ngwa ngwa laghachi anụ ndụ, ma ka dị iche iche site na ezi ọhịa ịnyịnya.

Ha nwere ogologo manes na ọdụ, ha na-ekwesịghị. Wezuga buckskin ịnyịnya na Przewalski ọhịa inyinya nwere myshastye dị ka ma ọ bụrụ na cropped bangs, manes na ọdụ.

Na Central na North America, ọhịa inyinya e kpamkpam kpochapụrụ ndị India na pụtara na e nwere nanị mgbe mbata nke Europe na XV narị afọ. Feral ụmụ ịnyịnya conquistadors anana ọtụtụ ìgwè Mustangs, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nke na-achịkwa agbapụ taa.

E wezụga mustangs na North America na e nwere abụọ dị iche iche nke anụ ọhịa agwaetiti ponies - n'àgwàetiti nke Assateague na Sable. Ọkara ọhịa ìgwè ehi ịnyịnya camargue dị na ndịda France. Na ugwu na swamps nke UK, kwa, nwere ike ịhụ ụfọdụ ọhịa ponies.

Favorite anyị inyinya

Man jiwo ịnyịnya me ya ihe karịrị 300 na udiri anumanu. Site Heavyweight na miniature ponies na mma agbụrụ udiri anumanu. banyere 50 udiri anumanu nke inyinya bred na Russia. The kasị ama nke ha - na Orlov Trotter. Nanị na-acha ọcha na agba, ndị magburu onwe trot na kraiptographi - àgwà ndị na-otú mmasị agụ Orlov, onye a na-ewere na nchoputa nke a ìgwè.