Binders: Njirimara, nhazi ọkwa, nkọwa, ngwa

Binders na-mara ha obosara eji na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ maka nkwadebe nke ihe na ngwa agha na-eji na-ewu ụlọ na akụkụ ndị ọzọgasi. E nwere ọtụtụ iche nke ha, na taa anyị ga-eji nkenke oge na-emetụ na isi ẹdude subgroups.

nhazi ọkwa binders

Dị ka ha si na ha nwere ike ikwu na ihe organic ma ọ bụ inorganic otu. The mbụ bụ nke dị iche iche asphalts, tars, pitches na tars. Isi ubi nke ngwa - n'ichepụta ụlọ ikpuchi nke ike-coiled ma ọ bụ mpempe ụdị, na a dịgasị iche iche nke asphaltic ihe àmà ihe. Isi pụrụ iche àgwà nke ha - hydrophobicity, ie ike nro ma na-arụ ọrụ na steeti n'oge kpo oku ma ọ bụ na kọntaktị ọ bụla organic mmiri mmiri.

Nke abụọ otu - inorganic astringents - mejupụtara wayo, plaster na simenti. Ha na-niile dị mkpa na usoro nke na-esi nri a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe na ogbunigwe. Ọdịdị inorganic binders ọkọnọ na nkume igwe nri n'ala ihe onwunwe na-enwe ihe onwunwe nke agwakọta mmiri na usoro uzo n'ime mmiri mmiri-plastic mgwakota yiri uka, na-ekwesi na-etolite a inogide nkume.

Gịnị ka e ji mara ha

Isi Njirimara nke inorganic binders si - hydrophilicity, plasticity na mmiri na na mmekọrịta ike ịkwaga siri ike kwuo nke semiliquid doughy. Ọ bụ nke a dị iche iche site na ìgwè nke mbụ.

Site usoro nke na-ekwesi na inorganic binders tụlee ikuku, haịdrọlik, acid na autoclaved. Ọ na-adabere ike nke nkewa na a ogologo counter na eke Ihu Igwe ihe.

Air binders obi, mmekọrịta na mmiri na-etolite a siri ike nkume, nwere ike ịnọgide na-a ọnọdụ na ikuku maka a ogologo oge. Ma ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa na rụrụ mere na ha na-eme, n'okpuru mgbe moisturizing, a ike ga-efu ngwa ngwa. Ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ nke ụdị bụ mfe susceptible emebi emebi.

Gịnị bụ na otu a? A omenala na-agụnye gypsum magnesian astringents - ụrọ, ikuku wayo. Ọ bụrụ na anyị anya na ha chemical mejupụtara, dum a na-otu, n'aka, nwere ike subdivided n'ime anọ ọzọ. Nke a pụtara na ihe niile ikuku binders bụ ndị ma lime (dabeere na calcium oxide) ma ọ bụ na Magnesia (nke na-agụnye ndị caustic magnesite) ma ọ bụ gypsum nragide ike dabere na calcium sulphate bụ ndị ma mmiri mmiri iko - silicate nke potassium ma ọ bụ sodium, ẹdude n'ụdị otu okenye ihe ngwọta.

Gaa "okenye" ihe

Ugbu a ka anyị lee anya ọzọ ìgwè - haịdrọlik binders. Ha na-enwekarị obi, na-adịgide adịgide ịnọgide na-enwe ike e ji mara na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ bụghị nanị ikuku ma mmiri. The chemical mejupụtara nke ha kama mgbagwoju anya na-anọchi anya a Nchikota dị iche iche oxides.

All nke a nnukwu ìgwè, n'aka, nwere ike kere n'ime cement silicate si na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke nke banyere 75% nke calcium silicates (tumadi-ekwu okwu banyere Portland ciment na ya ụdị, otu a Nleta ndabere nke iche iche nke oge a na ụlọ ihe) na ọzọ subgroup - aluminate cements dabeere na calcium aluminate (kasị ama nnọchiteanya - nile di iche iche nke alumina cement). Ìgwè nke atọ e zoro romantsement na haịdrọlik wayo.

Gịnị binders kwuru na dị ka ihe acid na-eguzogide? Nke a - Acid quartz cement ugbu n'ụdị a ngwakọta nke quartz ájá na nkume igwe nri n'ala sịlịkọn. Mechibidokwa dị otú ahụ ngwakọta otu okenye ihe ngwọta nke sodium silicate ma ọ bụ potassium.

A mara mma nke ìgwè nke acid-ekechikwa mmadụ bụ ha nwere ike, mgbe-agafe mbụ ogbo nke na-ekwesi na ikuku ezuwo ịgbagha ike ike mmetụta nke dị iche iche asịd.

Organics na-ewu

Ọzọ kasị subgroup - organic binders (esịnede, dị ka ekwuola, tumadi iche korota na bituminous ihe) nwere a kpamkpam dị iche iche agwa. Otu korota nwere ike wuru ma ọ bụ eke si malite. Na ihe ndị mejupụtara ya bụ mbuaha na bitumen n'ụdị minerals, na nkume nzu, ma ọ bụ sandstone.

Na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ korota ọtụtụ-eji ụzọ ụlọ ewu na airfields ka a ngwakọta nke ájá, ajịrịja nkume ma ọ bụ echi ọnụ n'ala nkume na bitumen. Otu mejupụtara bụ korota eji dị ka a waterproofing.

Gịnị bụ bitumen? Nke a - organic ihe onwunwe (ma eke ma ọ bụ aka wuru), na nke Ọdịdị - elu hydrocarbons ma ọ bụ ha nkwekọrịta nwere nitrogen, oxygen na sọlfọ ahụ. Akporo nke bitumen bụ sara mbara nke ukwuu na-àmà site n'okporo ụzọ na ụlọ ewu na ụlọ ọrụ nke chemical ụlọ ọrụ na agba ụlọ ọrụ.

Site tars ịghọta organic binders na mejupụtara nke - aromatic elu-molekụla carbohydrates na nkwekọrịta ya - na igirigi ibu sulphuric, acid na nitrogen.

Ha bara uru àgwà

Ihe bụ isi a chọrọ na-adị maka organic iche iche nke binders iso na-enwe a zuru ezu ogo viscosity n'oge mmekọrịta na a siri ike n'elu nke ga-ekwe ka ìhè elu echebe Njirimara na wetting na-etolite mmiri na-eguzogide fim. Ihe ọzọ - inwe ike ịnọgide na-enwe àgwà nke data ruo ogologo oge.

Ndị a binders chọta ojiji na-ebikwasị ya ụzọ na obodo n'okporo ámá, ha na-ekpuchi ọdụ ụgbọelu na okporo ụzọ, na-eme ndokwa ekwo ekwo na ala na ndị dị n'okpuru ala nke ụlọ na ulo oru ngwa.

Ugbu a, ka anyị tụlee ihe ndị bụ isi ụdị nke ụlọ ihe nke abụọ dị iche iche e depụtara. Cheta ọzọ - inorganic otu tumadi kewara ndị na obi na ikuku na ndị na-enwe ike ime ya na otu okenye ọkara.

Astringents - ụlọ ihe

Ọ bụ a maara nke ọma ụrọ bụ ihe kasị nkịtị nke binders, ekwesi na ikuku. Ọ hụrụ ya ngwa na-ewu a dịgasị iche iche nke ụlọ. Ọ na-anọchi anya ụrọ sedimenti, dị ka ndị a ngwakọta nke ájá microscopic size na ájá na ịrụ ezi ụrọ inclusions. The kasị nta nke ha na-akpọ ezi. Ọ na-ekwe ha nnweta na kọntaktị na a ooh na gburugburu ebe obibi na-atụgharị n'ime a mgwakota-dị ka umi. Vysohnuv, a plastic uka mfe solidifies na a gaghị agara udi ya.

Ọ bụrụ na a udi ọkụ, na n'ihi wuru nkume nwere a zuru ezu elu ike. Dị ka ndị ọzọ na ịnweta binders, n'ihi na nke dị iche iche mejupụtara nke ụrọ nwere ike ịbụ a dịgasị iche iche nke shades. Site ngwọta na ha ndabere tinyere fireplaces na stoves, nakwa dị ka kpụrụ brik. Ha nwere ike ịbụ taa, kegriiz na nkezi. Clay nwere a refractory fireclay-agwa, ọ dị oké mkpa na ngwaọrụ nke fireplaces na stoves.

Gịnị bụ lime

Ọzọ nnọọ maara nke ọma na nwere obosara akporo ngwa nragide akpọ Aeronautical ewu lime na-enwetara site na nkume ya bụ nzu, dolomite, na nkume nzu na nkume nzu. Isi oxide o nwere ike ịbụ dị iche iche, dabere na ikuku nke wayo nwere ike kere n'ime dolomite, magnesian, calcium. All atọ na umu na-,-ere ọkụ nke ọkụ na nkume nzu nke kwekọrọ si malite.

Air nwere ike lime ma ọ bụ quicklime ma ọ bụ slaked (ma ọ bụ hydrate). Nke ikpeazụ a kpụrụ n'oge blanking otu n'ime atọ n'elu.

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ele ndị na-achị lime faction, ị nwere ike were ya na Komkova ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ. Quicklime bụ ya zuru ezu nnukwu porous lumps. N'oge quenching na mmiri ya a kpụrụ si lime putty. Iji "nweta" si Komkova lime ntụ ntụ, ga-emepụta na hydration usoro (quenching), ma ọ bụ Mike lumps. Ọ ga-eji dị ka nwekwara, na-enweghị ka ha. Nwekwara ije ozi dị ka slag, ifịk ifịk minerals na quartz ájá si malite.

All nke nkedo

The esonụ - plaster, makwaara dị ka gypsum. Ọ na-emepụta site n'imeso thermally gburu gypsum. Gypsum solidifies, na-agafe atọ n'etiti adọ esịnede ya, ndị mgbasa wee kolloidatsiey crystallization. Mgbe agafe akpa ogbo, a jupụta ngwọta nke dihydrate gypsum. Ekwesi, ọ kọwakwuru na-aghọ a ezigbo ọcha n'elu.

Ime pigments nwere ike inye isiokwu nke ọ bụla na agba nkedo gypsum. The ọnọdụ usoro nke nragide ejikari amalite mgbe a lapse nke 4 nkeji site na mmalite nke agwakọta. End of solidification-ewe ebe ke nso site 6 30 nkeji mgbe e mesịrị.

Na usoro nke na-agwọ ndị ngwakọta nke gypsum na mmiri mix na Ram ya na-aju iji zere ihe ize ndụ nke ọnwụ nke na-adịgide adịgide e ji mara. gypsum ụdị e nwere ọtụtụ, ha na-denoted site dị iche iche na nọmba, ihe e ji mara ogo compressive ike.

Ọ na-eresị packaged ke akpa nke dị iche iche nha. Gypsum na-eji ọtụtụ ná n'ime ime ụlọ na ụlọ ọha. Site na ya ruo ogologo oge iwere na-akpụzi a dịgasị iche iche nke mgbakọ udi. Nọgidenụ na-ọ ga-abụ nanị a akọrọ ụlọ, na mmachi adị ndụ n'ihi na o kwere omume na ọnwụ nke ike dị ka ihe bụ isi bara uru àgwà.

Na ndị ọzọ banyere nkedo

Iwuli plaster anya dị ka a ntụ ntụ na agba site na isi awọ na-enwu gbaa na-acha ọcha. Ọ bụrụ na mix ya na mmiri, a ji mara mmeghachi omume na-amalite, ngwakọta bụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ. The gypsum gaa tinye pụrụ iche ihe, kwuru na dị ka njigide ihe, nzube nke nke - iji melite anọgidesi na adịgide n'oge plasta na ubé ịgbatị oge nke hardening.

Iji dịkwuo ego nke ihe onwunwe na-enweghị ọnwụ nke Njirimara, na-ndinọ fillers (e.g., gbasaa perlite, ma ọ bụ mica). Special elu-ike gypsum na-calcined na okpomọkụ na crystal mmiri a na-ewepụ ya. Ya okwu hardening mụbara 20 awa, na ekweghị ekwe nnọọ elu karịa nke ndị ọzọ na iche.

Plasta impregnated inye a marble (na-egbuke egbuke-acha ọcha, ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ekwesi na-eji plasta ime ebupụta), na imewe nke dị iche iche na ẹkenam n'ime ya fillers na njigide ihe. The isi nke ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a nwekwara - eje ozi dị ka a retarder. Iji Nlụpụta ya ime plasters kwadebere plaster igwe na o kwere omume na mgbakwunye na nke ụfọdụ fillers, dị ka ájá.

Site na nke a na ọ na-enwetara drywall ma ọ bụ plaster ụlọ mbadamba, gypsum-ejikwa n'ihi na ejuputa nkwonkwo n'etiti ha. Ọtụtụ mgbe gypsum putty enwe yiri Njirimara.

Ekwu okwu banyere cements

Olee ihe ndị ọzọ Njirimara bụ haịdrọlik binders? The usoro nke hardening, nke malitere na ikuku, gbatịrị na mmiri, na ike ha na-edebe na ọbụna na-amụba. Ahụkarị na kasị mma-mara ihe nnọchiteanya nke ndị ezinụlọ haịdrọlik binders bụ, n'ezie, cements. Ha na-kpọrọ dabere na ike na ika nke a akpan akpan sample kpebisiri ike site guzosie ike ibu ịgba na ekwe na mkpakọ. Ọzọkwa, onye ọ bụla nke samples ga-mere na natara nkezi nke ciment na ájá ma na-agafe a ụfọdụ ule oge 28 ụbọchị.

Speed mwube simenti, kwa, nwere ike ịbụ dị iche iche - ngwa ngwa, nkịtị ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa. N'otu aka ahụ, dabere na ọnụego nke hardening nwere ike ọ bụla nkịtị ciment, elu-n'oge ma ọ bụ mmezi ngwa ngwa ọnọdụ.

Dị ka ihe atụ, otu a nwere ike na-akpọ Portland ciment, nke dị ka a mma isi awọ ntụ ntụ na a nta greenish tint na o kwere omume iwebata nwekwara, nke nwere ike ịbụ nke granulated slag (slag).

About ekwesi ọnụego

àgwà nke ule (na n'ichepụta) binders mụụrụ na nnabata na ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ. N'ihi na onye ọ bụla nke ẹdude iche iche e mere ókè kpebisiri ike site ụkpụrụ mwube mmalite na ọgwụgwụ, na-agụta na oge nke agwakọta na mmiri.

Ọzọ cement - Aluminous - ezo aka ngwa-ekwesi haịdrọlik nragide. Na echiche nke a mma powder nke aja aja, isi awọ, greenish ma ọ bụ nwa (dabere nhazi usoro na-amalite mmiri). Dị ka fineness ọ bụ ubé elu karịa Portland ciment na-achọ a dịtụ ibu olu nke mmiri.

Mixed ụdị binders - ndị nwere ike ike ma na na ikuku, na otu okenye na-ajụ na na-eji na mmepụta nke a na-abụghị mesikwuru ihe ma ọ bụ ngwa agha.

Bitumen na ha akporo

Ma ihe ndị kasị ewu ewu na organic binders, ha na ezinụlọ ha na-agụnye a dịgasị iche iche nke bitumen na tar, na agba ọchị site na nwa na ọchịchịrị aja aja. Traditional ebe ndị dị otú ahụ binders na-eji, - na waterproofing arụmọrụ. Nke a na-ewu ihe onwunwe bụ mmiri na-eguzogide ọgwụ, waterproof, eguzogide weathering na nnọọ na-agbanwe. Nro na-agafeta na mmiri mmiri ala nke otu a nwere ike ịbụ binders kpo oku. Na kpukpru usen okpomọkụ, ha viscosity na-abawanye na ike ga-kwụsịrị kpam kpam.

Otu a tumadi mejupụtara bitumens nke eke si malite, na-enwetara site na ejegharịrị mmanụ. Ha chemical mejupụtara - onyinye ụmụ irighiri nke oxygen, hydrogen, sọlfọ na nitrogen. Na-ewu mmanụ bitumen ina (mmiri mmiri, siri ike na ọkara siri ike).

Dị ka ha na nzube dị ka ha nwere ike ekewet onye nke atọ dị iche iche - roofing, ewu ma ọ bụ ụzọ. Site roofing Kwadebere impregnating mejupụtara roofing ihe onwunwe ma na-emepụta a otutu dị iche iche mastics.

Industrial bitumen siri ike ma elastically durum na-akwa-agụụ ejegharịrị usoro na ihe ndị ọzọ, na nke mmanụ Juda na elu okpomọkụ. Karịsịa na-eguzogide ọgwụ ka ikpo na oyi na-atụ na-atụle esi oxidised. E nwekwara mixtures nke bitumen na Polymers akpali ogo viscosity. A mara mma nke niile bụ ikike ịgbanwe anọgidesi, dabere na okpomọkụ, na dị iche iche n'ụzọ nwere ike ọzọ ugboro ugboro. Ọ dabeere nyagide Njirimara nke ezinụlọ bituminous binders.

Ihe ha na-bara uru

The mgbasa ruru nke bitumen n'okpuru elu okpomọkụ ikpughe ka tụnyere na ịnweta ihe onwunwe bụ 20-30 ugboro ukwuu. Bara uru ha àgwà - mmiri na-eguzogide, iguzogide salts, alkalis, asịd na corrosive effluents. Dị ka ihe atụ nwere ike ịbụ a nnu, nke na-fesa n'elu n'okporo ámá na oyi snow ka ọ gbazee.

Belata eguzogide bitumens organic solvents, mmanụ na abụba, si ìhè, okpomọkụ, ikuku oxygen, nke oxidize ha akụrụngwa akụkụ. Mgbe ewe iwe, adụ ahụ ikusi, na n'elu siri ike bitumen.

The uru nke a ala flammability, ntụgharị ihe na-abụghị nke flammable. Petroleum asphalts adịghị emerụ ahụ ike ma na-adịghị nkewa dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ. Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ Njirimara, ị nwere ike ikwu banyere thermoviscous, elu mkpuchi, ezi wetting.

Ekweghị ekwe bitumen guzosie omimi nke penetration nke agịga mikpuru ha (ọ tụrụ na hundredths nke a millimeter) na a normalized ibu nke a ụfọdụ oge na a akpan akpan okpomọkụ. The mgbanwe n'etiti siri na mmiri mmiri ala na ha na-eji na kpebisiri ike site softening mgbe na ala okpomọkụ. Ọzọkwa, ha na-ji a na-akpọ ọdịda ebe - a okwu nke na-anọchi okpomọkụ na nke bitumen oyi akwa bendable cracks ma ọ bụ oge izu.

ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ

Olee ihe ndị ọzọ binders nke organic si nwere ike na-akpọ? Carbonaceous pekami na-anọchite anya a viscous ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike nwa umi na-eje ozi ngwaahịa distillation nke tar impregnated roofing. Nke a ihe onwunwe bụ nnọọ ize ndụ na na kọntaktị na anụ nwere ike ime ka Burns. Na-arụ ọrụ kacha mma na ya urukpuru ụbọchị ma ọ bụ na ala ìhè.

Kol tar bụ a umi tọhapụ ka a byproduct nke Coke mmepụta. Ọ hụrụ ya ngwa na mmepụta nke mastic maka roofing na ụzọ na-ewu.