Shock-nyoputa onyeiro ugbo elu T-4: nkọwa, nkọwa, photos

Mgbe ihe dị ka afọ 20 mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị Soviet iwu ịghọta otú obi ọjọọ na-undervalued American ebu. Ahụmahụ nke ewu ndị a mmiri na mba anyị bụ, na ya, ha anya n'ihi na akpàràkpà Ibọrọ: nuclear agha na ugbo elu ike nke na-agbasa site na ikuku na-azara ọnụ ụgbọelu ụgbọelu dị iche iche na ụdi mbibi nke ndị isi ụgbọ mmiri. Otu n'ime ndị kasị ihe ịga nke ọma oru ngo bụ ụgbọelu T-4.

akpata

Site na njedebe nke 50s, na mba anyị bụ na a dị oké egwu ọnọdụ: na ụgbọ mmiri na ugbo elu, anyị maa efu ndị US, ebe n'oge agha accelerated ijeụkwụ tọrọ arọ mgbere na atụ bọmbụ. Parity jisiri na-naanị n'ihi mgbalị ndị siri ike nke agha. Ma ọnọdụ ahụ ka na-emenye egwu, n'ihi na n'otu oge ahụ, ndị America malitere mejuputa na ha naval nuclear agha, kpuchie elu dị ka akụkụ nke iji ugbo elu. Ọma agha anyị nwere ike ọ bụghị ugbo elu ụgbọelu dị iche iche, ebe ọ bụ na nke a nanị enweghị ihe kwesịrị ekwesị akụrụngwa.

The naanị pụrụ ịdabere na ụzọ ibibi ugbo elu ụgbọelu ìgwè ẹkedori a supersonic akụ ụta na nuclear warheads. Ndị dị n'oge nke ugbo elu na submarines nke USSR nanị apụghị ịchọpụta lekwasịrị si dị anya, ma ya fọdụzie kụrụ ya.

Isi dozie nsogbu ahụ?

Ihe e kere eke nke pụrụ iche submarines oge ọ bụghị dị mfe, na Ya mere kpebiri iji ụgbọelu. Ha a "otu ebe" ọrụ: ịzụlite a set nke "ụgbọelu + rọketi" ka anya dị ka o kwere omume, ike banye n'ime ntụ ozize ugbo elu ụgbọelu American otu na-ebibi kasị dị ize ndụ ụgbọ mmiri.

Ke mbubreyo 50-ies na mba anyị, e nweghị oru ngo ga-n'ụzọ ụfọdụ dabara ndị a chọrọ. Otú ọ dị, myasishchev nwere M-56 ụgbọelu oru ngo. Ya isi uru bụ ọsọ nke nwere ike iru 3000 km / h. Ma ya na-ahụ-anya ibu bụ 230 tọn, na bọmbụ ibu - na 9 tọn. Ọ bụ ezughị. Na e nwere a ụgbọelu T4 bombu Sukhoi Design Bureau bụ iri ohere iputa niche.

"Ịkpa ákwà"

"Aircraft ụgbọelu egbu egbu" nwekwara nwere a uka na-ahụ-anya nke bụghị ihe karịrị 100 ise, na "n'uko" nke ụgbọ elu - na-erughị 24 kilomita na ọsọ - nanị ndị 3000 km / h. Ndị dị otú ahụ ugbo elu na obibia nke lekwasịrị na ahụ agaghị ekwe omume ịchọpụta na-ezite ya a rọketi. N'oge ahụ, e nweghị interceptors ike na-ebibi ndị dị otú ahụ a igwe.

Flight anya "ọtụtụ narị" nwere-dịkarịa ala 6-8 puku kilomita mgbe nso nke bọmbụ - 600-800 kilomita. Ọ ga-kwuru na ọ bụ a rọketi na a mgbagwoju nwere predominated: ọ bụghị nanị na-agbaji site na-azara ọnụ, na-aga ndị kasị elu na o kwere omume na-agba, ma na-aga na iche, sochiri ya mmeri na a kpam kpam offline. Ya mere, na ụgbọelu T4 - agha, electronic ndochi nke nke bụ ókè n'ihu nke ya oge.

sonyere ịzụlite

The Government kpebiri na mmepe nke ọhụrụ ugbo elu ga-ekere òkè Tupolev, Sukhoi na Yakovlev. Mikoyan adịghị esịne ke ndepụta bụghị n'ihi ụdị ụfọdụ nke aghụghọ, na n'ihi na ya Bureau kpamkpam kpuo na-arụ ọrụ na a ọhụrụ fighter mig-25. Ọ bụ ezie na, na ziri ezi, ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na ọ na-atụ anya iji merie Tupolev na ndị ọzọ na CB dọtara naanị mpi na nọchiri ihu. Nwee obi ike dabere na ẹdude "oru ngo 135", nke chọrọ nanị na-amụba ruo achọrọ cruising ọsọ nke 3000 km / h.

N'agbanyeghị na-atụ anya, "alụso" na mmasị na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi wee na-abụghị isi ọrụ. Forward malitere ozugbo Sukhoi. Ha họọrọ obosara "ọbọgwụ" na ikuku intakes, nke gbatịrị ubé n'ofè n'ihu ihu nku. Ná mmalite, ndị ugbo elu oru ngo bụ a na-ahụ-anya arọ nke 102 tọn, nke mere na ọ rapaara n'ihi na unofficial aha otutu nke "ịkpa ákwà".

Na mberede, ndị gbanwetụrụ ugbo elu T4 "dvuhsotki" - bụ a ngo chọrọ n'otu oge na Tupolev Tu-160. Ọtụtụ ọrụ Sukhoi Tupolev mgbe ahụ ji kee ụgbọala ha, na-na-apụ arọ nke nke karịa 200 tọn.

Na oru ngo Sukhoi merie ndị mpi. Mgbe ahụ, na mmebe na-aga site n'ọtụtụ wetara oge, dị ka aka nri ya n'elu niile ihe na-amanye Tupolev. Ọ jụrụ ndị na-itinye ihe ọ bụla enyi na ugbo elu ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ọzọ.

ike osisi

Unique n'oge ugbo elu T-4 choro dịkarịa ala pụrụ iche engine na ike na-agba ọsọ na a pụrụ iche nke mmanụ ụgbọala. Tellingly, na Sukhoi ọ bụ nanị atọ nhọrọ, ma n'ikpeazụ biri na RD36-41 nlereanya. N'ihi ya mmepe nke kpatara amaghị "Saturn". Rịba ama na a engine bụ a "anya ikwu" nlereanya Vd-7. Ha, akpan akpan, onwem na atụ bọmbụ 3M.

The engine bụ ozugbo oké ya Compressor 11 degrees, na ọnụnọ nke ikuku jụrụ mbụ ogbo tobaim pupụtara. Adịbeghị anya nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ o kwere ka ha na-amụba na-arụ ọrụ okpomọkụ nke combustion ulo ozugbo iji 950K. Nke a engine - ugbu a na-ahụkarị uko, karịsịa site Soviet ụkpụrụ. Na ya e kere eke na o were dị afọ iri, ma pụta bụ uru na ya. Ọ bụ site na nke a T4 engine - agha, ndị na-agba nke karịa nke ya na ndị ọgbọ.

Nke agha e burugodị na a ụgbọelu?

Ikekwe, ikekwe kasị mkpa nke "tandem" bụ a nlereanya rọketi X-33, nke bụ maka mmepe nke kpara "Raduga". The ọrụ tupu Bureau e setịpụrụ a tara akpụ n'ezie na verge nke technology nke oge. Ọ dị mkpa na-eme ka a rọketi na ga-esochi autonomously na ihe mgbaru ọsọ na a elu nke na-erughị 30 kilomita, na ya ọsọ isii ugboro asaa ụda.

Ke adianade do, mgbe-ụgbọelu dabeere n'usoro ya onwe gị (!) Ọ bụ gbakọọ isi ụgbọelu na-awakpo ya site na ọtụtụ ngwangwa mgbe. Nanị tinye, ujo-nyoputa onyeiro ugbo elu T-4, bụ nke nwere a foto na otu isiokwu na-arụ na osisi na roketi, nke na-eri ọkara dị ka "ọtụtụ narị."

Ọbụna taa na-emepụta bụ nnọọ a ike. Mgbe ihe ndị a chọrọ na-adịghị anya ọzọ fabulous. Iji eme ihe ndị a aga-eme, nke Rada, nakwa dị ka a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ukwuu mgbagwoju electronics e gụnyere ke imewe nke rọketi. The mgbagwoju anya nke usoro na osisi ndị X-33 ọ dịghị ụzọ usụhọde ka ndị na ọtụtụ "otu-hundredths".

The mmeri nke sayensị na nkà na ụzụ

The ugbu furore ugbo elu T-4 emepụta ìhè n'ihi na ya na sverhtehnologichny ụlọ. N'ihi na oge mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ ugbo elu e ọbụna a iche iche ngosi maka adọ nwale nke kenkwucha na oru gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ime microfilm kaadị gafee ụwa elu gosiri kenkwucha ọnọdụ na ozugbo.

Nsogbu nke emebe na-eke

Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya, na imewe ogbo nke ndị dị otú ahụ a mgbagwoju igwe na-enwe ọtụtụ narị nsogbu, ọ bụla nke nwere ike ihere ọbụna academician. Firstly, na mbụ si Chassis nke ugbo elu ke dabara n'ime ime ogige. Iji dozie nsogbu a, na-etinye na-atụ a dịgasị iche iche nke nhọrọ, bụ ndị ọtụtụ n'ime ndị hoo haa nkwenkwe ụgha: karịsịa, ndị chọrọ ngo ọbụna "changeling", mgbe ụgbọelu nwere ofufe ruo ihe mgbaru ọsọ ụlọ ala.

N'ezie, ugbo elu T-4 - bombu nkọwa nke ukwu n'ihu oge ha ... ma ọ bụghị otu ihe ahụ ogo!

Kamakwa mkpebi weere mgbe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu anya nnọọ mma. N'ihi ya, na a ọsọ nke 3000 km / h ọbụna ubé projecting oriọna tagzi budata ụba ndị na-eguzogide. Mgbe ahụ, ọ chọrọ a mfe ngwọta: n'ihi na kacha nta ikpuru n'oge ụgbọ elu ụlọ na-elu. Ebe ọ bụ na n'ebe ịdị elu nke 24 kilomita ịnyagharịa anya ka ga-arụ ọrụ, igodo e kwesịrị iduga nanị ngwá.

Mgbe T-4 ugbo elu na ọdịda, ụlọ a na-mehieworonụ ala, nke mere na-egosi na pilot magburu onwe visibiliti. Akpa, ndị agha ahụ mere nke a echiche dị nnọọ akọ, ma ikike Vladimira Ilyushina, nwa nke Onye Okike nke na-ghar shtkrmovika IL, o nyeere kwenye ọchịagha. Ke adianade do, Ilyushin siri ọnwụ na-eme imewe nke periscope: ọ ga-eji bụrụ na nke ọdịda nke tilt usoro. Site n'ụzọ, mkpebi ya iji mesịrị creators nke ụlọ Tu-144 na Anglo-French Concorde.

Ịmepụta a fairing

Otu n'ime ihe ndị kacha esiri ihe aga-eme bụ ihe e kere eke nke fairing. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na mgbe na-eke ndị na-emepụta nwere ime ihe abụọ yiri ibe nanị ihe. Firstly, na fairing aghaghị ịdị na-a radio ebili mmiri. Nke abuo, na iji nagide oké elu n'ibu na thermal ibu. , Nwere ike a pụrụ iche ihe na-adabere na nke iko dịanyā, Ọdịdị nke nke yiri ụgbụgbọ mmanụ aṅụ na-edozi nsogbu a.

N'ihi nke a ujo-nyoputa onyeiro ugbo elu T-4 na-deservedly weere "progenitor" nke ọtụtụ ihe pụrụ iche nkà na ụzụ a na ọ bụghị nanị na ndị agha, ma na a kpamkpam udo ọrụ.

Ozugbo fairing - ise oyi akwa ewu, na 99% ibu dara na ya elu casing, nke ọkpụrụkpụ bụ naanị 1.5 mm. Iji nweta ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ, ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ịzụlite a Nwa dabeere sịlịkọn na organic ogige. N'oge na-arụ ọrụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere iji nyochaa ma chọpụta atụmanya maka ihe karịrị 20 (!) Of omume shapes na nha nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ugbo elu, ịkọ ha ụgbọ elu arụmọrụ. Na ihe niile a - na-enweghị oge a na kọmputa na omume! Nnọọ ukwuu otú onyinye nke ndị na-emepụta ileda ike.

nwa agbọghọ ụgbọ elu

Iji ofufe mbụ ụgbọelu T4 "ịkpa ákwà" dị njikere ke ini utọ 1972, ma n'ihi peat ọkụ gburugburu Moscow ọhụhụ on takeoff na ọdịda ule nke airfields fọrọ efu. Nwere flights egbu oge. Ma n'ihi na mbụ ụgbọ elu wee ebe na na njedebe nke oge okpomọkụ nke otu afọ, na piloted ugbo elu pilot Vladimir Ilyushin na ụgbọ mmiri Nicholas Alferov. First itoolu ule flights na-rụrụ. Rịba ama na ise ndị a ụgbọelu e rụrụ enweghị wepụ Chassis: o di mkpa ka amata njikwa nke ọhụrụ igwe na niile na-arụ ọrụ ụdịdị.

Ini ekededi ozugbo kwuru elu mma nke akara nke ugbo elu: ọbụna ụda mgbochi "ịkpa ákwà" Ẹkenịm n'ụzọ zuru okè, na ọbụna oge nke ntughari ka supersonic chere naanị na ngwaọrụ. Army nnochite anya, na-elekọta ule nwere obi ụtọ na ọhụrụ igwe, na ozugbo rịọrọ a mmepụta ogbe nke 250 iberibe. N'ihi na ugbo elu nke klas a bụ nnọọ incredibly elu mgbasa!

Ọ bụrụ na ihe niile gara nke ọma, anyị ga-ama ụgbọelu T-4 (na otu bombu, onye e ji mara na-kọwara na ihe a) dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu na ya na klas.

Aircraft atụmanya

Ọzọ "isi" nke a igwe bụ nku nke agbanwe nhazi. N'ihi na nke a, ọ nwere ike na-ewere a multi-nzube, ụgbọelu pụrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe a ga-eji dị ka a stratospheric nyoputa onyeiro. Nke a ga-belata na-eri nke agha omume ga-emepụta naanị otu ụgbọelu kama abụọ.

Ọgwụgwụ nke nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ

Ná mmalite, ndị "ikpa" kwesịrị wuru na Tushino Aviation Plant, ma ọ nnọọ sere chọrọ mmepụta mpịakọta. The naanị ụlọ ọrụ nke ike na-achọrọ nọmba nke ụgbọala ọhụrụ bụ Kazan AZ. N'oge na-adịghị anyị na-tụgharịa nke preparatory ọrụ ọhụrụ ụlọ ahịa. Ma, ebe a na-etinye aka iwu: Tupolev-enweghị mmasị na a osompi, otú nlelị akọrọ "kewapụrụ" si factory, hacked ọnwụ na-akpata ihe niile atụmanya nke na-ewu nke ọhụrụ igwe.

Ọ bụ ya mere taa anyị maara na ugbo elu T-4 - bombu, onye a pụrụ iche maka ya oge e ji mara, ma ọ bụghị onye na-arahụ ọbụna obere usoro. N'otu oge ahụ ọ na-enwe nke abụọ ogbo nke "ubi" ule. Ná ngwụsị nke January 1974, e nwere a ụgbọ elu n'oge nke ugbo elu bụ ike iru a elu nke 12 km na a ọsọ nke M = 1.36. Ọ na-e chere na a ogbo igwe, na-emesịa rute osooso nke M = 2.6.

Ka ọ dịgodị akọrọ negotiated na management nke Tushino factory, ọbụna àjà wughachi ụlọ ahịa, dị nnọọ na-enwe ike iru mbụ 50 "acres". Ma ndị ọchịchị na-anọchite anya ndị Ministry nke ụgbọelu ụlọ ọrụ, ọ na-nnọọ maara Tupolev, efunahụ ọbụna nke mmebe a ohere. Na March 1974, oru nile na revolutionary ụgbọelu e kwụsị enweghị nkọwa. Ya mere, na T-4 - a ụgbọelu (ya foto dị na akwụkwọ), bụ nke e bibiri naanị maka onwe onye mere ụfọdụ ndị nọ Defense Ministry na ndị ọchịchị nke USSR.

Ọnwụ nke Sukhoi, nke weere ọnọdụ September 15, 1975, emeghị ka ihe doo anya na nke a nke. Naanị na 1976, Ministry of Aviation Industry dryly kwuru na-arụ ọrụ "Sotka" kwụsịrị naanị n'ihi na eziokwu na Tupolev mkpa ọrụ na mmepụta ikike n'ihi na mmepụta nke Tu-160. N'otu oge ka T-4 na eze mara ọkwa ụzọ nke "White Swan", ọ bụ ezie na Tupolev nanị privatize niile ihe na "100 oru ngo", na-ewere uru nke ọnwụ nke Sukhoi.

Tupolev agbachitere kọwaara ya ọnọdụ site na eziokwu na mmebe chọrọ mejuputa "ihe dị mfe ma dị ọnụ ala Tu-22M" ... Ee, nke a ugbo elu bụ n'ezie ọnụ ala, na na ya, mmejuputa iwu were ihe karịrị afọ asaa, na e ji mara ya, ọ bụ n'ebe dị nnọọ anya site na usoro otu bombu. Ke adianade do, ruo n'ókè ruo ọtụtụ pụrụ ịdabere nsogbu e edozi, nlereanya a na-arahụ site na ọtụtụ cycles nke mgbanwe na bụkwa bụghị ụzọ kasị mma na-emetụta mkpokọta na-eri nke oru ngo.

About Grand overruns ndiife ịgba akwụkwọ ka ọ pụtara ìhè site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na nke ụlọ ahịa nke Kazan ụgbọelu osisi nanị bee na tụhapụrụ na n'efu kacha oké ọnụ ahịa na ngwá zubere maka uka mmepụta, "ikpa."

The pụtara "ikpa"

Ugbu a, naanị ụgbọ elu Sukhoi T-4 na-emi odude ke ebighi kwụsịrị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na Monino ngosi nka nke ụgbọelu. Ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na na 1976, Sukhoi Design Bureau emewo a ikpeazụ ohere iji mee ka "a narị" na-agbaru, mara ọkwa na ego nke 1.3 ijeri rubles. The ọchịchị kpọlite ndị ịrịba mkpọtụ nke so kpata ihe n'oge nchefu ugbo elu. Ọtụtụ Ichi bụ eziokwu na Tu-160 ama eri Soviet Union budata ọzọ dị oké ọnụ. Ya mere, na T-4 - a ụgbọelu nke na-ike-abụ ezigbo nhọrọ na okwu nke price na atụmatụ.

Ma tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe ndị Soviet Union-enweghị a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọhụrụ mepụtara gụnyere a ụgbọ ala. Erule oge prototype "jụrụ 100", e nwere kpọmkwem 600 ọhụrụ mepụtara na nchọpụta Kemịkalụ. A itunanya na ubi nke ugbo elu bụ ịrịba. Ewoo, ma ọ bụ a catch: na ya ozi, ya bụ a itunanya ugbo elu ụgbọelu ntụ ozize iwu, ụgbọelu T4 "ịkpa ákwà" n'oge nke e kere eke na-agaghịkwa aka ịnagide. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na Tu-160 adịghị mma n'ihi nzube a. N'ihi na nke a agha submarines dabara nnọọ mma.

Precursors na analogs

The kasị ama "White Swan", utu aha otu bombu Tu-160. Nke a bụ anyị ikpeazụ usoro otu bombu. Oke-ahụ-anya ibu - 267 tọn, ọkọlọtọ n'ala ọsọ - 850 km / h. "White Swan" nwere ike mee ngwangwa ruo 2000 km / h. Oke nso - ruo 14 000 km. On osisi ụgbọelu nwere ike na- 40 tọn ụta na / ma ọ bụ bombs gụnyere "smart", iji weghachi site na satellite na usoro.

Na a typical n'onwe bụ a bombu bays isii agba X-55 na X-55M. "White Swan" - ndị kasị oké ọnụ Soviet ugbo elu, ọ bụ budata ọzọ dị oké ọnụ karịa T-4 ugbo elu, ndị jụrụ, gụnyere ndị ọzọ, n'ihi na nke "elu na-eri". Ke adianade do, onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị a ugbo elu n'oge nke ya e kere eke, ike hụ na mmejuputa iwu-nke ebumnobi nke e kere. N'oge gara aga, e kpebiri ịmaliteghachi mmepụta nke ígwè na Kazan ụgbọelu osisi. Ihe kpatara ya bụ mfe - ọdịdị nke ọhụrụ agba, ikwe ka ikwu ihe ịga nke ọma (na ozizi) inwere site na-agbachitere, nakwa dị ka zuru ezu na-anọghị nke oge a na-a na ubi.

M-50

Revolutinary maka ya oge, ụgbọelu kere Vladimirom Myasischevym na mkpara nke OKB-23. Na-ahụ-anya arọ nke 175 tọn, o nwere mee ngwangwa ka fọrọ nke nta 2000 km / h na-ebu ruo 20 tọn bombs na / ma ọ bụ akụ ụta.

XB-70 Valkyrie

A top-nzuzo American otu bombu (n'ihi na ya oge), onye ahụ bụ kpamkpam nke titanium. Company kere - North American. Were-apụ ibu - 240 tọn, ọsọ kacha - 3220 km / h. Nso nke ngwa - ruo 12 puku kilomita. The usoro na-aga n'ihi na nke incredibly elu na-eri na nkà na ụzụ mgbagwoju nke mmepụta.

Taa, T-4 (ugbo elu, nke nwere a foto ke ibuotikọ) bụ oké ihe atụ nke otú tech na elu-àgwà akụrụngwa na-gburu n'ihi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mere na undercover egwuregwu.

pụta

Ọ dabara nke ọma, na-Herculean mgbalị nke ndị na-emepụta na nnukwu echekwara nọrọ na mmepe na mmepụta nke prototypes, ọ bụghị mikpuru n'ime nchefu. Firstly, ọtụtụ n'ime teknụzụ mepụtara mgbe e mesịrị na-eji na mmepe nke Tu-160, nke taa na-eche ala nke mba anyị. Nke abuo, na Sukhoi Design Bureau bụ ike iji niile nke ndị na-emenụ na ihe e kere eke nke a pụrụ iche maka ya oge, Su-27, nke a ụbọchị nọgidere na-abụ a "kụrụ" fighter ugbo elu.

On mmetụta nke "ọtụtụ narị" na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ ụgbọelu ụlọ ọrụ na ohere ụlọ ọrụ na-ekwu, ọ dịkarịa ala, eziokwu ahụ bụ na nkà na ụzụ bụ "cell" mkpuchi e ji mee ihe na mmepe nke "Burana". Ewoo, ma oru ngo-a zuzuru emebi.