Structure na ọrụ nke pituitary

The pituitary gland, Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke ga-atụle mgbe e mesịrị, bụ ihe ngwa nke endocrine usoro. Ọ òkè 3 jikọtara. Ka anyị tụlee ihe bụ ọrụ nke pituitary gland nke ụbụrụ. Ná ngwụsị nke isiokwu, a n'ihu ihe onwunwe. Karịsịa, a na tebụl. pituitary ọrụ kọwara na ya na nkenke.

mgbasa

Dị ka pituitary gland na kwadoro? Arụ, ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa, ngwa ọrụ n'ozuzu kpebisiri ike site na steeti ọbara ekesa. Ụfọdụ atụmatụ nke ngwa ọbara esenyịn nwere ọtụtụ ikpe a bụrụkwa mmetụta na ụkpụrụ nke ya ọrụ.

Alaka nke carotid (n'ime) akwara na nke dị gburugburu Willis kpụrụ elu ma na ala ahu ọwa. The mbụ forms a pụtara dị ike capillary netwọk ke etiti elu n'ógbè hypothalamus. Jikọrọ ọnụ na-etolite a na usoro nke arịa portal akwara ogologo. Ha ịgbada na adenohypophysis na stalk nke ụdị na ihu n'ọnụ ọnụ plexus sinusoidal capillaries. N'ihi ya, a na akụkụ nke ahụ ahụ nke kpọmkwem ọbara esenyịn anọghị. Blood nri n'ime ya si etiti elu site portal usoro. Njirimara ndị a nke paramount mkpa maka iwu nke ọ bụla ọrụ nke ihu pituitary. Nke a bụ n'ihi na axons na neurosecretory sel nke hypothalamus na etiti elu region kpụrụ aksovazalnye kọntaktị.

Neurosecretion na usoro iwu peptides site n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá arịa banye n'ime adenohypophysis. N'azụ ahụ ngalaba na-enweta ọbara ala akwara. The adenohypophysis kwuru kasị elu osisi ike ugbu a, mgbe ya larịị dị elu karịa ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ arọ.

Venous arịa na ihu n'ọnụ ọnụ na-agụnye n'azụ venules. The outflow si ngwa a rụrụ cavernous imi venous ike shei, na mgbe ahụ na - na a nkịtị na netwọk. A ukwuu olu nke ọbara Nkea retrograde na etiti elu. Nke a bụ oge dị oké egwu mgbe na-arụ ọrụ nzaghachi usoro n'etiti hypothalamus na pituitary gland. Ọmịiko innervation nke ọbara arịa na-rụrụ site postganglionic esiwọrọ inyịme tinyere vaskụla netwọk.

Pituitary gland: Ọdịdị na ọrụ (nkenke)

Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, a na ngwa nwere atọ nkewa. The n'ihu na-akpọ ihu pituitary. Dị ka morphological atụmatụ, a nkewa a gland epithelial malite. Ọ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke endocrine mkpụrụ ndụ.

Posterior n'ọnụ ọnụ na-akpọ neurohypophysis. Ọ na-kpụrụ n'oge embryogenesis ka a bulging ventral hypothalamus na ji ọsọ na ya neuroectodermal malite. Na posterior akụkụ nke kpọkọtara pituitsidy - spindle ekara mkpụrụ ndụ na nural hypothalamic axons.

Intermediate nta (yiri n'ihu) bụ epithelial malite. Nke a ngalaba bụ fọrọ nke nta na-ejighị na ụmụ mmadụ, ma ọ bụ nnọọ n'ụzọ doro anya kwuru na, ihe atụ, na òké, na ehi na obere ruminants. n'etiti n'ọnụ ọnụ ọrụ a onye rụrụ a obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke a otu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ke n'ihu akụkụ nke n'azụ nkewa, ọtọ na embryological metụtara na ihu pituitary. Ọzọ, tụlee akụkụ akọwara n'elu na zuru ezu.

mmepụta nke homonụ

Structurally ihu pituitary mkpụrụ ndụ na-egosi na asatọ ụdị, ise nke ndị pụta ụwa na secretory ọrụ. A ọcha gụnyere, akpan akpan:

• Somatotrofy. Ọ acidophilus red ọcha na ezi nsogbu dị iche iche. Ha na-emepụta ibu hormone.
• Laktotrofy. Nke a odo acidophilus ọcha na nnukwu nsogbu dị iche iche. Ha na-emepụta prolactin.
• Tireotrofy basophil. Ndị a na mkpụrụ ndụ na-emepụta thyroid-akpali akpali hormone.
• Gonadotrofy basophil. A ọcha emepụta LH na FSH (gonadotropins: follicle na-akpali akpali na luteinizing homonụ).
• Kortikotrofy basophil. A ọcha emepụta adrenocorticotropic hormone corticotropin. Ọzọkwa ebe a, dị ka ndị ọcha nke etiti nkewa, kpụrụ melanotropin na beta-endorphin. A ogige na-ewepụtara precursor ụmụ irighiri lipotropinovyh ogige.

corticotropin

Ọ bụ a cleavage ngwaahịa nke proopiomelanocortin zuru ezu nnukwu glycoprotein nke a kpụrụ basophilic kortikotrofami. Nke a protein compound na-kewara abụọ n'akụkụ. The abụọ na otu onye - lipotropin - agbawasị na-enye melanotropin peptide endorphin. Ọ dị oké mkpa na ọrụ nke antipain (antinociceptive) usoro na mgbanwe olu ọgbọ adenohypophyseal homonụ.

N'ahụ mmetụta nke corticotropin

Ha na-ekewa n'ime extraadrenal na adrenal. Adịbeghị anya na-ewere isi. N'okpuru ihe nke corticotropin ụba njikọ nke homonụ. Mgbe e nwere ngafe nke hyperplasia na hypertrophy nke adrenal cortex. Extraadrenal edinam gosiri ndị na-esonụ na-akpata:

• Dịkwuo mmepụta nke ibu hormone na insulin.
• Lipolytic mmetụta adipose anụ ahụ.
• Hypoglycemia n'ihi na mmetuta nke insulin secretion.
• Mụbara deposition nke melanin hyperpigmentation ruru ka mmiri ọgwụ mmekọrịta nke molekul na melanotropin.

Mgbe ngafe corticotropin akara mmepe nke Cushing so uru na-abawanye na cortisol na adrenal. Nke a daa ọrịa a na-akpọ pituitary Cushing si. Belata pituitary ọrụ akpalite enweghị glucocorticoids. Ọ na-esonyere metabolic agbanwerịta ibe owụt agwa na-arịa ọrịa nke iguzogide mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi.

Gonadotropic pituitary ọrụ

Development of kpọmkwem ogige si cell pellets iche iche cycles na ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom. Pituitary ọrụ emejuputa na nke a site na adenylate cyclase-ulo-ikwū-usoro. Ha isi mmetụta na-iji na-enwe mmekọahụ agba. The edinam na ọ bụghị nanị na e guzobere na secretion nke homonụ, ma na ọrụ nke testes na ovaries site nkịtị ka cellular anabata follitropin primordial follicle. Nke a na-eduga ná a iche morphogenetic mmetụta, nke na-egosipụta onwe n'ụdị ibu nke follicles na ovary na granulosa mkpụrụ ndụ proliferation nwanyi, nakwa dị ka mmepe nke testes, spermatogenesis, na-ebuwanye ibu nke Sertoli mkpụrụ ndụ na ụmụ nwoke.

N'oge na mmepụta nke mmekọahụ homonụ na follitropin hụrụ naanị inyeaka mmetụta. N'ihi na Ọdịdị nke secretory ya kwadebe maka lutropin ọrụ. Ọzọkwa, kpaliri steroid biosynthesis enzymes. Lutropin akpali ovulation na mmepe nke ovarian corpus luteum, na testes na-akpali akpali mmetụta Leydinga mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọ na-atụle a isi steroid ebighị mmụta na androgen, progesterone na estrogen. Ezigbo mmepe nke gonads na mmepụta nke Steroid nyere site synergistic edinam nke lutropin na follitropin. Na nke a, ha na-emekarị jikọtara n'okpuru izugbe designation "gonadotropins".

Thyrotropin: ozi izugbe

Secretion nke a glycoprotein hormone a rụrụ nọgidere na a zuru ezu nkọ fluctuations ofụri usen. Ya kacha ịta hụrụ na awa na ebu ụra. The iwu na-rụrụ site na mmekọrịta ọrụ nke pituitary na thyroid glands. Thyrotropin secretion enhances tetraiodothyronine na triiodothyronine. Mechiri emechi nzaghachi ka larịị nke hypothalamus na pituitary ọrụ ruru. Na nke ikpeazụ ikpe anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere suppression nke TSH. Ọzọkwa ọ na slows ala secretion nke glucocorticoids. The ụba mmepụta nke TSH ihuenyo emee n'okpuru nduzi nke elu okpomọkụ na ahu. Ihe ndị dị ka ná Nkụnwụ Ahụ, mgbu ma ọ bụ ihe ọjọọ, inhibit secretion.

Mmetụta nke thyrotropin

Nke a hormone bụ ike nke na nkịtị ka a kpọmkwem ihe nnabata na thyroid follicular mkpụrụ ndụ na eji metabolic Jeremaya mere. Thyrotropin eme ịgbanwe nile di iche iche nke metabolism, accelerating ayodiin kpọọ mmejuputa Steroid na njikọ nke thyroid thyroglobulin. The abawanye na thyroid hormone secretion emee site ebighị nke hydrolysis nke thyroglobulin.

Thyrotropin arọ ahụ na-abawanye n'ihi ụba RNA na protein njikọ. The hormone na-akpa vnetireoidnoe edinam. Ọ na-egosipụta ubara mmepụta nke glycosaminoglycans n'akpụkpọ ahụ ya, subcutaneous anụ ahụ na zaorbitalnoy. Nke a na-emekarị emee n'ihi enweghị homonụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ, megide ayodiin erughi. Oké secretion nke TSH goitre, thyroid hyperfunction ngosipụta ụba ọdịnaya steroid thyroid (hyperthyroidism), exophthalmos (pucheglazija). All a ọnụ na-akpọ ili 'ọrịa.

somatotropin

Nke a hormone na-emepụta nọgidere na a 20-30 nkeji-achịkwaghị achịkwa na adenogipofizarnyh mkpụrụ ndụ. Usoro secretion nke somatostatin na-ebu somatoliberin (hypothalamic neuropeptides). Mụbara mmepụta nke ibu hormone hụrụ n'oge na-ehi ụra, karịsịa na-amalite amalite.

n'ahụ mmetụta

Ha na-metụtara mmetụta nke ibu hormone na metabolic Filiks. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị n'ahụ mmetụta onye ogbugbo ya kpọmkwem humoral ihe, ọkpụkpụ na imeju na. Ha na-akpọ somatomedins. Bụrụ na nke mebiri nke pituitary gland n'ụdị ụba na ruo ogologo oge secretion nke hormone edinam nke humoral ihe on cartilage nọgidekwara. Otú ọ dị, hụrụ mgbanwe lipid na carbohydrate metabolism. N'ihi ya, ibu hormone akpali hyperglycemia ruru ka ire ere na imeju na-na muscle glycogen, na mgbochi nke glucose mkpofu na arọ. N'ihi na nke a hormone enwekwu insulin secretion. N'otu oge ahụ, ibu hormone akpali ebighị insulinase.

Sị na enzyme eme deleteriously na insulin, nākpasu iguzogide ya na anụ ahụ. Nke a Nchikota Filiks nwere ike ịkpalite mmalite nke-arịa ọrịa shuga (ọrịa shuga).

pituitary ọrụ na-egosi na metabolism nke lipids. E nwere a Ọrụ (masịrị) mmetụta nke ibu hormone na mmetụta nke glucocorticoids na catecholamines. N'ihi ya kpaliri lipolysis nke adipose anụ ahụ, mụbara free ọdụdụ acid ịta na ọbara, e nwere oké guzobere ketone ozu na imeju na-na ọbụna ya infiltration.

Insulin eguzogide nwere ike ejikọta ya na ọrịa kọwara zhirovgo mgbanwe. Bụrụ na nke mebiri nke pituitary gland, nke na-kwupụtara oké secretion nke ibu hormone, ọ bụrụ na ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya na nwata, mepụtara gigantism na proportional guzobere ogwe na aka na ụkwụ. Na tozuru okè ma na-eto eto n'otu oge e a na-eto eto nke nke epiphyseal uto nke skeletal ọkpụkpụ, ebe nke na-ezughị ezu osifikeshịọn. Nke a usoro a na-akpọ acromegaly. Mgbe ibu hormone erughi congenital dwarfism ọdịdị nke ikpe, a maara dị ka pituitary dwarfism. Ndị dị otú ahụ na-akpọ ka Lilliputians.

prolactin

Nke a bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa homonụ na pituitary gland na-arụpụta. Ọrụ ke idem kwuru steroid anamde dị iche iche. Ukwuu n'ime ya na-emetụta ndị mammary gland. Ke adianade do, ọ na-akwado hormone secretory ọrụ nke corpus luteum na progesterone mmepụta. Prolactin na-agụnye ụkpụrụ nke mmiri nnu metabolism, na-ebelata excretion nke mmiri na electrolytes, akpali na mmepe nke esịtidem akụkụ, ọ na-akwalite guzobe nke nne nwa mmuo. Ọzọkwa amplification hormone enhances protein njikọ nke abụba nke si carbohydrates oke nke na-akpata postnatal ibu ibu.

N'azụ na márá ngalaba: a obere nkọwa

Neurohypophysis anamde n'ụzọ kwụrụ ụgwọ ọrụ. Na nke a ngalaba nwekwara secreted neurohormones paraventricular na supraoptic nuclei na hypothalamus - oxytocin na vasopressin.

Ma ihe ndị n'etiti nkewa, e na-kpụrụ melanotropin. Nke a hormone na-synthesized melanin enwekwu ego nke free ink na epidermis, na-ewusi na akpụkpọ ntutu agba. Melanotropin anamde ọrụ nke ụbụrụ peptide neurochemical Filiks ke ebe nchekwa.

Ná mmechi

Isiokwu "Pituitary Function" na-anọchi anya n'okpuru-enye ohere na chịkọtara ka aga-eme tụlere ngwa site n'ịchọpụta ndị ọrụ nke ogige mepụtara ha.