The bughi usoro nke ụlọ na owuwu. imewe Basics

The bughi usoro nke ụlọ mejupụtara interconnected ụlọ ọcha. All vetikal na kehoraizin mmiri na-arụ ọrụ na njikọ na-enye a edo eguzogide, isi na ike na-ewuru owuwu. Kwụ Ọdịdị aghọta ezinụlọ na ọrụ ibu na-ebunye ha ka ha na-akwụ ọtọ ebu eku. Core ọcha nke ụlọ iguzogide ifufe agha, aghọta nchegbu mmadụ na-eme, na-agba arọ nke kwụ mmiri na-ebunye mmetụta na ntọala na isi.

Kwụ amị ọcha

Ndị a chepụtara na-egosi na ndị na-ewu ọcha, nke na okwu nke ego ruo n'ókè dị ukwuu. The bughi usoro nke ụlọ na-egosi na slab, monolithic ngalaba, joists, ibé na trusses imewe nke ihe, metal, osisi, dabere na chọrọ ibu na-adịru nha.

Ná mmalite, na chi ọbụbọ nke oge nke ewu, kwụ slab wuru na ụkpụrụ nke na-akwado ibé na slabs nke mkpuchi ihe onwunwe. Ma n'oge a haziri nke ụlọ iji mesikwuru ihe oghere, ribbed, U ekara, Korytny slab na n'out oge ikpokọta na ọrụ ya na-agba bolts na ebe kwesịrị ekwesị maka ọrụ.

Nyefe nke ibu si kwụ ọcha

Emejuputa atumatu dị ka atụmatụ, mgbe mmetụta na-ebute site ná niile na-ebu ma ọ bụ vetikal ọcha a na-ekesa na-ahọrọ maka nzube a bughi isiike mgbidi, diaphragm, ma ọ bụ njikọ dị n'etiti uprights nke kọlụm. Maka ulo oru osisi na-ewu esereese na-enye a jikọrọ usoro mgbasaozi ibu na nkesa nke kwụ agha na stiffeners na kwekọrọ n'etiti vetikal mmiri.

Ft slabs gbasa akwado diaphragm isi, ha ikpokọta kwụ nkesa nke ibu na nnyefe nke vetikal ọcha. Concrete slabs kwụ n'ahịrị na ebe n'ime ụlọ na-akpali mgbalị, ekele isiike njikọ na vetikal owuwu.

The ojiji nke ihe bụ n'ihi ọkụ nchekwa chọrọ, slabs nke elu-ịrị elu ụlọ ka nke fireproof ihe onwunwe. Economic ọmụmụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka imewe nke n'uko ogwe ekwe na-eji ha na nnukwu quantities na ụlọ nke ọ bụla ụdị. Efere na-ewu imewe ìgwè ịrụ, monolithic ma ọ bụ prefabricated monolithic.

A dịgasị iche iche nke vetikal ụgbọelu ọcha

Dị na ọdabara ụdị vetikal ọcha, obon mgbalị, bughi layout nke ụlọ a na-ekewa n'ime anọ isi ụdị:

• planar usoro nwere nanị otu akụkụ nke mgbidi na ọgịrịga;
• ozu etiti ma esịnede a mkpanaka na gbaa (diaphragm na mgbidi) mmiri;
• erite, nyere dum elu nke dị n'ime aro ewu olu na ohere nke oghere ngalaba;
• The n'ọbọ usoro ọrụ mpụga volumetric ngwọta n'ụdị mechiri emechi-shei na mkpa ọcha.

Industrial imewe na nkà na ụzụ na usoro nke ụlọ

Residential ụlọ nwere onwe ha typological atụmatụ, a na-agụnye vetikal ibu-amị ọcha, nke na-emi odude ke ụgbọelu nke mgbidi. The ojiji nke ogidi dị ka ndị bụ isi na owuwu ugbua na mbụ ogbo nke ulo oru mmepe ekwe ka isi ihe anọ imewe atụmatụ:

• Jiri transverse akwado ogidi ntụhie;
• na longitudinal akwado ibé;
• cross-usoro ngwaọrụ nke ogologo ọcha;
• enweghị ojiji nke ọ bụla imewe agbaba.

Design nke ụlọ na owuwu na ulo oru na usoro ga-bụghị naanị ka ọrụ overlaps ọzọ ibe, ma mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị nke kwụ ọtọ ibu-amị ọcha. More na nso nso-eji constructive ngwọta iji Kporo rigidity nke mechiri emechi ụdị. A ọcha nwere n'ozuzu na akụkụ nke ụlọ, ọ bụ adaba ịchọta e ventshahty, igwe mbuli, ekwela chutes. Large ruo n'ókè nke na-ewu na-achọ echichi nke multiple rigidity Kporo.

The bughi esereese nke a na-akwado shei bụ a-eto eto ụkpụrụ ụlọ ngwọta. Ọdịdị ya nwere ike simulate ụba nke prisms, cylinders, pyramid ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ geometric shapes olu.

Oke nke imewe ngwọta

Building bụ a generalized esereese nke static e ji mara na-ewu nke na-adịghị ịhụ na-ekpebi ihe nke rụpụta na usoro nke na-ewu. Dị ka ihe atụ, a frameless mgbidi ebughibu imewe na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị irè na arụmọrụ nke brick, osisi, ihe, ụfụfụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nke oge ihe.

Jikọtara bughi usoro nke ụlọ na-akọwa a variant nke imewe mkpebi na mejupụtara na ọnọdụ nke isi ụdị longitudinal na transverse òtù dị iche iche ntụziaka. Ya ụdị a họọrọ mbụ imewe ogbo , na-ewere n'ime akaụntụ arụmọrụ chọrọ tinye n'ihu site na nkà na ụzụ ma ò ohere-atụmatụ ngwọta.

Tụkwasị na nke a akụkụ n'ime akaụntụ mgbe ahọpụta imewe atụmatụ nke na-ewere uma nke nkesa kwụ agha na ha na mmekọrịta ya na vetikal etiti òtù. The bughi usoro ulo oru ụlọ kpebisiri ike site ewere n'ime akaụntụ mmetụta nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ mkpebi na ụdị Ọdịdị. The nhọrọ nke oru ngo emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke storeys ụlọ na engineering ewu ọnọdụ geological okwu.

The ojiji nke dị iche iche imewe ngwọta ke imewe nke ụlọ na ụlọ

Ntupu ngwọta eku gbasara ohere n'onwe-eji na-ewu eguzogide seismological ọdachi ụlọ na elu ịrị elu ụlọ pịnye n'elu itoolu ala, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ndị ọzọ ụlọ ke nkịtị ọnọdụ. Nke a bụ isi mepụtara usoro nke-ewu imewe, ụlọ ewu na-adịkarịghị eji n'ihi nke-enweghị ezi uche aku na-eri.

Frameless ụdị gbasara ohere ngwọta na-eji na-ewu nke residential ụlọ, na-eji maka imewe nke elu-ịrị elu ụlọ ruo 30 ala. The olu-ewu ngọngọ constructive usoro mejupụtara agba ọcha esịnede enịm otu n'elu ndị ọzọ na-akwado onwe olu nkeji. Na-akpọ ogidi rụọ ọrụ na tandem, site inogide interconnected site isiike ọcha ejikọrọ gaa mgbanwe.

Etiti-diaphragm ewu ngwọta

The usoro-akọ Nchikota regimens na-ezughị ezu ọkpụkpụ na dabeere na nkesa ọrụ n'etiti anyịnya ịha mkpanaka ahụ na mgbidi amị ngwaahịa. The bughi usoro nke elu-ịrị elu ụlọ wuru na ụkpụrụ nke nyefe nke kwụ ibu na vetikal mgbidi nke diaphragm na na isi ọcha bụ ndị kwụ ọtọ agha aa na eku. Nke a na usoro a na-ewu ya, kasị elu panel-eku ụlọ ụlọ ụdị n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ nke ewu na ala ọma jijiji pụrụ ebe.

Etiti-ngọngọ gbasara ohere mkpebi

Ọ dabeere na nkwonkwo ọrụ etiti nkanka na ọcha, na ihe siri ike owuwu na-eme ka na-akwado ọcha ma ọ bụ hinged. Na ihe nkanka jupụta na na ohere ụgbọelu etiti lattice. Biasing ọcha n'ịnyịnya otu n'elu ndị ọzọ na kwụ etiti nyiwe nke mere ndokwa na 3-5 ala. Nke a usoro pụtara onwe ya nke ọma na ụlọ n'elu 12 ala.

Architectural na ụba chọrọ kọwaa kpuchie atụmatụ mgbe ị na-ahọrọ a oru ngo. Ogologo imewe ọcha nke mere na ha adịghị imegide ikike ime nhọrọ atụmatụ solution, na n'uko ibé adịghị protrude n'elu na residential ụlọ. Transverse agba ahụkarị ogologo ụlọ na a mgbe nile cellular Ọdịdị na plan (hotels, dormitories), agaghi asu pitch agba crossbars alternates na mgbidi na partitions. Longitudinal ọnọdụ nke kwajuru ogologo ogologo ibé eji na oru ngo nke residential ụlọ ewepụghị ụdị.

Bezrigelny etiti-eji na-ewu ụlọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ojiji nke precast ihe owuwu impractical n'ihi ahụghị ke ebe nke nnukwu ulo oru mbo na mkpakọrịta. Beamless usoro e ji ala pụrụ ịdabere na elu na-eri, na-eji na-ewu nke monolithic na mejupụtara prefabricated ụlọ onwe-leveling ala site na usoro nke na-eweli na-akpụ akpụ formwork.

Construction usoro maka ụlọ

Ọ na-akọwa a constructive ngwọta na mgbagwoju usoro ngwọta dị ka usoro nke erection nke ihe owuwu na ihe nhọrọ maka itinye ihe na ọnụ. The bughi ụlọ usoro e mere ụlọ na ibu na-amị mgbidi nke obere-sized blocks, brik, eke nkume, ceramik ma ọ bụ ihe. System ekewa omenala prefabrication.

Omenala na-ewu atụmatụ

The usoro dabeere na ntuziaka ogbugbu nke masonry mgbidi. Ekwu okwu nke na ihe ulo oru na usoro nke na-ewu, ọ ga-kwuru na omenala atụmatụ anọgide gbaa ewu ọcha. All n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụlọ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ala, steepụ, ibé, ogidi ya na ndị ọzọ na ụlọ ọrụ na-e si zuru nzukọ nke oru ngo na ebuli omenala owuwu nke elu larịị nke ụlọ ọrụ.

Na omenala uru nke usoro dabeere n'eziokwu na obere size nke masonry nkeji ekwe iwu ulo nke dị iche iche shapes, ọ bụla elu. Adobe mgbidi n'enweghị ejikwara ruo ogologo oge, nwere a elu fọrọ n'ihi na ọkụ na-eguzogide, ashlaring adịghị achọ plasta. The ọghọm na-agụnye nke ukwuu mgbagwoju na na nduzi nke ike e ji mara nke ngwaahịa na nke nkà na ụzụ na nkà ịrụ Mason.

prefabrication usoro

Dị ka atụmatụ a na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ aghụghọ, ndị na-ewu nke dabeere echichi nke nnukwu prefabricated ọcha (ogwe, nkanka) mere nke brick, egbuke, ihe. Prefabrication owuwu e wuru na usoro:

• nke nnukwu blocks;
• eji ogwe;
• a na-eweli wallboard na etiti;
• nke nnukwu blocks;
• nke mesikwuru ihe.

Large-usoro na-ewu

Ndị a na ụdị bughi usoro nke ụlọ na-eji na-ewu nke residential ụlọ ruo 22 ala. Large kwụ nkanka na-enịm na ụdị nke brick na bandaging nke seams. The uru nke nnukwu-ngọngọ usoro bụ mfe na-agba nke echichi ọcha, ikike iji dị iche iche ihe. A ole na ole nke ọkọlọtọ nha-achọ a obere ulo oru mbo, na-ewu na ọtụtụ iche-iche.

Panel imewe ụlọ ọrụ

N'okpuru atụmatụ a, e mere ụlọ elu 14 ruo 30 ala, karị, na seismic ebe na na nkịtị ọnọdụ. mgbidi Ọdịdị mejupụtara onye ogwe enịm otu on ọzọ enweghị ligation isi agịga Ma do na ciment ngwa agha. Ha kwụsie ike na-dịgidere ịgbado ọkụ fixings, na inogide na-arụ ọrụ compound linkages na nkwonkwo. Ngwa nke usoro ebelata mgbagwoju nke ruo 40%, na-ewu na-eri nke ruo 7%, ebelata n'ozuzu ibu nke ihe owuwu bụ 20-30%.

Prefabricated osisi etiti ngo mkpebi

Ụlọ wuru nke metal na na ụgbọelu etiti ma ọ bụ precast na gosikwa n'ịnyịnya ogwe nke dị iche iche ihe. Hapụrụ iji rụọ ụlọ nke ụdị ruo 30 ala. Tumadi ji ụlọ ọha, dị ka ụlọ na-amịrị a panel na akụ na ụba na technical egosi.

Space-ngọngọ ụlọ

Nke a na usoro na-akọ na-ewu nke ulo oru ụdị ma ndị mejupụtara na wụnye gbasara ohere ọcha nke mesikwuru ihe-erikpu ruo 25 ise, gụnyere a na ihuenyo otu ụlọ (kichin, ụlọ, ime ụlọ ịwụ, wdg) na-ewu nkanka enweghị ligation isi agịga Ma do. Ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro na-enye ohere iji belata mgbagwoju site 15% tụnyere panel usoro. Production nke nnukwu blocks site 15% karịa ogwe. Building ụlọ a obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ala na seismic ebe na 16-storey n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ.

Monolithic ewu usoro

Ha na-eji elu ụlọ. The bughi usoro monolithic ụlọ gụnyere owuwu na nke ndị niile na ibu na-amị ọcha na mmiri na-mere iji mesikwuru ihe. Jikọtara atụmatụ njikere monolithic ụlọ na-atụ aro buru ibu na a etiti mere nke precast ihe ọcha. Monolithic Ọdịdị nke frameless imewe ngwaọrụ na prefabricated ụlọ monolithic na etiti ma ọ bụ.

Maka ulo oru ụzọ na mpaghara ebe a na-agụnye ndị na-ewu na ojiji nke ihe na formwork:

• MA;
• nnukwu resettable;
• echebe nnukwu size.

Erection nke monolithic etiti ụlọ ke n'ịrụ ụzọ:

• eweli mkpuchite;
• Zuru ala.

Monolithic usoro ọkụ ike nke modular ụdị ụlọ, extensions-eji na ndị ebe ị pụrụ ime ka ifịk ojiji nke obodo ihe na-adịghị itinye ego na mmepe nke mmepụta isi.