The mbụ ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha World War I.

Early na ihe April ụtụtụ na 1915 site German ọnọdụ, mmegide ndị na-azara ọnụ akara Entente iri kilomita site n'obodo Ypres (Belgium), ìhè ikuku fụrụ opi. Na ya na ntụziaka nke Allied trenches kpaliri mberede oké -acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ígwé ojii. N'oge ahụ, mmadụ ole na ole maara na ọ bụ ume nke ọnwụ, ma na-etinye aka ntagide asụsụ n'ihu-akara akụkọ - akpa eji chemical ngwá agha na Western Front.

Anya mmiri tupu ọnwụ

Iji nnọọ kpọmkwem, na ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha Mbụ Agha Ụwa malitere na 1914, mere ka nke a na-emerụ igba nke French. Ma mgbe ahụ, N'ezie na oru adọka gas bromoacetate, na-ezo aka na ìgwè nke chemical irritant, ọ bụghị-egbu egbu. Ha 26-millimeter grenade, nke shelled ndị German trenches e jupụta. Mgbe ọkọnọ nke a gas wee njedebe, ọ dochie a yiri edinam chloroacetone.

Na nzaghachi, ndị Germany na-adịghị eche ụgwọ ime n'ozuzu nabatara iwu norms enshrined Hague Convention, na Agha nke Neuve Chapelle, ẹkenịmde ke October nke otu afọ, ndị British chụọ n'ọrụ shells stuffed na chemical irritant. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ha na-emeghị nweta ya ize ndụ ịta.

N'ihi ya, ọ bụghị nke mbụ ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha na April 1915, ma, n'adịghị gara aga n'anya, n'ihi na mbibi nke ndị dị ndụ ndị agha nke ndị iro na-eji egbu egbu chlorine gas. Attack pụta bụ pụtara. Otu narị na iri asatọ tọn atomized chemical gị n'ụlọnga na-ekwu na ndụ nke puku mmadụ ise Allied agha na iri ọzọ puku nkwarụ dị ka a n'ihi nsi-emepụta. Site n'ụzọ, ahụhụ ndị Germany na ha onwe ha. Eburu a ọnwụ ígwé ojii metụrụ ha ọnu ọnọdụ ha, na-agbachitere na-n'ụzọ zuru ezu nyere na gas masks. Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha a merenụ e wepụtara a "nwa ụbọchị Ypres."

Wee ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha World War I.

N'ịchọ iwu a nke ọma, ndị Germany nwere a izu ke Warsaw district nke ugboro ugboro chemical agha, a megide Russian agha. Ebe a, ọnwụ wee hiri nne owuwe ihe ubi - karịa abụọ na narị abụọ na puku gburu na ọtụtụ puku nkwarụ. Kwesịrị ịdị, ndị Entente mba gbalịrị mkpesa megide ndị dị otú ahụ a ọtụtụ ihe e mejọrọ mebiri nke ụkpụrụ nke iwu mba, ma Berlin ji nlelị kwuru na Hague Convention nke 1896 kwuru na naanị egbu egbu shells, ọ bụghị, haruru onwe ha. Ha na-ekweta, na anaghị agbalị ka na-arụ ụka - agha bụ mgbe negates ọrụ na-ekwuchitere mba.

The kpọmkwem nke na egwu agha

Dị ka ugboro ugboro pụta ìhè agha akụkọ ihe mere eme, Mbụ Agha Ụwa na-n'ọtụtụ ebe adiaha eme nke positional edinam ke nke e doo anya site a siri ike n'ihu akara, bụ anụ, na njupụta nke ịta nke agha na elu injinịa na oru nkwado.

Nke a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu belata irè nke na-akpasu iwe-eme ihe, ebe ọ bụ na abụọ zutere ndị na-eguzogide nke onye iro dị ike chebe onwe. The ụzọ nke impasse nwere naanị unconventional kenkwucha mkpebi, nakwa na ya bụ onye mbụ ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha.

A ọhụrụ na peeji nke nke mpu

The ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha World War m bụ isi ọhụrụ. The iche iche nke ya na mmetụta na-ụmụ mmadụ anọwo nnọọ na sara mbara. Dị ka hụrụ si nyere n'elu World War ngosipụta, o akp si malware mere ka chloroacetone, ethyl bromoacetate na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ, na-akpasu iwe, na-egbu egbu - phosgene, chlorine na mọstad.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-egosi na ikwu na-agaghị emeli nke na-egbu egbu nwere nke gas (nke ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ na-emetụta - naanị 5% niile ọnwụ), ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ ma na nkwarụ bụ nnukwu. Ọ na-enye ikike na-ekwu na nke mbụ iji chemical ngwá agha meghere a ọhụrụ isi nke mpu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ.

Na mgbe e mesịrị nkebi nke agha, abụọ na-enwe ike ịzụlite ma mejuputa ojiji nke zuru ezu irè nchedo chemical ọgụ. Nke a mere ka ojiji nke obere na-egbu egbu mmadụ irè na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ dugara gbahapụrụ nke ha ngwa. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ oge site na 1914 ruo 1918, we rida na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka "agha nke chemists," ebe mbụ ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha n'ụwa nọ na ya n'ọgbọ agha.

Ọdachi nke na-agbachitere ebe ewusiri ike nke Osowiec

Ma azụ The Chronicle nke agha arụmọrụ nke oge. Ná mmalite nke May 1915 na chemical ọgụ megide Russian agha ịgbachitere ebe ewusiri ike nke Osowiec dị iri ise kilomita site Bialystok (ugbu n'ókèala Poland) e mere site na Germany. Dị ka ndị ji anya ha, mgbe ogologo oge shelling shells stuffed na-egbu egbu bekee, otu nke e ji mee ọtụtụ nke ha umu, ihe niile dị ndụ na a dịtụ anya e nsí.

Gburu bụghị nanị ndị mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ na-ejide na mpaghara nke ọkụ, ma ihe ọkụkụ nile e bibiri. osisi epupụta na anya ya tụgharịa odo na crumble, na ahihia bụ nwa na-dara n'ala. Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ a n'ezie apocalyptic na anaghị dabara n'ime nsụhọ nke nkịtị mmadụ.

Ma ndị kasị emetụta, n'ezie, na-agbachitere nke citadel. Ọbụna ndị lanarị ọnwụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na nsogbu Burns na na nnọọ mutilated. Ọ bụ ya mere ha dị na-egosi a ụjọ na onye iro, na na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha Russian counterattack, tụfuo n'ihi na onye-iro si ebe e wusiri ike wee n'okpuru aha "Nwụrụ Anwụ agha."

Zụlite na-ebute na ojiji nke phosgene

The mbụ ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha kpughere a ịrịba ama ọtụtụ ndị ya technical-adịghị emezi emezi, nke na-tutu amama na 1915, otu ìgwè nke French chemists, edu Viktorom Grinyarom. The N'ihi nke ha nnyocha aghọwo a na-egbu egbu ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke gas - phosgene.

Kpomkwem colorless, na iche na-greenish-odo chlorine, na o nyere ya edidu naanị sonso nke nganu uche isi moldi hay, na-eme ka o sie ike ịchọpụta. E jiri ya tụnyere ya ụzọ, bụ ọhụrụ ngwaahịa nwere a elu toxicity, ma n'otu oge nwekwara ụfọdụ adịghị emezi emezi.

Mgbaàmà nke nsi, na ọbụna ọnwụ nke aja, agaghị abịa ozugbo, na a ụbọchị mgbe gas inhalation. Nke a kwere ka-egbu egbu ma na-idikwe ọnwụ nke ndi-agha ka na-ruo ogologo oge na-akụkụ na agha ahụ. Ke adianade do, phosgene bụ nnọọ arọ, iji melite agagharị o nwere mix ihe niile na otu chlorine. Nke a infernal ngwakọta natara si jikọrọ aka na-akpọ "White Star", dị ka ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama a kpọrọ karama nwere ya.

devilish ọhụrụ

N'abalị nke July 13, 1917 nso Belgium obodo nke Ypres, esesịn merie ndị ọjọọ, ndị Germany na e mere ndị mbụ iji chemical ngwá agha ọnya. N'ebe ya mpụta mbụ, ọ bịara mara dị ka mustard gas. Ya na-ebu ndị m, ndị gbawara sprayed odo mmanu mmanu mmiri mmiri.

The ojiji nke mustard gas, na n'ozuzu iji chemical ngwá agha na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, bụ onye ọzọ diabolical ọhụrụ. Nke a "ihe nweta nke mepere anya" e kere maka mbibi nke anụ ahụ, dị ka nke ọma dị ka akụkụ okuku ume na digestive. Si ya mmetụta azọpụtaghị ọ bụla agha edo, ma-ọbu ihe ọ bụla dị iche iche nke ndi nkiti na uwe. Ọ penetrated site ọ bụla anụ ahụ.

N'afọ ndị ahụ, anyị na-adịghị ma na-emepụta ihe ọ bụla a pụrụ ịdabere na-esi n'aka nchedo kọntaktị na ahụ ya, nke mere na ojiji nke mustard gas nnọọ irè ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke agha. Ugbua mbụ ngwa a umi, ada ala abụọ na ọkara puku ndị agha na ndị ọrụ nche, nke a dị ịrịba ama ọtụtụ ọnwụ.

Gas, ọ bụghị na-akpụ akpụ akpu

Emepe emepe mustard German chemists emela mmadụ na mberede. The mbụ ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha na Western Front hụrụ na ojiji bekee - chlorine na phosgene - nwere a nkịtị na dị nnọọ ịrịba drawback. Ha arọ karịa ikuku, ya mere na atomized ụdị dara n'ala, na-ejuputa trenches dị iche iche anētiye. Ịchọta na ha ndị mmadụ nwetara nsi, ma ndị na oge nke agha bụ na ugwu nta, mgbe mgbe nọgidere bụla.

Ga-echepụta a-egbu egbu gas na a ala kpọmkwem nnukwu mpo na ike nke na-egbu ya tara mgbe ọ bụla larịị. Ha wee malite pụtara na July 1917 mustard. Ọ ga-kwuru na British chemists guzosie ike ya usoro kama ngwa ngwa, na na 1918 na ulo oru a na-egbu egbu ngwá agha na mmepụta, ma nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ iji nkwụsị sochiri ọnwa abụọ nke truce. Europe ume a rie ude nke enyemaka - biri, nke e kere afọ anọ nke First World. The ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha aghọwo adịghị mkpa, na ya mmepe na-anọ nwa oge kwụsịrị.

Mmalite nke eji nsi site ndị agha Russia

The mbụ ahụ nke ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha site ndị agha Russia na-ezo aka 1915, mgbe n'okpuru idu ndú nke Lieutenant-General V. N. Ipateva ọma emejuputa a usoro ihe omume nke mmepụta ke Russia ụdị ngwá agha. Otú ọ dị, ojiji bụ nke ọdịdị nke oru ule mgbe na adịghị achụ kenkwucha nzube. Naanị a afọ mgbe e mesịrị, dị ka a N'ihi nke na-arụ ọrụ na, mmejuputa iwu-nke na nmepe mmepụta, kere n'ógbè a, e nwere a-ekwe omume nke ha were na n'ihu.

Full n'iji usuu ndị agha nmepe, abụrụ si anụ ụlọ laboratories, malitere n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1916, mgbe ama Brusilov itunanya. Nke a merenụ na-ohere mata afọ nke mbụ ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha site Russian agha. Ọ maara na n'oge ọgụ arụmọrụ eji ogbunigwe shells, stuffed suffocating gas na-egbu egbu chloropicrin - vensinitom na phosgene. Dị ka akụkọ, eduzi ndị Main Atilari Administration nke ahụ, iji chemical ngwá agha bụ "oké ọrụ ka ndị agha."

Gbarụọ War Statistics

The mbụ ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha na Agha Ụwa Mbụ bụ a ọdachi nweela. Ụdi afọ, ya iji na-abụghị nanị ịgbasa, ma agbanweela a qualitative mgbanwe. N'ịchịkọta mwute ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị agha afọ anọ, akụkọ ihe mere eme kwubiri na n'oge agha ọzọ mere ihe na-erughị 180 puku. Tọn chemical na ngwá agha, nke nke ọ dịkarịa ala 125 thous. Tọn achọpụtawo ụzọ ha. N'ọgbọ agha ya nwalere 40 dị iche iche iche iche nke-egbu egbu bekee nke wetara ọnwụ na mmerụ 1.3 nde ndị agha na ndị nkịtị na-ejide ndị dị n'ógbè ha ngwa.

Ihe Ọmụmụ foduru undigested

Ma ndi mmadu mụtara ezigbo ihe site n'ihe omume nke afọ ndị ahụ na ma ụbọchị nke mbụ ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha bụ nwa ụbọchị ya akụkọ ihe mere eme? Na o siri ike. Na taa, n'agbanyeghị mba iwu na machibido iji nsi, na ngwá nke ọtụtụ mba nke ụwa jupụtara ha ọhụrụ tolite, na-esiwanye na pịa na e nwere akụkọ nke ya iji n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Mankind akpali nwayọọ nwayọọ tinyere ụzọ nke onwe-mbibi, leghara ilu ahụmahụ nke ọgbọ ndị gara aga.