Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich: biography, foto na-akpali eziokwu

Maara nke ọma Russian revolutionary Zinovev Grigory (biri 1883-1936) bụkwa a Soviet statesman na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọnụ ọgụgụ. Dị ka ụfọdụ ndị isi mmalite, ezigbo aha ya bụ Radomyslsky Ovsey Giashon (Giashon Yevsei) Aronovich; ọzọ otu isi mmalite, aha ya bụ Hirsch (Gersh) Apfelbaum (nne). Brief biography Grigoriya Zinoveva ghọrọ isiokwu anyị nyochaa.

Nwata na Family

Ịmụ Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (nkenke banyere onye ị ga-amụta site na isiokwu) na 1883, 11 (23) September na Elisavetgrad (oge a Kropyvnytskyi) Kherson n'ógbè. Ebe ọ bụ na 1924, obodo ya a afọ iri na aha ya bụ Zinoviev. Nna ya Aaron Radomyslsky, bụ onye nwere a n'ugbo mmiri ara ehi, nye ya agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi.

N'ihi na afọ 14, Zinoviev manyere na-arụ ọrụ dị ka a ukochukwu ma na-enye ihe, ka ya na ezinụlọ ya dara ogbenye.

Gregory nwunye nke mbụ ahụ bụ ọkachamara revolutionary Evseevich Ravich Sarra Naumovna, makwaara n'okpuru aha nke Olga. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke RSDLP, na nwa oge dochie Commissioner esịtidem Affairs nke Northern Region, ọ na a ugboro ugboro jidere.

Next nwunye Lilina Zinoviev bụ Zlata Ionovna, makwaara n'okpuru pseudonym Zaịna Levin. Ọzọkwa abuana ke RSDLP arụ ọrụ na Petrograd Soviet, ọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ "Pravda" na "Star". Zinoviev mụrụ a nwa - Radomyslskogo Stefana Grigorevicha. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 29, e jidere ya, ikpe ọnwụ.

Nke atọ nwunye Radomyslsky ghọrọ Evgeniya Yakovlevna Lasman. Ọ nọrọ n'ala ọzọ na n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'ihi na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka afọ 20 nke ndụ ya.

Nga revolutionary eme

Na isua 18 (1901), Zinoviev ghọrọ onye òtù nke RSDLP wee malite isonye na revolutionary ije. Ọ haziri ọrụ 'etiwapụ na New Russia, n'ihi na nke ọ na-akpagbu site ndị uwe ojii. Izere mkpagbu na 1902 Radomyslsky gara Berlin, na mgbe ahụ n'ime otu afọ ọ kwagara Paris na Bern. Na 1903, ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka o zutere na Lenin, na mgbe e mesịrị ukwuu nso ya wee malite na-anọchite anya na European socialist òtù.

Na 1903, Grigory Zinoviev, foto ị pụrụ ịhụ na isiokwu, o sonyeere ndị Bolsheviks na na II Congress nke RSDLP akwado Lenin. N'otu afọ, a revolutionary laghachiri Ukraine, ebe ọ na-ada na-arụsi ọrụ na-agbasa echiche.

A afọ mgbe e mesịrị, n'ihi ọrịa obi na ọrịa Radomyslsky ọzọ hapụrụ obodo, na-alọghachi Berne. E ọ malitere ịmụ, idebanye aha na University na ngalaba nke Chemistry, ma a afọ mgbe e mesịrị etre ọmụmụ ya isonye na mgbanwe (1905-1907). Na Russia, ọ nọ na-echere otu ke St. Petersburg gorkomitete RSDLP. New n'obi nke ọrịa na-amanye Zinoviev ọzọ gaa Bern, ma na-amụ na ngalaba. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1906 ọ laghachiri St. Petersburg, ọ dara n'ime CC (ọzọ votes natara naanị Lenin) na nchịkọta akụkọ na-amalite ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ "Gaanụ n'Ihu" na "Social Democrat" (n'okpuru ala n'akwụkwọ). N'ihi ya na-eme na-ada n'okpuru e jidere ya na 1908, n'ihi ọrịa nyeere gaa Austrian Galicia na Lenin na ọnwa atọ.

E Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich, onye biography jupụtara ọdachi, natara maka Bolshevik party nnukwu ego site na ama onye njem Parvus. Austrian uwe ojii kweere na Zinoviev recruited French ọgụgụ isi.

mgbanwe

Na April 1917, Zinoviev na ya nke abụọ na nwunye Zlata Lili, nwa ha Stephen, akpa nwunye Sarah Ravich Lenin laghachi Russia na a kara akara ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Mgbe July ụbọchị Lenin zoro Radomyslsky na ikwafu na ọdọ mmiri si elebara Government (ugbu a na e nwere a ncheta wuru kwa afọ ugbu a tent). Ha na-enyo enyo nke onye sabo na imekọ ihe ọnụ na Austria-Hungary.

Na October 1917, ọ bụ a na-emechi nzukọ ndị Bolshevik Central Committee, ebe Zinoviev na Lev Kamenev kwuru na ọ bụ akaghi kwatuo elebara Government na ekwenyeghị Lenin si mkpebi. Ọrụ ha na "New Life" (Mensheviks) fọrọ nke nta mere ka Ịchụpụ si party, ma kpebiri dị nnọọ igbochi ha na-eme na ya na nnọchite.

Mgbe Bolsheviks na SRs jide ike na Petrograd, Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Alekseem Rykovym na Viktorom Noginym kwalitere mkparita uka na kwetara Vizhelem na ya arịrịọ ka jikota n'ime otu party socialist ọchịchị. Lenin na Trotsky kwụsịrị mkparita uka, na on November 4, a quartet sonyeere ha na Vladimir Milyutin si Central Kọmitii. Lenin na nzaghachi kwuru ha deserters - nke a bụ na ọ ọbụna kwuru na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya agba.

agha obodo

Site na njedebe nke 1917 Zinoviev e kwere ka laghachi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'oge Civil War o jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke Petrograd Soviet Union Sovnarkorma Northern Region municipalities, amamihe Petrograd Defense.

Access ka zuru ike emerụ Zinoviev. Mgbe gburugburu na-agụụ na-agụgbu, o mere ndokwa maka ya nso mara banquets. On ya n'uche, nke bourgeoisie na unearned ọcha efunahụ achịcha kaadị. Mgbe ọtụtụ iri puku ndị mmadụ na-ada n'ime nke a, Atiya. Ha n'ụzọ nkịtị na-idikwe agụụ.

Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (obere biography na-dị gị anya n'isiokwu a) ibido jụrụ ndị "red ụjọ" mgbe mgbalị na Lenin na ogbugbu nke Volodarsky na Uritsky, n'ihi na nke ọ na-kpamkpam katọrọ Lenin. Ọ mkpesa megide nyefe nke isi obodo na Moscow.

Zinoviev Lenin nwetaghachiri ebe, na-akwado ndị Brest-Litovsk Treaty, ma na n'oge na-adịghị laghachi n'ohu ahụ Central Committee na otu ke ọhụrụ Politburo. Nyere ya na post na Comintern Executive onyeisi oche, ebe ọ ẹkenam echiche nke "na-elekọta mmadụ fasizim".

Zinoviev wee akụkụ n'ịhazi "Red ụjọ" nke intelligentsia nke Petrograd, n'ihi na nke ọ na-utu aha ha "Grishka atọ" (tụnyere Otrepyev na Rasputin).

N'okpuru nduzi nke Petrograd Zinoviev obodo bi dara site karịa 4 nde mmadụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha nanị hapụrụ obodo ahụ, ma a na nnukwu akụkụ nwụrụ aguu na igbu. Mmetụta na mmanụ ụgbọala nsogbu - oyi na obodo ikesimaha mbubata mmanụ ụgbọala.

Ọ na-kweere na ndị dị otú omume ndị Zinoviev atụmatụ iji belata "ndị na-abụghị proletarian ọcha."

Mgbe ọtụtụ narị ndị gbara, Zinoviev ada ndị kasị eme ihe ike na oké ọchịchọ. Ọ na-kweere na ọ tụziri site obi nkoropụ, egwu maka ọnwụ nke mgbanwe.

Ebe ọ bụ na 1921, Zinoviev bụ onye òtù nke Politburo na Aims maka eduga ọnọdụ. Akwalite na oge nke Lenin si ketara, o bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ - ya anakọtara ọrụ malitere ibipụta.

Zinoviev ama abuana ifịk ifịk ke mkpagbu nke ndị ụkọchukwu nke Ọtọdọks, mgbe Bolsheviks bukọọrọ chọọchị uka ụkpụrụ. Na Petrograd, nke ọ gbara ọsọ, na-agafe na-ekpe ikpe, nke ikpe ọnwụ 10 nchụàjà, tinyere Archimandrite Sergius na mgbe e mesịrị senti dị ka a senti nwụrụ n'ihi okwukwe Metropolitan Benjamin.

Zinoviev wee akụkụ ke ịrị elu nke Stalin, na-enwe mmetụta ya oru General nke RCP na 1923 site na Secretary. O mere nke a abụghị nke onwe onye ebere, na ime ka iji agha megide Trotsky.

Mgbe Lenin ọnwụ

Mgbe ọnwụ nke Lenin n'ezie contenders n'ihi na ike e Trotsky na Zinoviev.

N'afọ ndị ahụ, Zinoviev ọnọdụ ndị dị nnọọ uko. Ọ na-akpọ ibibi peasantry kpam napụ obodo, mbo mbuli ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta. Ọ bụ o ji nlelị kwuru na ọ dị mkpa ibibi akụkụ nke Russian bi, dị ka ihe niile imughari na ha onwe ha ụzọ na Bolsheviks enweghi ike.

Zinoviev gbalịrị hazie a ụwa mgbanwe. Kọmunist nwakwara ijide ike na Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Finland. All a emewo ka ọtụtụ ọnwụ na uche na-adịghị ego akwụ ụgwọ.

Site Comintern Zinoviev Gregory revolutionary ghọtara crazy ego na Western obot.

Òtù nzuzo nke mmadụ

Ọ bụ ezie na Zinoviev n'ihu ọha baara Stalin, ma àgwà ya òtù nzuzo o kere tupu na adaha ya nnọọ ike. N'ụlọ ya obodo ọ renamed Zinoviev, ka immortalize aha ya. Na ọtụtụ obodo ukwu, na iwu ya isi, ihe ncheta na busts e arụnyere. Ọ bipụtara a dum collection of ọrụ ya (33 mpịakọta).

ọhụrụ mmegide

N'ime afọ 2 Zinoviev Kamneva emegide Stalin. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ọ na-agaghịkwa eduzi Executive Committee nke Comintern na obodo kansul, na-ewepụtara mbụ si Politburo, na a afọ mgbe e mesịrị si Central Kọmitii. Nke a na-agbaso site Ịchụpụ si Party na njikọ.

Na 1928, Zinovev Grigory, nke ezinụlọ ya tara ahụhụ, chegharịa, ọ e weghachiri ha na ndị ọzọ na site n'ịhọpụta na Kazan University Rector. Mgbe afọ anọ gasịrị, ndị edemede na oru nta akuko na-eme ga-ọzọ ijide na biri n'ala ọzọ, ma, oge maka ndị na-abụghị ozi. Na nke a akwụkwọ, ọ sụgharịta "Mein Kampf" ( "My Mgba") Hitler. Na 1933 ọ nọ na-agbala mmachi nrugharị a translation (party ọrụ mụọ).

Kama afọ anọ n'ala ọzọ, a afọ mgbe e mesịrị Zinoviev ọzọ weghachiri eweghachi na party na zigara Central Council. Mgbe otu nzuko, o chegharịa ma ekele Stalin na ndị òtù ya. Ọ Zinoviev kpọrọ Stalin a "amamihe niile oge."

Na mkpebi na ikpe

Na December 1934, Zinoviev ugboro ọzọ jidere ya, ikpe 10 mkpọrọ afọ. Ikpe Ikpe nyeere ya aka na igbu ọchụ nke Kirov, na uche nke ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke a bụ eziokwu na e mere ndokwa site Stalin. Mgbe ke Verhneuralsk ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị isolator, ọ na-ewe ndetu, na-ezo aka Stalin na-emesi obi ike na ọ bụ agaghịkwa na onye iro, na njikere iji mezuo ọ bụla chọrọ.

Stalin na-akwado ya mere ọtụtụ ojiji nke si malite Zinoviev na Kamenev, gbasaa asịrị na mmegide bụ ndị Juu na ụbụrụ na-aghọ.

N'oge a, ndị ghara ịgbanwe nke Zinoviev e soro, na 1936 gafere "usoro nke iri na isii", nke ikpe mbụ ndú nke ọzọ. August 24 kpebiri mepụta na-egbu - ọnwụ. A ụbọchị gasịrị ikpe gburu.

Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na ikpe a kagbuo na 1988, na-aghọta na enweghị edinam ikpe nke a mpụ.

E nwere ihe gosiri na n'oge na-nchoputa Zinoviev mere choro iweghachi ego nke Comintern. O wetara akụkụ nke ego na onye Milton ma enweghị oge na-eji ma ọ bụ itinye ego. Mgbe na Stalin ndụ, ọ nọ adịghị mkpa.

Ịmụta banyere omume nke Zinoviev tupu egbu, Stalin contemptuously ẹtọ n'ala, na-ekwu na ndị ọzọ ihe mgbidi na-etinye na nke ikpeazụ dị njikere.

N'oge na njide nke Zinoviev nọ na-eju anya na ọnọdụ. The okpomọkụ na-ulo kacha kpo oku gụnyere. Nsogbu na akụrụ na imeju, na ọnọdụ ndị dị otú me ka nkpọrọ arọ ọgụ - si mgbu ọ inyefe n'ala, riọ ka a ga-agafere ụlọ ọgwụ. Kama, ọ dị mkpa aka ndị dọkịta nyere ya ọgwụ ọjọọ, n'ihu njọ ọrịa.

Ajọ mkpọrọ ọnọdụ mgbe a ebikwa ndụ Grigoriy Evseevich Zinovev jitelighị anya mmiri ákwá rịọ Stalin kwusi n'ụlọikpe.

Stalin kwere nkwa Zinoviev na Kamenev idebe ha ndụ na ndị ezinụlọ ha, ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-ekweta na a ikpe na niile ebubo ma na-atụle ụfọdụ nke ochie Bolsheviks. Nke a farce na e kpere anyị ikpe, ma ọ bụghị-azọpụta ndụ nke a mara ikpe.

ọnwụ

Zinoviev gbara n'abalị nke August 26, 1936 Ọ na-mere na ECCU ụlọ (Moscow). egbu àmà chetara na Zinoviev ruru na jụrụ maka ebere, isusu ọnụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ executioner, ma n'ikpeazụ ọ maghị otú ọ na-eje ije, otú ole na ole gara mita ọ dị nnọọ dọkpụụrụ. Tupu egbu ya, o malitere ịgụ ekpere ya nwaafo Hebrew. Kamenev, onye ikpe na ya, na-agba ya ka ọ kwụsị ihere na anwụ ùgwù. E nwere ihe ọzọ version, dị ka nke na ogbugbu nke Zinoviev nwere na-na-arụ na a ndina.

Mgbe ghara ịgbanwe nke Zinoviev na 1988, a afọ ole na ole nke otuto ya dị ka enweghị ikpe ọmụma etieti ke ini Stalin repressions.

ada ikwu

Ada ahụhụ site niile atọ nwunye Zinoviev. First Sera nwunye Ravich e jidere ugboro atọ, n'ikpeazụ gbanwee na wepụtara site na oké ọrịa nanị afọ atọ tupu ọnwụ ya na 1954.

Nwunye nke abụọ Zlata Liling ugboro abụọ jidere gaa biri n'ala ọzọ, ma n'adịghị nwa-ya, ọ wepuga onwe-ya ọnwụ. Zinoviev nwa nwụrụ n'afọ na-esonụ ya. Mgbe ogbugbu nke Gregory si ọba akwụkwọ bukọọrọ ihe niile na-arụ ọrụ Lili (tumadi na-arụ ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na oru muta).

Nke atọ nwunye Zinoviev Evgeny Lyasman jidere fọrọ nke nta iri afọ abụọ. Ha wepụtara ya naanị na 1954 ma gbanwee na-esonụ na narị afọ - ke 2006. About di ya o dere na-echeta, ma na-ebipụta ha iwu ikwu.

sinima

Zinoviev si dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ihe ugboro ugboro na-ahụ ná fim. The mbụ fim bụ "October" - ogbi e kere eke Eisenstein. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na Zinoviev egwuri Apfelbaum - nwanne ya. Otu n'ime ndị ọzọ na fim mara "-acha anụnụ anụnụ akwụkwọ", "N'ụbọchị nke October", "Red", "Red Na", "Lenin. Train "," Stalin "," n'okpuru ihe ịrịba ama nke Scorpio "na TV nsonso" Yesenin ".

uche na ha dịkọrọ ndụ

Brief biography Grigoriya Zinoveva, otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, nke na-adọrọ mmasị na ọtụtụ na ha dịkọrọ ndụ. Gịnị bụ echiche n'etiti ọha na eze banyere nwoke a? Ọwọrọ dịkọrọ ndụ na-adịghị mma nke ukwuu ka megide Zinoviev. Ha ghọtara na ya na ọgụgụ isi na àgwà, ma-e kwuru na ọ bụ a ezigbo na-akpa nkata ujo.

Nso Zinoviev ndị mmadụ kwuru na ọ dịghị ikpughe, oké ihe efu na oké ọchịchọ, na-eme ememe ndị oké ozu na-emebi àgwà.

Party comrades Zinoviev katọrọ n'ihi ịbụ akparị na esemokwu na aghara aghara oke nke-esi nweta ihe onwe onye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọma.

N'oge ụnwụ Petrograd, Zinoviev na tebụl me a dịgasị iche iche nke pụrụ iche. Ọ sịrị na dabere na umeala manners prerevolutionary Gregory-eto na mkpa na mpako "obese rascals" onye squeezed ego si agụụ na-agụ mmadụ.

Na memoirs nke dịkọrọ ndụ Zinoviev nwere a okwu banyere ịdị adị nke Leningrad na òtù nzuzo nke àgwà ya.