Thermidorian Mmeghachi omume. Gịnị bụ ndị na-akpata na-esi ná Thermidor kuu?

Iri na otu n'ọnwa nke French Republican kalenda (1793-1806 gg.) A na-akpọ Thermidor. Ya mere Thermidorian Mmeghachi omume na-akpọkarị a obere okwu pụtara mbibi nke Jacobin ọchịchị aka ike na mmalite nke a mgbanwe n'aka.

Nchupu revolutionary eme

Ọ na-kweere na French mgbanwe ahụ biri dị ka a n'ihi nke Bryumerskogo kuu ke 1799, mgbe ọ na a kwaturu site Directory na Napoleon Bonaparte wee ike.

Na nke a, ajụjụ bụ n'elu ma ọ bụ ịnọgide na-mgbanwe mgbe Thermidorian Mmeghachi omume, i nwere ike zaa na ọrụ na malitere mgbe batara nke Bastille na slogan nke nke bụ "Liberty, Equality, fraternity" N'ezie, nke biri na July 1794. Conservatives wee ike, na nke ha na-alụ ọgụ na e gburu Maximilian Robespierre.

The mbibi nke ọbụna ebe nchekwa nke mgbanwe

Revolutinary Jacobins guillotined enweghị ikpe n'ihi na ụbọchị abụọ, e gburu ihe dị ka 100 ndị - na isi rụọ ọrụ nke mmekota. Maka dum ọbara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke French mgbanwe, ọ bụ uka egbu. Thermidorian Mmeghachi omume butere Jeremaya mere, na 1795. The obodo kagburu, dị ka ndị ọzọ nke amamihe kọmitii, gụnyere Revolutinary Tribunal. Okwu "amamihe" n'ozuzu iwu dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Jacobin oge. Na ike a na-agafeghị oke faction nke Convention, nke gosiri na ọdịmma nke ndị bourgeoisie.

The iwu ọhụrụ

Ha abụkwaghị okpuru, ma ndị nnọchiteanya nke Convention na kwuru na "regicide", ebe ọ bụ na abuana ke ikpe nke eze. N'ihi nkwenkwe ha, ha bụ ndị agụsi ndị na-emegide nke ọchịchị ndị eze, ma implacable iro nke okpuru. Ọ bụ ezie na na mbụ usoro nke ala ozu, kere site Jacobins, e ji mee ihe site na ha, ọ nwayọọ nwayọọ ebibi, ụfọdụ nke ya oru, dị ka mba nnapụta kọmitii dị ka enweghị isi kagburu.

Thermidorian Mmeghachi omume pụtara gbahapụrụ nke mgbanwe, na-ebibi ndị ka na ẹdude mkpakọrịta na ndị a omenala, Thermidorians ekpebi laghachi iwu iji. Ma Jacobin n'usoro ochichi, nke mgbe banye ike, ha na-agaghị oyụhọ, ọbụna dị ka emeziri. -Ahụ na ya ihe "haziri ogba aghara" Thermidorians amalite ede gị isi akwụkwọ, nke a maara na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka oruru nke Year III nke Republic.

Ọgwụgwụ nke oge nke oké ụjọ

Thermidorian Mmeghachi omume na-abụghị nanị ihe dị mkpa na ogbo nke French mgbanwe, ma ya kasị akpali oge, n'ihi na ọ kụziri site na ndị mmadụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-eduzi megide ochichi onye kwuo uche. Dị ka Jacobins nwere ike ime ka a mgbanwe ke uche ndị na-French n'oge na na September 1793 ruo July 1794? Nke a na oge na-ẹkedọhọde na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka "afọ nke oké ụjọ" na, n'eziokwu, bụ azịza nke ajụjụ.

Dabere na n'elu, Thermidorian Mmeghachi omume nwere ike nkenke kọwara dị ka mgbalị isi kwụsị awụfu ọbara. Nzọụkwụ nke mbụ bụ nyefe nke ike si National Salvation Committee na National Convention - eliminates repressive ahu.

Rụzuru nke Jacobin ọchịchị aka ike

Ná mmalite, ndị Jacobin ọchịchị aka ike ahụ dabeere a sara mbara nke ukwuu agba nke ndị bi na, akpan akpan ke ụgwọ-ọrụ na-abachaghị uru bourgeoisie. Ke adianade do, okpuru e guzobere irè ọchịchị - omebe iwu Convention, ndị ọchịchị na ụdị a Committee of Public Safety. Nọn ebutere ikpe ahu - na Revolutinary Tribunal, e kere ndị agha na-achịkwa ndị Commissioners nke Convention. Na onye ọ bụla nke dị n'elu, ọ bụ nnọọ irè, okpu iji chebe ọchịchị aka ike, n'agbanyeghị na ya kpọmkwem kpọkwara. Jacobins ẹkenam kacha ọnụego maka izugbe bi yiri ihe ịga nke ọma mgba megide counter-revolutionary ọcha n'ime obodo. Ọchịchị aka ike na-emezughị na-echebe France ọma agha fọrọ nke nta dum Europe.

ọdachi miscalculations

Na nanị ụbọchị abụọ ihe niile e zighachiri a ọhụrụ otu na akanamde 27-28 July na, n'eziokwu, counter-revolutionary mgbanwe nke ike. Gịnị mere? Gịnị bụ ndị na-akpata na-esi ná Thermidor kuu?

Jacobins e mere na-egbu egbu na-emejọ, nke mbụ nke - ikayakke ọka si nkịtị. Naanị na-eche banyere amamihe kpọrọ bi n'obodo emeela ka discontent ndị nkịtị, nke rụpụtara Petit (ndịda France) nsogbu brutally ewute site ọchịchị aka ike. Enweghị afọ ojuju nke ọrụ n'obodo ha kpọrọ ndị oruru nke a kacha ụgwọ. Mgbe Robespierre na-akwado ya na-e ka na-egbu site, Paris ìgwè mmadụ chanted: "Down na kacha!"

egwu ndudue

Ma isi ndudue a kwadoro site na Jacobins nke ọbara oké ụjọ. 44.000 ofụri France kọmitii kwa ụbọchị na-ejide ma gbuo scores nke "enyo". Jacobins nọ na ha kpere n'ikpe ridara na akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na nke egwu arụrụala. Otu n'ime ndị kasị obi ọjọọ commissars Convention Jean-Baptiste ụgbọelu, gwepịara nsogbu na Vendée, ama maka ya "na-emikpu", nke mbụ nke nke bụ igbu ọchụ nke 90-nchu-àjà.

Ọ dịghị obere jọgburu ịgba égbè malitere, a keonye ofufe. N'ihi ya, Thermidorian Mmeghachi omume, njedebe nke oge nke oké ụjọ a na-etinye, maka oge nke e bibie ihe karịrị 16 puku Frenchmen, ukwuu n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya nke Third Estate. Naanị na n'igbochi nnupụisi nke Lyons, na oké mmetụta ada itie ke Marseille na Bordeaux, ebibi banyere 2,000 bi, na site Convention, e kpebiri ihichapu si ihu nke Lyon.

Ha bụ ndị enyi na enyi megide Robespierre

Oké ụjọ ada itie megide a ndabere nke uka impoverishment nke French. Ha nweghị afọ ojuju na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Robespierre na Convention. The iyi egwu nke ha onwe ha na njide na mbibi kwere niile agha òtù na Convention maka otu abalị ịghọta na-ejikọta megide Robespierre, nke gbochie na nnọọ "ekpe" na oké "nri" na ndị omeiwu. N'ihi ya, n'etiti ndi-isi-Thermidorians na "nri" bụ: Jean-Lambert Tallien, Paul Barras. Mere izu ọjọọ mentanyary, na-akwado nke gburu Danton,-akpọkwa nkụ maka ịbọ ọbọ, na n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-atụ egwu maka ndụ ha.

Otu n'ime ha bụ Zhozef Bushe, mara ya mgbuchapụ nke ndị nnupụisi liontsev. Site na "Left" counter-revolutionary nkwatu site: Collot d'Herbois, Billaud-Varennes G. na Mark Vadier. Na imegide ha na accusatory okwu, Otú ọ dị, na-enweghị banyere kpọmkwem aha, 27 nke Robespierre okwu, na-ezisa ha ka ha bụrụ counter-okpuru na nke rụrụ arụ. All ka ghọtara. Ya mere ọ bụghị naanị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị echiche, ma onye nche - oké mkpa ihe mere Thermidorian Mmeghachi omume.

Na-akpata nke kuu

Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke French mgbanwe Thermidorian Mmeghachi omume a na-akpọ counter-revolutionary oru ngo, nke mere ka ọdịda nke Jacobin ọchịchị aka ike na oruru nke Directory. N'ezie, e nwekwara miri akpata maka mmeri nke ochichi onye kwuo uche. Ya mere, ọ bụghị emetụta dabeere na naanị ya nwe nke mmepụta usoro. The Jacobins A rụrụ ọrụ naanị ike ụkpụrụ nke nkesa oru. Always, n'oge nke ọ bụla n'ihu ọha n'ọgba aghara, a na-na klas nke uru site ntule.

N'oge French mgbanwe ọ bụ nnukwu bourgeoisie na ndị bara ọgaranya akwụkwọ. N'ihi na a oge, anabata egwu ha ọchịchị aka ike na-amanye nloghachi nke feudalism na mweghachi nke ọchịchị ndị eze. Ke adianade do, Ndị mmadụ Army jisiri chebe ike n'ezi ihe nke France na ichughachiazu mba ọzọ iro. Mgbe Jacobins niile egwu e tutu amama, ha ọchịchị aka ike ghọrọ ekwekọghị na nzube nke bourgeoisie nweta ume, na-achọ ike.

Ndị na-agbachitere onye ndú

On ajụjụ nke ihe omume pụtara Thermidorian Mmeghachi omume, i nwere ike zaa - ya Robespierre, nye ha na Convention July 26, 1793, na ugboro ugboro na Jacobin Club a awa ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị. Na ya, ọ si, ịdị adị nke a izu ọjọọ na kpaliri oké iwe nke ihe omume.

Onwe ya ijide nke Robespierre na-akwado ya na-aga were were. Agbachitere ya elu ndị kasị daa ogbenye agba nke ndị bi na nke Paris. Mgbe Place de Greve mara mma ngwa ngwa chikọta ihe karịrị mmadụ 3,000 ndị mmadụ, na-akwado site na ndị uwe ojii, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ director jụrụ-mkpọrọ. National Army nwekwara sonyeere na-agbachitere ndị ndú nke mgbanwe. Sans-culottes (revolutionary kpọrọ nnọchiteanya nke Third Estate) ịmaliteghachi ịhụ jidere duru ha gaa n'ụlọ nzukọ obodo.

The ìgwè mmadụ na-enweghị onye ndú - ihe ọ bụla

Na ọ na mberede chigharia imegide Jacobins, n'ihi na ìgwè mmadụ ahụ, ndị uwe ojii na ndị agha na-efu ndị ndú ha. Ịnọgide na Jacobins nnwere onwe, ensconced ya club naanị bịanyere aka na-esote-akpali ndị mmadụ. Ma ndi-nkekọta ngwa ngwa gbakwasara na kpaliri ime ihe. Ozugbo Robespierre na-akwado ya na e outlawed, ìgwè mmadụ ahụ lara, na ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya eze nke Convention n'akụkụ nke mmeri. Ọnụ na Robespierre e gbupụrụ ya isi, na Saint-nnọọ, onye n'anya ọtụtụ ndị French bụ nchịkọta nke ihe oké ụjọ, na nwetara utu aha "Angel nke Ọnwụ" na "Mad Dog." N'ihi ya, na ogbugbu nke ndị ndú nke Jacobin mgbanwe e gbupụrụ ya isi. A ìgwè mmadụ bibie Bastille, na-agbalị jideekwaozo Robespierre n'oge e jidere ya. Dị ka niile gara aga ndú nke guillotine nke French mgbanwe, ọ na-eti: "Ọnwụ na-achị n'aka ike"

nouveaux àkù

French ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere F. Furet kwuru na Thermidor me ka ike ndị baa ọgaranya n'oge mgbanwe na obi m nile m na-achọ iji ohere nke uru mined, kama ịnwa iwu ọhụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ. Ozugbo ogbugbu nke Robespierre akwado mmekota e disbanded, Jacobin Club emechi. Paris agbanweela - ọ sụrụ irighiri, gụnyere ọkụ, iji gosi na ịnọgide na-enwe iji. Mgbe Thermidor maliteghachiri ahia, bụ nke mere ka onye na-abawanye na ntule na price.

The ọgaranya na-na ano na ogbenye - daa ogbenye

Spring 1795, nsogbu tiwapụrụ abụọ na karịsịa nke abụọ, nke ọhụrụ ọchịchị ewute na demonstrative obi ọjọọ. Ndị a bụ ndị ikpeazụ riots na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke French mgbanwe, nke na-asị a igbu onwe Georges Jacques Danton "-eripịa ndị ụmụ."

Mgbe Thermidorian Mmeghachi omume na Paris, dị ka ndị fọdụrụ nke France, ọdịiche n'etiti ndị ọgaranya na ndị ogbenye, na-eme ndokwa na-akpọ a ngosipụta nke okomoko, ọ bụ nnọọ ukwuu nke na, dị ka otu odeakụkọ, ndị bi na nke Paris dị ka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gụnyere mba abụọ, dị nnọọ iche n'ebe onye ọ bụla ọzọ na uwe , asụsụ, omenala na mmetụta.