Tundra idụhe ke Russia na North America

The ụwa bụ nnọọ nnukwu, na N'ezie, ya Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe iche ukwu. Nke a na-akpata nwere ịrịba mmetụta na ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi, egbochikwa ma ọ bụ mmemmem ndụ na mpaghara. Ya mere, tundra idụhe - otu n'ime ndị kasị oké ma na ike na-eme.

The ala ọnọdụ nke tundra

Na North America tundra mpaghara na nsogbu n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke dị anya n'ebe ugwu nke continental akụkụ nke Afrika. Ọ enyene ọtụtụ ndị n'ókèala Greenland na Canadian Archipelago na n'ebe ndị 60th yiri. Ọ e mere site oyi ume nke Arctic Ocean.

The Russian tundra bụ banyere 15% nke dum n'ókèala nke ala. Ọ na-esetị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Arctic Ocean a dịtụ warara. Otú ọ dị, n'ebe ụfọdụ, ọ na-ewe ihe karịrị otu buru ibu n'ókèala. Ndị a na mpaghara na-agụnye agwaetiti Taimyr, Chukotka. N'agbanyeghị desert ala na ụkọ osisi na ahịhịa, tundra ndụ dị iche iche ndị nnọchiteanya nke fauna.

Zonal nkewa nke Tundra

N'okpuru aha "Tundra" na-ezo anọ dị iche iche subzones. Nke a bụ n'ihi na dị iche iche teren, ọnọdụ nke zones na mbọhọ ma ọ bụ remoteness nke oké osimiri ma ọ bụ ugwu ugwu. tundra idụhe ke ọ bụla cell dịgasị. E nwere ndị na-esonụ nhazi nkewa:

• Arctic desat;
• ahụkarị tundra;
• tundra;
• ugwu tundra.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ihu igwe nke tundra na ọhịa tundra softer tụnyere Arctic desert, ọ bụ ya mere oké na mpaghara nwere a nnọọ ogbenye ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi.

Arctic desert

Mpaghara arctic desert dị na North America na nwere ọtụtụ oké Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe. Na Russia, a subzone adịghị adị. Summer dịruru naanị a izu ole na ole. Winter dịruru ihe karịrị ọnwa isii. N'oge oyi, anyanwụ na o siri ike na-aga n'elu mmiri. Wind esịmde hurricane ike.

Winter okpomọkụ na-ada ka -60? C. The nkezi okpomọkụ n'oge obere okpomọkụ adịghị gafere 5? C. Ọdịda bụ nnọọ obere - sonso a afọ dara na 500 mm. Ahịhịa mejupụtara mosses na lichens, nke na-ekpuchi ala ntakịrị àgwàetiti. N'oge okpomọkụ, nke a na-enyo n'ime a apiti subzone. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ala evaporation nke mmiri mgbe oge a. Ke adianade do, permafrost ọ dịghị banye miri n'ime ya.

O sina dị, na mpaghara arctic desert bụ ihe dị mkpa ebe obibi nke ụmụ anụmanụ na nnụnụ ozuzu. N'oge opupu ihe ubi na e nwere geese, eiders, guillemot, puffin, waders, na n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ndụ akàrà, walruses, pola bea, musk ehi. I nwekwara ike ịchọta lemmings na wolves na eri anụ na ha.

ahụkarị tundra

Tundra ihu igwe, nke na-akọ a subzone dịkwa nnọọ aka ike, ma tụnyere Arctic desert, ọ ka softer. Summer okpomọkụ nwere ike iru 10? C, oyi -50? C. The snow cover bụ na-emighị emi ma na ok. Spring amalite May, oyi na-amalite October. N'oge okpomọkụ ọnwa kwere omume snowfalls, n'ihi permafrost e nwere ọtụtụ iyi na, puddles, ọdọ mmiri ndị na marshes. Ha na-emighị emi ma na mfe ịkwaga na sleds. Winter e ji ike ifufe na snowstorms. Ahịhịa cover siri ike, ọ bụ tumadi mosses na lichens.

Kwupụta na ndịda, i nwere ike ịhụ ala-na-na-eto eto sikrob bluuberi, ọhịa rosemary, berry, Cassandra. On bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke osimiri nakwa n'ọdọ mmiri nwere ike hụrụ sedge bushes, Dwarf willow , birch, alder, junipa. Dị otú ahụ Russian tundra ihu igwe n'ebe ndị ndịda ruo mgbe July 10 isotherm. Na ndị a aka ike ọnọdụ ibi ndụ mgbe niile pola ikwiikwii, ptarmigan, caribou, wolves, lemmings, weasels na nkịta ọhịa. N'ógbè ụfọdụ, e nwere munsu.

Arctic desert were were nke abụọ subzone idụhe. Tundra idụhe ke North America bụ dị iche iche si Russian. Dị ka ogbenye ala (peat-gley, gley tundra, permafrost opitoropi), ike ifufe na elu ntu oyi na-adịghị ekwe ịzụlite elu elu osisi na ịzụlite a mgbọrọgwụ usoro. Otú ọ dị, ohere kpuchie na akpaetu na lichen, bụ ebe ịta nri maka mgbada na America na na Russia.

ọhịa-tundra

Ndịda bụ n'ókèala, ihu igwe na-aghọ ọkụ. The na-aga n'ihu ohere nke akpaetu, lichen na ala-na-na-eto eto na osisi, nke na-amalite na-egosi ebe ogologo osisi - a na-akpọ a tundra idụhe mpaghara. Ọ na-esetị gafee dum North America na Eurasia - si Kola Peninsula ka Indigirka. Tundra idụhe ke sub-mpaghara na-enye ohere ma ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi nwere ihe zuru ebe nile.

Winter okpomọkụ iru mwepu 40 degrees Celsius, okpomọkụ - 15? C. Kwa Afọ ọdịda esịmde naanị 450 mm. Snow cover bụ edo, akwuru na ala banyere 9 ọnwa. Mmiri-ozuzo bụ karịa evaporation, otú ala predominantly peat-gley, peat opitoropi, n'ógbè ụfọdụ nke gley-podzolic. N'ihi nke a, a otutu ọdọ mmiri na-agbasa.

Si osisi ndị ọzọ karịa ahụkarị ji mara ndị na tundra, e nwere balsam fir, spruce, Siberia larch, warty birch. Rivers nwere a moderating mmetụta na idụhe. N'ihi na nke a ala-na-na-eto eto osisi n'ụsọ oké osimiri banye n'ime n'ime tundra. Ọzọkwa typical tundra, e nwere ndị dị otú ahụ ụdị dị ka na-acha ọcha ọkwà, shrews, nkịta ọhịa.

ugwu tundra

Nke a bụ a iche iche sub-mpaghara, nke pụtara na elu karị n'ebe na mbara ọzara, n'ọhịa, gbara ya gburugburu ọnụ ọnụ ugwu na ridges. Mountain tundra bụ ọsọ n'ugwu nke North-East nke Russia, ebe ndịda Siberia, Tibet, na Pacific n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke North America, ugwu nke Davis Strait, na Brooks iche, Alaska iche na na.

tundra idụhe ke ugwu e ji oké ifufe, ala okpomọkụ, permafrost, enweghị snow na-emeghe ebe. Ọ na-amalite subzone nke oké ọhịa ókè-ala na-agwụ na ókè-ala nke snow akara n'elu. Nso ka ogologo osisi na-eto eto osisi nke willow na alder. The nso ka elu, nke ukwuu ebe, kpuchie na ahịhịa, ọkara osisi, mosses na lichens.

N'agbanyeghị ihu igwe siri ike nke tundra, a eke ebe bụ a ọgaranya ịchụ nta n'ala. Ọ bụ na ndị a na ọnọdụ na-ebi ndụ na izu ụdị nke ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi ndị na-adịghị hụrụ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na umu na-edepụtara dị ka nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Ke adianade do, tundra bụ ọgaranya eke ego, na mmepụta nke nke na-amụba kwa afọ, n'agbanyeghị ihu igwe.