Usoro mgbanwe nke ndi mmadu bu ihe omumu na-aga n'iru na otutu oge nke akụkọ ntolite

A na - eji ihe ndị dị mma nke mmanụ mee ihe maka ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ site na mgbe oge. A na-eji ya emepụta mmanụ na ngwaọrụ maka mmepụta ihe eji emepụta ihe na plastik. N'otu oge ahụ, ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ na-achọkarị ịbawanye uru nke nhazi mmanụ. Otu n'ime ụzọ ndị a bụ mgbanwe mgbanwe, usoro nke na-ebuli mmanụ ụgbọala dị elu na aromatic hydrocarbons. E mepụtara usoro ntancha mmanụ a n'ime afọ 1911, ebe ọ bụ na kemgbe afọ 1939, e jiriwo nkà na ụzụ rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Kemgbe ahụ, a nọgidere na-emezi usoro nzogharị nke mmanụ ala. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ na-anọchite anya otu n'ime ụzọ ndị siri ike ma dị irè iji mepụta peturuolu na nọmba octane dị elu.

Distillation nke mmanụ ụgbọala

Catalytic ịgbazigharị - na-na usoro nke na dehydrogenation (hydrogen abstraction site na organic molekul ogige) isii membered naphthenes n'iru nickel na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ ọla nke platinum otu na a elu okpomọkụ, nke na-eduga ná guzobe aromatic ogige. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, nke a bụ usoro nke na-enye gị ohere ịnweta ngwaahịa elu-octane - gbanwee - site na ngwaọrụ ndị dị ala-ọkụ gasolines.

Isi ihe mere mgbanwe ji ghọọ ebe niile bụ nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi. Tupu na, iji nweta mmanụ ụgbọala na-elu octane nọmba eji ụzọ dabeere antiknock. E nweghị ihe ọ bụla na-eme mgbe a gbanwere.

Ngwaahịa

Site n'itinye a technology ọ bụ omume na-emepụta na-kasị baa uru Petrochemical feedstock - benzene, toluene, aromatic hydrocarbon. Taa, mmeghari ngbanwe bụ usoro nke a na-emepụta mmanụ petrochemical na-eru nde 480 nde kwa afọ gburugburu ụwa.

Ihe kachasị mma nke usoro mmepụta ihe na-agbanwe - gasoline na octane number nke 93-102. N'otu oge ahụ, ngwaahịa ndị na - emepụta - hydrocarbons paraffin, nakwa 90% hydrogen gas, nke kachasị dị ọcha, karịa ụzọ ndị ọzọ, ebili.

Ngwaahịa ọzọ nke na-eso mgbanwe nhazi bụ coke. Ọ, ịtụkwasị ihe n'elu mkpali, budata ngwa ngwa ha. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na-agbalị ibelata.

Usoro nkà na ụzụ na-agbanwe agbanwe

Dị ka ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ịmegharị mgbanwe, nnukwu mmanụ ụgbọala na-agba ọsọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ octane. A na-eme usoro ahụ dum n'ime 3-4 reactors, nke nwere ihe ndina na-eme ka ihe ndina. Ndị na-emeghachi omume na-ejikọta ibe ha site na ọkpọkọ na usoro dịgasị iche iche dị iche iche ma kpoo ngwaahịa mgbanwe.

Akpali catalytic ịgbazigharị bụ ụgbọelu - alumina (A1203) interspersed na platinum kristal. Na reactors na okpomọkụ nke 480-520 ° C na nrụgide nke 1.2-4 MPa, a na-agbanwe anụ ahụ na octane isoparaffinic na aromatic complex. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-emepụta ọla ndị dị oké ọnụ (rhenium, germanium, iridium), yana halogens - chlorine na fluorine iji mee ka nkwụsi ike nke usoro ahụ dị na nkà na ụzụ.

Ụdị nke mmegharị mgbanwe

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e mepụtara ọtụtụ ụzọ iji mepụta mmanụ na octane mmanụ ụgbọala na aromatic hydrocarbons site na nrụpụta catalytic mmeghachi omume. Ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla nke mba ọzọ na-edebe usoro mmepụta nke onwe ya. Otú ọ dị, ha nile dabeere na ụzọ atọ dị mkpa:

1. Nhazigharị mmanụ, na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge na atọ ma ọ bụ anọ reactors nọgidere. Ihe kachasị mkpa bụ na ihe mmemme nke usoro ahụ na-ebute ụzọ zuru ezu, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị na-emepụta ihe na-akwụsị ruo mgbe onye nhazi ahụ na-eweghachite ihe ya.
2. Mmeghachi omume na-aga n'ihu na 2-3 nkeji - a na-eweghachi oge na-agbanwe agbanwe na usoro ọ bụla dịka ọ na-emepụta. N'okwu a, usoro ahụ anaghị akwụsị, na "na-ese n'elu mmiri," nke na-agbanwe agbanwe.

Enwere ike ịchọta arụpụta kachasị elu site na mmeghachi omume na-aga n'ihu na iji nchịkwa na ihe mmeghari. A na-etinye ihe ndị na-emegharị ahụ, dị ka ihe onwunwe ya dị njọ, na-eme ka ụlọ ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, ebe ọ na-abatakwa "nkwụnyeghachighachi n'oge na-adịbeghị anya", ntụgharị nke ogige aluminoplatin pụtara.

Isi nsogbu

Nsogbu kachasị nke na-esonyere mgbanwe bụ nhazi nnukwu coke, nke na-ebelata ihe ndị na-akpali akpali nke ihe aluminoplatin. Ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu a bụ ịkụnye coke n'elu ihe ndị na-emegharị site na enyemaka nke ngwakọta oxygen-inert n'oge okpomọkụ nke 300-500 degrees Celsius. A na-akpọ usoro a na mpaghara sayensị nhazi. Ighachite weghachite ọkpụkpọ ahụ agaghị ekwe omume. Dịka a na-eji ya eme ihe, ọ na-agabigaghị afọ ole na ole, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ na-aga ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche, ebe a na-amịpụta platinum na ọla ndị ọzọ dị oké ọnụ ahịa na ya.

Ndị na-emeghachi omume maka mgbanwe mgbanwe

A na-eme usoro a nke nhazi ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche site na ụdị nrụnye dị iche iche. Ka anyị kpọọ ụfọdụ n'ime ha:

• Selectoforming. N'ebe a, onye na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ejikọta dehydrogenation nke na-emepụta ihe na họrọ hydrocracking.
• Nhazi. O nwere 3 reactors na ya mejupụtara, na oge ọrụ nke catalysts bụ site na 6 ruo 12 ọnwa.
• Ekekọrịta. Otu n'ime ihe nrụnye mbụ nwere "ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri", nke na-ebute usoro mgbake nke reagent.
• Isoplus. Iji nweta ngwaahịa ahụ, a na-ejikọta usoro nhazi mgbanwe na nchekasị.

Nkesa kachasị mma nke ngbanwe mmanụ bụ na North America - ọ na-arụ ọrụ kwa afọ ruo nde 180 nde mmanụ. N'ebe nke abụọ bụ mba Europe - ha na-eburu nde tọn 93 nde. Russia mechibidoro elu nke ato na-emeputa ihe ruru nde iri ato.