Von Neumann ije: ihe mere eme nke omume nke okwu

The ije nke von Neumann, a makwaara dị ka von Neumann nlereanya, ma ọ bụ Princeton ije, dabeere na usoro kọwara na 1945, mgbakọ na mwepụ, physics John von Neumann na akụkọ "Ihe mbụ draft" nke a na kọmputa EDVAC.

The circuit ije

The akụkọ kọwara von Neumann ije esereese nke electronic digital kọmputa na akụkụ esịnede nhazi nkeji, gụnyere:

• ihe som mgbagha unit;
• registers nke processor;
• akara unit gụnyere ihe ntụziaka aha na usoro ihe omume counter;
• a na ebe nchekwa maka na ịchekwa data;
• mpụga nchekwa na ngwaọrụ;
• ọsọ ọsọ na-mmepụta usoro.

The pụtara development ẹkewetde ke eziokwu na ozi ọ bụla echekwara na kọmputa ozi nwere ike na-eji usoro ihe omume, nke na-arụ ọrụ, họrọ data ike na-egwuri na n'otu oge ahụ, n'ihi na ha ịkọrọ a nkịtị ụgbọ ala. Ọ na-kwuru na "ụzọ draft", nke na-akọwa ọkà mmụta sayensị echiche banyere ihe ije kwesịrị. Von Neumann akpọ ọnọdụ a "bottleneck", nke na-egbochi ndị ọrụ nke usoro.

Ụkpụrụ nke von Neumann ije

Digital kọmputa - a na kọmputa, na-akpakọba a na omume nke ihe mejupụtara omume ntụziaka, data-agụ, ide, na-agụnye random ohere nchekwa (RAM). Principles of Architecture site John von Neumann depụtara ọrụ ya "Ihe mbụ oru ngo." Dị ka ya, kọmputa echekwara na usoro ihe omume na ebe nchekwa bụ mma n'elu akara kọmputa, dị ka ENIAC. Nke ikpeazụ a kenyere site n'isetịpụ switches, na ntinye nke kwachie, dapụtara na nsochi usoro data na ịchịkwa n'ókè dị iche iche ọtọ blocks. Na ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke na ebe nchekwa na-eji site na oge a na kọmputa na otú a. N'ihi ya kọmputa ije von Neumann bụ dị iche iche, n'ihi na ihe atụ, site na Harvard, nke mere na ọ dịghị eji isi na cache na ebe nchekwa.

prehistory

The mbụ kọmputa e nyere a ofu mmemme. Ụfọdụ nnọọ mfe kọmputa ka na-eji nke a haziri ma ọ bụ n'ihi mfe ma ọ bụ ọzụzụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, a na desktọọpụ mgbako bụkwa a na kọmputa na a ofu mmemme. Ọ nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ndị bụ isi nke mgbakọ na mwepụ, ma ọ na-apụghị-eji dị ka a okwu processor , ma ọ bụ a egwuregwu console. Na-agbanwe agbanwe ofu igwe omume na-achọ rewiring, nhazigharị ma ọ bụ reorganization nke ngwa. Ndị mbụ kọmputa bụghị otú warara, dị ka ha e mepụtara maka oge mbụ na sayensị na nzube. Reprogramming pụtara ukwuu mgbe e mesịrị na ọ bụ a-agwụ ha ike usoro, ebe ọ bụ na ngọngọ osise na banknotes na-agwụcha zuru ezu aghụghọ. Ike karịsịa bụ usoro nke modernization nke anụ ahụ igwe mgbake ọwa. Ọ pụrụ izu atọ echichi na ENIAC na-agbalị ime ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ.

A echiche ọhụrụ

Na a na kọmputa, na-akpakọba a usoro ihe omume na ebe nchekwa, ihe gbanwere. Echekwara na ebe nchekwa, ha imewe na a set nke ntuziaka. Nke a pụtara na igwe nwere ike ozugbo nweta a set nke ntuziaka na-ebu mgbawa.

Ihe a haziri nke ndị dị otú ahụ na omume na-akọ onwe onye na-modifying koodu. Otu n'ime ihe mbụ osisi nke ndị dị otú ahụ ihe nwere mkpa maka ihe algọridim ntọt ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-agbanwe okwu akụkụ nke iwu. Ọ na-etinye aka na n'oge aghụghọ. Nke a ghọrọ obere mkpa mgbe index registers na anọ na-agwa okwu ghọrọ nkịtị e ji mara nwere kọmputa ije nke John von Neumann ígwè ọrụ. Ndị ọzọ - itinye ugboro ugboro ji data na iyi nke iwu ozugbo ngwọta. Ma onwe onye na-modifying code ruo n'ókè dị ukwuu e-akatọ n'ihi na ọ bụ na-emekarị siri ike nghọta na debug. Ke adianade do, ọ na-egosi na-adịghị ike na usoro nke mmeputakwa na caching atụmatụ nke oge a na processors.

Site na nnukwu, ike na-emeso ntụziaka dị ka data - nke a bụ ihe na-eme ka assemblers, compilers, assemblers, loaders na ndị ọzọ na ngwá na o kwere omume akpọkwa akpaghị aka mmemme. Ya mere na-ekwu okwu, dee ihe omume ndị na-ede ihe. On a nta ọnụ ọgụgụ, ugboro ugboro ufiop ọsọ ọsọ na-mmepụta arụmọrụ, dị ka BitBlt-image manipulations oge ochie ma ọ bụ pixel na vertex shaders na oge a na 3D-ndịna-emeputa, a hụrụ na-adịghị ike na-agba ọsọ na-enweghị ọrụ na ngwá.

Development nke a echiche echekwara na usoro ihe omume na ebe nchekwa

Mgbakọ na mwepụ Alan Turing, bụ ndị nwere mmasị na nsogbu nke mgbakọ na mwepụ mgbagha mgbe Max Newman na nkuzi na Cambridge University, dere, sị otu isiokwu 1936, e bipụtara na mbipụta nke London Mathematical Society. Na ya, ọ kọwara a hypothetical igwe, nke ọ kpọrọ "eluigwe na ala Mgbakọ igwe", na nke a maara ugbu a dị ka a eluigwe na ala Turing igwe. O nwere enweghi ngwụcha nchekwa (oge a ala - na ebe nchekwa), nke e dere ma ntuziaka data, nke e kere na ije. Von Neumann ghọọ ndị maara Turing na a oge mgbe ọ bụ a na-eleta prọfesọ na Cambridge na 1935, na na N'ezie nke ịgbachitere ya doctoral dissertation na Turing Institute for Advanced Study na Princeton (New Jersey) na 1936-1937.

N'adabereghị JI Presper Eckert na Dzhon Mochli, onye mepụtara ENIAC School of Ọdụdọ Engineering na Mahadum nke Pennsylvania, dere banyere echiche nke igwe, nke na-echekwa ihe omume na ebe nchekwa na December 1943. Mgbe atụmatụ a ọhụrụ igwe, na EDVAC, Eckert dere na January 1944 na ọ ga-echekwa data na mmemme na ngwaọrụ ọhụrụ addressable ebe nchekwa site na iji dara mercury oge. Ọ bụ oge mbụ na-ewu nke a omume igwe na-echekwa ihe omume na ebe nchekwa na e chọrọ. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na Mauchly ha amaghị ọrụ Turing (nọchiri n'okpuru).

Computer ije: Von Neumann ụkpụrụ

Von Neumann ama abuana ke "Manhattan Project" ke National Laboratory na Los Alamos, nke chọrọ a nnukwu ego nke mgbakọ ahụ. Ọ dọtara ya na oru ngo na okpomọkụ nke 1944 ENIAC. N'ebe ahụ, ọ sonyeere mkparịta ụka na mmepe EDVAC kọmputa. N'ime otu a, o dere, a akwụkwọ isiokwu ya bụ "A mbụ draft akụkọ na EDVAC», dabeere na-arụ ọrụ nke Eckert na Mauchly. Ọ bụ na-ahụkarị uko mgbe ya otu Goldstein ekesa oru ngo na von Neumann (site ụzọ, Eckert na Mauchly idem ama akpa a na ozi ọma). Nke a akwụkwọ a na-agụ site na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ibe von Neumann na America na Europe na nwere a ukwuu mmetụta na ọzọ ogbo nke na kọmputa development.

Ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke von Neumann ije, dị ka ndị dị na "mbụ draft," nweela obosara ewu ewu, mgbe Turing kpuchie ya akụkọ na electronic mgbako, nke a kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na injinịa na mmemme. Ọ na-e kwuru na ngosi nke ede akwụkwọ si ụgbọ ala, nke a na-akpọ Automatic Computing Engine (Ace). Ọ were ya Executive kọmitii nke British National Physical Laboratory 1946. Mgbe a mgbe ọbụna ihe ịga nke ọma, mmejuputa iwu dị iche iche na Ace aghụghọ na-emepụta.

malite oru

Na oru ngo nke von Neumann na Turing akwụkwọ na-akọwa a na kọmputa na-akpakọba na-echeta a kpọmkwem ihe omume, ma isiokwu Von Neumann enweta ukwuu mgbasa ke otu, na kọmputa ije bịara mara dị ka John von Neumann ije.

Na 1945, Prọfesọ Neumann, bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na engineering ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Philadelphia, ebe ọ mbụ ENIAC e wuru, agbala na nnọchite nke ndị ọrụ ibe ya na-akọ na ezi uche imewe nke digital kọmputa. The akụkọ na-enye a pụtara zuru ezu amaghị na n'ihi na ndị na-ewu nke igwe, nke ka ebe mara dị ka EDVAC. Ọ bụ naanị na nso nso a guzosie ike na America, ma a akụkọ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ na e kere eke nke von Neumann EDSAC.

Maniacs na Joniacs

Na 1947, Burks, Goldstein na von Neumann bipụtara ọzọ akụkọ nke kpuchie ndị na-ewu ọzọ ụdị ụgbọ ala (a yiri), nke e kwesịrị ịbụ nnọọ ngwa ngwa, ndị ruru eru, ma eleghị anya, na-ebu ruo 20,000 arụmọrụ kwa nke abụọ. Ha kwuru na ha na-edozilighị nsogbu na-ewu ọ bụ mmepe nke a kwesịrị ekwesị na ebe nchekwa, niile dị na nke nke ga-ozugbo dị. Akpa, ha chọrọ iji a pụrụ iche agụụ tube, a na-akpọ Selectron, nke e mepụtakwara na Princeton laabu. Ndị dị otú ahụ akpa bụ oké ọnụ, na-eme ka ha nnọọ ike, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-eji nke a ije. Von Neumann ekemende kpebiri-ewu a ụgbọ ala dabere na Williams-echeta ha. Nke a igwe, nke e dechara na June 1952 na Princeton, aghọwo a maara MANIAC (ma ọ bụ nanị Maniacs). Ya imewe na mmụọ nsọ site creators na-ewu nke isii ga-ma ọ bụ karịa yiri ngwaọrụ, nke na-ugbu a na-ewu na America na-akpọ na-atọ ọchị Johniacs.

kere eke ụkpụrụ

Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị oge a digital kọmputa, embodying development na mma na Usoro nke akpaka electronic mgbakọ e owụt ke National Physical Laboratory na Teddington, ebe e mere na wuru a obere ìgwè nke mathematicians, engineer na nnyocha engineer, na enyem-aka nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmepụta injinia si English Electric Company Ltd. The ngwá ka na laabu, ma naanị ka a prototype nke a ukwuu ibu osisi, nke a maara dị ka ndị Automatic Computing Engine. Ma, n'agbanyeghị na dịtụ obere arọ na ọdịnaya nke naanị 800 thermionic valves, ọ bụ nnọọ ngwa ngwa na vasatail agụta igwe.

Basic echiche na nkịtị ụkpụrụ ngụkọta oge iji ígwè ọrụ e chepụtara site Dr. Turing na ndabere nke otu London Mathematical Society na 1936, ma na-arụ ọrụ na ígwè ọrụ dị otú na UK e-egbu oge nke agha. Na 1945, ndị nnyocha nke nsogbu nke na-eke otú ahụ na ngwaọrụ wee na na National Physical Laboratory Dr. Vormsli, elu nke Department of Mathematics Laboratory. Ọ sonyeere Turing na ya obere ìgwè ndị ọkachamara na, na na 1947 mbido atụmatụ bụ zuru ezu elu ziri ezi oruru nke a pụrụ iche otu.

The mbụ kọmputa na von Neumann ije

The mbụ oru ngo na-akọwa a atụmatụ na e ji mee ihe site na ọtụtụ mahadum na corporations iwu ha kọmputa. N'etiti ha, naanị ILLIAC ORDVAC na nwere dakọtara ntụziaka tent.

Classical von Neumann ije hiwere na Manchester obere ibuo igwe (SSEM), utu aha Baby na Mahadum Manchester, nke mere ya mbụ ọma igba egbe nke na ngwaọrụ na-esetịpụ ihe omume na ebe nchekwa, 21 June 1948.

EDSAC University of Cambridge, mbụ bara electronic kọmputa nke a, na oru ọma oge mbụ na May 1949.

Mmepe nke kere ụdị

IBM SSEC nwere ohere iji tụlee ntụziaka dị ka data na e gosipụtara ya n'ihu ọha January 27, 1948. Ikike a kwadoro ihe na US Pat. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ na-ezughị ezu electromechanical igwe, kama a n'ụzọ zuru ezu electronic. Na omume, ntuziaka na-agụ akwụkwọ teepu n'ihi na nke oke ebe nchekwa.

Baby ahụ bụ nke mbụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu electronic na kọmputa na-agba ọsọ ahụ echekwara mmemme. Ọ factoring omume ahụ gbara ọsọ 52 nkeji, 21 June 1948 mgbe malite na a mfe ngụkọta oge nkerisi na ngụkọta oge nke na-egosi na abụọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bụ coprime.

ENIAC e gbanwetụrụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka a oge ochie na kọmputa maka ọgụgụ naanị, ma na otu ije, ma e gosiri site September 16, 1948, na mwepụta nke Adele Goldstein hazie ihe na-enyemaka nke von Neumann.

BINAC nọrọ ọtụtụ ule omume na February, March na April 1949, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ ruo mgbe September 1949. Ke adianade do, ule na-agbaba e rụrụ (ụfọdụ ihe ịga nke ọma) ọzọ electronic kọmputa, nke bụ ihe e ji mara nke ije. Von Neumann, site ụzọ, ma nọgide na-arụ ọrụ na "Manhattan" oru ngo. Nke ahụ bụ otú ahụ a vasatail mmadụ.

Evolution nke ụgbọ ala usoro ije

Site na ọtụtụ iri afọ, na-ama na 60s na 70s, kọmputa n'ozuzu aghọwo nta na ngwa ngwa, na-akpata ihe evolushọn na agbanweela kọmputa ije von Neumann. Ka ihe atụ, na ngosipụta nke input na mmepụta ebe nchekwa na-enye ohere na nwoke ngwaọrụ, data, na ntụziaka na-esi iwekota n'ime usoro nke ga-esichara, na-anọgide na na ebe nchekwa. A ụgbọ ala usoro ike ga-eji na-enye a modular usoro na nta. Nke a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ ka "rationalization" nke ije. Ụdi ọtụtụ iri afọ, mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị dị mfe microcontrollers adịghị eji ụfọdụ njirimara a typical nlereanya iji belata na-eri na size. Ma nnukwu na kọmputa na-eso ike ije, dị ka ha kwukwara atụmatụ ka mma ịrụ ọrụ.