Ahịhịa nke tundra na ọhịa tundra

Ahịhịa nke tundra na ọhịa tundra, ya ụdị, ụzọ nke osisi ozuzu, mmegharị lanarị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu-adabere na atụmatụ na ya mara ndị a zones.

obodo ọnọdụ

Location tundra dara na subarctic zones nke Earth. Na-adịdebeghị mmiri Eurasia ya erukwa n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Arctic Ocean na ọtụtụ iri puku kilomita. The n'ebe ugwu nke ụsọ oké osimiri nke Afrika nke North America na-ji site tundra. Na ogologo nke na mpaghara site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda bụ na nkezi banyere 500 kilomita. Ke adianade do, Tundra enyene ụfọdụ àgwàetiti nso Antarctica. Na ugwu, ebe owụt elu-elu mpaghara, Alpine tundra ii. Nyere niile nke ókèala, ebe a na mpaghara, ọ na-gbakọọ na ngụkọta nke ebe planet. Ọ bụ banyere 3 nde km2.

Tundra - a mpaghara bụ nke dị obere patches nke tundra ahịhịa na ihe ọkụkụ nke apịtị. Tundra erukwa si n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda nke tundra nke Eurasia na North America. Na ogologo nke warara site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda dịgasị ke nso site na 30 ruo 400 kilomita. On ndịda ala nke ha tundra atụgharịa ọhịa mpaghara.

Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe-emetụta uto nke osisi

The idụhe nke tundra na ọhịa tundra mpaghara bụ oké. Winter ekwupụtakwa 6 8 ọnwa na afọ. N'oge a na-ẹkenịmde mgbe nile snow cover, ikuku okpomọkụ mgbe ụfọdụ tụlee 50 degrees n'okpuru efu. The pola abalị ahụ dịruru maka banyere ọnwa abụọ. Fọrọ nke nta mgbe ahụ talatara ike oyi ifufe, snow oké ifufe.

Summer na tundra bụ obere na jụụ. Frosts kwere omume na ọdịda n'ụdị snow. N'agbanyeghị pola ụbọchị, ụwa elu adịghị anata a nnukwu ego nke okpomọkụ dị ka anyanwụ bụ ala na mmiri, na-eziga azụ Earth gbasasịa ụzarị. Iji dị ndụ na ndị dị otú ahụ ọnọdụ, tundra ahịhịa ga imeghari.

Mmetụta permafrost umu mejupụtara ahịhịa

Na ọkụ ọnwa na mpaghara nke tundra ala thaws naanị a omimi nke ọ bụla karịrị 50 sentimita. Next bụ a permafrost oyi akwa. Nke a na-akpata bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị bụrụkwa na resettlement nke osisi na tundra mpaghara. Nke a na-akpata na-emetụta ha di iche iche.

Permafrost nwere ịrịba mmetụta na chakoo. Oyi na thawing umu-eduga ha deformation. Dị ka a n'ihi nke ozizi usoro egosi ndị dị otú ahụ n'elu udi ka hillocks. Ha elu abụghị ihe karịrị abụọ mita n'elu oké osimiri, ma ntoputa nke a iche-iche na-emetụta tundra ahịhịa, ya mmezi ụfọdụ ókèala.

Mmetụta nke ala na umu di iche iche nke ahịhịa

Na tundra na ọhịa ebe ahụ bụ a akwa mmiri-ite ala. Ọ bụ karịsịa kwesiri ngosi n'oge snowmelt. Mmiri ike banye n'ime miri n'ime n'ihi ọnụnọ nke permafrost. Ya evaporation na-nwere oké ike n'ihi na a ala n'èzí okpomọkụ. N'ihi nke a, gbazee mmiri na ọdịda akpọkọtara n'elu, akpụ nnukwu na obere marshes.

High waterlogging, ọnụnọ nke permafrost, njupụta nke ala okpomọkụ gbochie eruba nke chemical na ndu Filiks ke ala. O nwere obere humus, accumulates ígwè oxide. Tundra-gley Ona ndị kwesịrị ekwesị maka uto nke ụdị osisi naanị. Ma tundra ahịhịa na-emegharị ka ọnọdụ ndị dị otú nke ndụ. A onye na-gara ndị a n'akụkụ na oge nke okooko, na-anọgide na-adịgide adịgide akara maka afọ na-abịa - mara mma na mma okooko tundra!

Na oké ọhịa eke ala oyi akwa nwekwara malomoschen. The ala bụ ogbenye na nri, ọ e ji elu acidity. Mgbe cultivation nke ala ala ka a nnukwu ego nke ịnweta ma organic nri. The emeso ebe nke ọhịa-tundra e nwere a ukwuu dịgasị iche iche nke ụdị grasses, osisi na osisi.

ụdị

Ahịhịa nke tundra na ọhịa tundra n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-adabere na ụdị eke ebe. Ha Okirikiri bụ naanị na akpa ilekiri yiri ka na-agbụ agbụ.

Tussock na bumpy tundra ogide kasị ókèala. The marshes osisi turf Nleta hillocks na hummocks, nke iri mgbọrọgwụ na otutu umu osisi. A pụrụ iche ụdị tundra - polygonal. Ebe i nwere ike na-ele enyemaka forms n'ụdị nnukwu polygons, nke na-ekewa n'ime Ikuku na ntu oyi cracks.

E nwekwara ndị ọzọ na-eru nso na nhazi ọkwa nke ndị dị otú ahụ eke ebe dị ka tundra. Gịnị ahịhịa kasị pụta ìhè na a akpan akpan ebe, dị ka ndị a, ma ọ bụ a ụdị tundra. Ka ihe atụ, akpaetu-lichen tundra elu ebe kpuchie dị iche iche iche iche nke mosses na lichens. E nwekwara shrubby tundra, ebe-ogwu pola willow, Dwarf pine, alder bushy.

osisi

Dị ka na mbụ kwuru, ahịhịa nke tundra na ọhịa tundra nwere imeghari ka aka ike Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe nke subarctic nkebi nke Earth. Ma ọ bụghị ya ndụ na mmepe ga-ekwe omume ebe a.

Ime mgbanwe nke osisi tundra na ọhịa tundra na-kwupụtara dị ka ndị a. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị fauna na perennials. Annuals na obere oge nke okpomọkụ ga-enwe ike mezue ya ndụ okirikiri. Naanị a obere akụkụ nke osisi na-propagated site na osisi. The isi isi ogologo ndụ - vegetative.

Tundra osisi Stunting-enye ha ohere ka jide ahụ ka oké ifufe. Nke a na-eme ka na-akpụ akpụ agwa Ome na ha nwere ikike intertwine na onye ọ bụla ọzọ, akpụ a ụdị soft cushions. N'oge oyi, akụkụ ahụ niile nke osisi na-kpuchie na snow. Nke a na-azọpụta ha si na oké frosts. Kasị tundra na ọhịa osisi na epupụta nwere a wax mkpuchi, nke na-eme ka agafeghị oke na evaporation nke mmiri si na ha na-ebupụta.

Tundra ahịhịa, foto nke ụdị ụfọdụ nke dị na otu isiokwu ọkọnọ ntu oyi perennial grasses: sedge, isi na ndị dị larịị na swamps, buttercup, owu ahịhịa, Dandelion, poppy osisi. Eto eto nke Dwarf birch osisi, pola willow, bushy alder. Ndị a ụdị osisi dị n'oké ọhịa nwere ike ugbua iru a elu nke atọ mita na ndị ọzọ. N'etiti osisi ndị zuru ebe nile blueberries, cloudberries, blueberries, berry. Na elu elevations acclimatized mosses na lichens, ọtụtụ nke bụ isi oriri echiche n'ihi bi ụmụ anụmanụ na ebe ndị a.

Forest tundra na apịtị

The ọkụkụ nke tundra na apịtị dị iche iche onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Tundra bụ mgbanwe mpaghara n'etiti ha. Na ókèala nke ọhịa-tundra n'etiti treeless agwaetiti nke ohere pụrụ ịchọta ulù nke spruce, birch, larch na osisi ndị ọzọ.

ọhịa tundra mpaghara bụ ihe pụrụ iche dị ka ókèala ya na-ezukọ na ahịhịa nke tundra na apịtị ahịhịa na-esiwanye na-aghọ budata nkwalite nke ndịda. Forest ebe, esịnede onye ụdị osisi na osisi, na-eke ndị kasị mma ọnọdụ maka uto nke herbaceous ahịhịa. Ekele osisi na osisi na-ebelata ifufe ọsọ, na-egbu oge ọzọ snow, nke na-ekpuchi na osisi, na-azọpụta ha n'aka oyi.

The ọmụmụ nke ahịhịa subarctic mpaghara

Ahịhịa cover nke tundra na ọhịa erubeghị a mụọ na zuru. Ịhazi na nkà mmụta sayensị na nkọwa nke umu-eto eto ebe a malitere naanị na n'etiti narị afọ gara aga.

Iji nọgide na-arụ ọrụ a, na taa, e nwere ndị pụrụ iche njem. Na N'ezie nke ndị a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-na-anwa iji otú ahịhịa na tundra na ọhịa tundra emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ ibi ndị a zones. Ha na-achọ azịza nye ajụjụ banyere ma mgbanwe nke osisi di iche iche na ebe na-echebe site ọnụnọ nke ụdị ụfọdụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ, ogologo oge ọ na-ewe iji n'ụzọ zuru ezu-agbake ebibi ahịhịa. Mgbe na-eme nnyocha hụrụ dịghị azịza ajụjụ niile metụtara ndị itule nke uwa ke ebe nke sub-arctic mpaghara nke mbara ala.

fauna Protection

Nature tundra na ọhịa tundra bụ nnọọ ngwangwa. The mweghachi nke ala, ahịhịa na-achọ ihe karịrị iri na abụọ na afọ, na-mgbe ụfọdụ, ọtụtụ narị afọ.
Man dịwo ghọtara na ọ na-enwe a na-agbawa obi mmetụta na ọdịdị nke tundra na ọhịa tundra. Ịgbalị-ekpuchi, ndị mmadụ kere a nọmba nke ọdịdị mee, n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba, game mee. Ha na-emi odude na ókèala nke Russia na mba ndị ọzọ nke ụwa.