Aluminum atụmatụ. Aluminum: general e ji mara

Onye ọ bụla chemical mmewere nwere ike-atụle si ele ihe anya nke atọ sayensị: physics, onwu na na usoro ndu. Ke ibuotikọ emi anyị ga-agbalị ka anya dị ka o kwere mara na aluminum. Nke a mmewere, nke bụ na-atọ ìgwè na-atọ oge, dị ka oge Isiokwu. Aluminum - metal, nke nwere ihe nkezi reactivity. Ọzọkwa ọ bụ omume na-edebe njikọ amphoteric Njirimara. Aluminum atọm ibu nke iri abụọ na isii grams kwa ahumachi.

Physical e ji mara aluminum

N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ na ọ bụ a siri ike. aluminum usoro dị nnọọ mfe. Ọ mejupụtara atọm (bụghị dịrị n'otu na-molekul), nke na-kwekọọ na-enyemaka nke a crystal lattice na siri ike umi. aluminum agba - silver-acha ọcha. Ke adianade do, o nwere a dara luster, nakwa dị ka ọ bụla ọzọ bekee nke otu a. The agba nke metal na-eji na ụlọ ọrụ, nwere ike ịbụ dị iche iche n'ihi ọnụnọ nke adịghị na alloy. Nke a bụ a pụtara fechaa metal. Ya njupụta hà 2,7 g / cm3, i.e. ọ bụ mkpokọta ugboro atọ Mkpa ọkụ ka ígwè. Na nke a, o nwere ike inye ụzọ ma e wezụga na magnesium, nke bụ ọbụna mfe na metal na ajụjụ. The ekweghị ekwe nke aluminum bụ nnọọ ala. Na ya, ọ na-enye ọtụtụ ọla. aluminum ekweghị ekwe nke na abụọ na Mohs n'ike. Ya mere, n'ihi na ya uru na ndabere nke metal alloys kwukwara ike.

aluminum agbaze pụtara na a okpomọkụ nke naanị 660 degrees Celsius. Na ọ na-amalite obụpde mgbe ewe iwe ka okpomọkụ nke puku abụọ na narị anọ na iri ise na abụọ degrees Celsius. Nke a bụ nnọọ ductile na fusible metal. Na anụ ahụ a mara aluminum nsọtụ. Ma ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na-arụsi ọrụ ike metal nwere mma mgbe ọla kọpa na silver conductivity.

Njupụta na ọdịdị

Aluminum nkọwa nke anyị ka tụlesịrị, ezi ọsọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ nwere ike hụrụ na ndị mejupụtara nke ọtụtụ mineral. Aluminum mmewere - anọ n'etiti ndị kasị ke uwa. Ya ibu nta na Earth jikọrọ ọnụ bụ fọrọ nke nta itoolu percent. Isi minerals bụ ugbu ke mejupụtara nke ya atọm bụ bauxite, alumina, cryolite. First - a nkume guzobere, nke bụ ígwè oxides, sịlịkọn na metal na ajụjụ, na-na Ọdịdị nke mmiri ụmụ irighiri ugbu a. Ọ nwere a na-abụghị edo agba?: Isi awọ rifọrọ, ọbara ọbara-agba aja aja ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ na agba, nke na-adabere ọnụnọ nke dị iche iche adịghị. Si iri atọ na iri isii percent nke ìgwè - aluminum, onye photos nwere ike hụrụ n'elu. Ọ bụkwa nnọọ nkịtị na ọdịdị ịnweta bụ alumina.

Nke a alumina. Ya chemical usoro - Al2O3. O wee nwee red, odo, acha anụnụ anụnụ ma ọ bụ aja aja. Ya ekweghị ekwe na Mohs ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ itoolu nkeji. The iche corundum magburu sapphire na rubi, leicosapphires na padparadzha (odo sapphire).

Cryolite - a ịnweta enwe a ihe mgbagwoju chemical usoro. Ọ mejupụtara nke fluorides nke aluminum na sodium - AlF3 • 3NaF. Ọ anya dị ka colorless ma ọ bụ isi awọ nkume, nwere ala ekweghị ekwe - niile atọ na Mohs n'ike. N'ụwa taa ọ na-synthesized artificially na laabu. Ọ na-eji na nkà mmụta banyere ígwè.

Ọzọkwa aluminum nwere ike dị na ọdịdị dị ka akụkụ nke ụrọ, nke bụ isi mmiri nke sịlịkọn na oxides nke metal metụtara na mmiri na ụmụ irighiri ihe. Ke adianade do, chemical mmewere pụrụ hụrụ na mejupụtara nke nepheline, chemical usoro nke bụ ka ndị a: KNa3 [AlSiO4] 4.

n'ikuku

aluminum echiche atụmatụ na-enye ụzọ nke ya njikọ. E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ. Production nke aluminum mbụ usoro na-ewe ebe na atọ. The ikpeazụ ndị a bụ usoro nke electrolysis na cathode na a carbon anode. Ka e si otú ahụ a usoro na-achọ na aluminum oxide, na auxiliaries dị ka cryolite (usoro - Na3AlF6) na calcium Fluoride (CaF2). Iji ime na decomposition nke etisasịwo alumina, ọ dị mkpa na a wụrụ awụ cryolite na calcium Fluoride ewe iwe ka okpomọkụ ọ dịkarịa ala, narị itoolu na iri ise degrees centigrade, wee gabiga a ugbu a nke a bekee na puku mmadụ iri asatọ amperes na voltaji five- asatọ volts. N'ihi ya, n'ihi na usoro maka ngwe aluminum cathode, na oxygen ụmụ irighiri ga-anakọtara na anode, nke n'aka nke na-oxidized anode na tọghata ya n'ime carbon dioxide. Tupu arụ a usoro bauxite, nke n'ụdị aluminum oxide na-amịpụtara, tupu kpochara nke adịghị, na-aga usoro nke akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ.

Aluminum mmepụta usoro kọwara n'elu bụ nnọọ nkịtị na nkà mmụta banyere ígwè. E nwekwara a na usoro, mepụtakwara na 1827 site F. Wohler. Ọ dabeere n'eziokwu na aluminum nwere ike amịpụtara site a chemical mmeghachi omume n'etiti ya chloride na potassium. Na-ebu ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro nwere ike na-kere n'ụdị pụrụ iche na ọnọdụ dị nnọọ elu okpomọkụ ma na agụụ. Ya mere, otu ahumachi nke chloride na ihe hà olu nke potassium nwere ike kwadebere otu ahumachi nke alumina na atọ ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ nke potassium chloride ka a byproduct. Mmeghari a nwere ike owụt dị ka a akụkụ: AІSІ3 + + 3K = AІ 3KSІ. Nke a na usoro adịghị nweela ọtụtụ ewu ewu na ndị ụlọ ọrụ.

aluminum atụmatụ na okwu nke onwu

Ka ugbua kwuru n'elu, ọ bụ a dị mfe umi, nke na-mejupụtara atọm na-adịghị haziri na a molekul. Yiri owuwu ii fọrọ nke nta niile ọla. Aluminum nwere a dịtụ elu reactivity na ike mbenata Njirimara. Chemical akparamagwa nke aluminum ga-amalite na a nkọwa nke ya Jeremaya na ndị ọzọ mfe umi, dị ka a ga-kọwakwuru mmekọrịta mgbagwoju inorganic ogige.

Aluminum na mfe bekee

Ndị a gụnyere ndị a bụ isi oxygen - kasị nkịtị compound na mbara ala. Si ya abụọ na otu percent nke Ụwa ikuku na-emi esịnede. Mmeghachi omume nke umi na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ maara dị ka ọxịdashọn, ma ọ bụ na-enwu. Ọ na-emekarị ihe n'akparamagwa na okpomọkụ. Ma na ikpe nke aluminum nwere ike ọxịdashọn na nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ na ọnọdụ - na kpụrụ oxide film. Ọ bụrụ na ndị nọ n'ọrụ metal na-echi ọnụ n'ala, ọ ga-akpọ, si otú atọhapụ buru ibu nke ike dị ka okpomọkụ. Ka e si meghachi omume n'etiti aluminum na oxygen mkpa ndị a components na a ezengwenri ruru nke 4: 3, adịru abụọ n'akụkụ na-oxide.

Nke a chemical mmeghachi omume a na-egosipụta site na ndị na-esonụ akụkụ: 4AІ + 3O2 = 2AІO3. Ọzọkwa aluminum nwere ike na-eme na halogens nke na-agụnye fluorine, ayodiin, bromine na chlorine. Aha ndị a Filiks na-abịa site kwekọrọ ekwekọ halogen: fluorination, iodination, bromination na chlorination. Nke a bụ ahụkarị njikọ mmeghachi omume.

Dị ka ihe atụ, anyị na omume aluminum na chlorine. Nke a na ụdị usoro nwere ike na-eme na oyi na-atụ.

N'ihi ya, na-ewere abụọ ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ nke aluminum na atọ ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ nke chlorine, na-enye abụọ ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ nke metal chloride. The akụkụ a mmeghachi omume bụ dị ka ndị a: + 2AІ 3SІ = 2AІSІ3. N'otu ụzọ ahụ na ọ bụ omume na-enweta aluminum Fluoride, bromide na iodide ya.

On isi awọ umi na ajụjụ mkpatụ naanị mgbe ewe iwe. Ka e si na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmadụ abụọ ogige mkpa iji ha na ezengwenri otosịrị iru nke abụọ na atọ, na otu akụkụ nke sulphide kpụrụ nke aluminum. Mmeghachi omume akụkụ bụ dị ka ndị: 2Al + 3S = Al2S3.

Ọzọkwa, na okpomọkụ na aluminum mkpatụ na carbon na-etolite a carbide, na nitrogen na-etolite a nitride. Otu nwere ike nyekwa ndị na-esonụ chemical mmeghachi omume akụkụ: 4AІ + 3C = AІ4S3; 2Al + N2 = 2AlN.

Mmekọrịta mgbagwoju bekee

A na-agụnye mmiri, salts, asịd, bases, oxides. Na ihe nile nke chemical ogige nke aluminum mkpatụ dị iche iche. Ka anyị lee anya na zuru ezu nke ọ bụla.

Mmeghachi omume na mmiri

Na kasị nkịtị umi n'ụwa aluminum mgbagwoju interacts na kpo oku. Nke a pụtara nanị mgbe nke mbido mwepụ nke oxide film. The na mmekọrịta nke amphoteric hydroxide a kpụrụ, na hydrogen a tọhapụrụ n'ime ikuku. Na-ewere akụkụ abụọ nke aluminum na isii akụkụ nke mmiri, anyị na-enweta hydroxide na hydrogen na a ezengwenri ruru nke abụọ atọ. Mmeghari a akụkụ e dere dị ka ndị a: 2AІ + 6H2O = 2AІ (OH) 3 + 3H2.

Mmekọrịta asịd, ndọkwasi nile na oxides

Dị ka ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọrụ ọla, aluminum bụ ike itinye aka na a nnọchi mmeghachi omume. N'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike inochi hydrogen site na acid ma ọ bụ a n'ezinụlọ metal cation nke a nnu-ya nile. Dị ka a N'ihi nke a interactions ihe aluminum nnu a kpụrụ, na hydrogen a tọhapụrụ (na ikpe nke acid) ma ọ bụ precipitated metal net (onye na bụ obere ifịk karịa atụle). Nke abụọ ahụ, na-apụta ìhè mbenata Njirimara dị ka e kwuru n'elu. Otu ihe atụ bụ mmekọrịta nke aluminum na hydrochloric acid, agaghi asu aluminum chloride a kpụrụ na wepụtara n'ime ikuku, hydrogen. Nke a na ụdị mmeghachi omume a na-egosipụta na-esonụ akụkụ: + 2AІ 6NSІ = 2AІSІ3 + 3H2.

Otu ihe atụ nke na mmekọrịta nke aluminum nnu nwere ike ya mmeghachi omume na ọla kọpa sulfate. Inweta abụọ ndị a mmiri, anyị na-ejedebe na aluminum sulfate ma dị ọcha na ọla kọpa nke na-ada ke ụdị a ịkpali. Dị otú ahụ na asịd dị ka igirigi ibu sulphuric na nitric acid, aluminum mkpatụ iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, na-agbakwunye a itughari ngwọta nke aluminum nitrate acid na a ezengwenri ruru nke asatọ akụkụ site iri atọ na asatọ akụkụ a kpụrụ nke metal nitrate, n'akụkụ atọ nitric oxide na iri na ise - mmiri. The akụkụ nke mmeghachi omume a na-dere otú a: 8Al + 30HNO3 = 8Al (NO3) 3 + 3N2O + 15H2O. Nke a usoro naanị pụtara na ọnụnọ nke okpomọkụ.

Ọ bụrụ na gwara ọgwa ngwọta nke aluminum sulfate na a na-adịghị ike acid na ezengwenri otosịrị iru nke abụọ atọ, mgbe ahụ, anyị na-enweta sulphate nke metal na hydrogen na a ruru nke otu atọ. Nke ahụ na-aga na-eme nkịtị nnọchi mmeghachi omume, dị ka ọ na ndị ọzọ asịd. N'ihi na ihe doo anya, anyị na-ewetara ndị akụkụ: 2Al + 3H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + 3H2. Otú ọ dị, na a itinye ihe ngwọta nke otu acid ike. Ebe a, dị nnọọ ka ọ bụrụ na nitrate, na site-ngwaahịa a kpụrụ, ma ọ bụghị na oxide ụdị na ụdị sọlfọ na mmiri. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-na abụọ dị anyị mkpa akụrụngwa na a ezengwenri ruru nke abụọ anọ, ọ ga-abụ otu n'ime nnu nke metal, na sọlfọ ahụ, dị ka nke ọma dị ka anọ - mmiri. Nke a chemical mmeghachi omume nwere ike kwupụtara na-esonụ akụkụ: 2Al + 4H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + S + 4H2O. Ọzọkwa, aluminum nwere ike na-eme na alkalis. Ịrụ dị otú ahụ chemical interactions ga-abụọ ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ nke metal, otu ego nke sodium hydroxide ma ọ bụ potassium hydroxide nakwa dị ka isii ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ mmiri. Nke a na-arụpụta bekee ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka sodium ma ọ bụ potassium tetragidroksoalyuminat na hydrogen, nke a tọhapụrụ ka a gas na a pungent isi na ezengwenri otosịrị iru nke abụọ atọ. Nke a chemical mmeghachi omume nwere ike na-anọchite anya ndị na-esonụ akụkụ: 2AІ + 2KOH + 6H2O = 2K [AІ (OH) 4] + 3H2.

Na ihe ikpeazụ ga-atụle bụ ụkpụrụ nke mmekọrịta ụfọdụ aluminum oxides. The kasị nkịtị na-eji bụrụ na - mmeghachi omume Beketov. Ya, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ si n'elu, na-ewe ebe ke okpomọkụ. N'ihi ya, n'ihi ya, mmejuputa iwu ga-abụọ ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ kwa ahumachi nke aluminum na ferrum oxide. The na mmekọrịta nke abụọ ndị a bekee nweta alumina na free ígwè na-ego nke otu na abụọ ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ karị.

The ojiji nke metal na ndị ụlọ ọrụ

Rịba ama na ojiji nke aluminum - a nnọọ nkịtị onu. Mbụ niile, ọ chọrọ ndị ụgbọelu ụlọ ọrụ. Yana magnesium alloys, e na-eji, na na ndabere nke metal alloys. Otu nwere ike ikwu na nkezi ụgbọelu bụ 50% alloys nke aluminum na ya mbanye - by 25%. Ọzọkwa, ojiji nke aluminum a rụrụ n'oge imewe nke wires na cables n'ihi na nke magburu onwe eletriki conductivity. Ke adianade do, metal na ya alloys na n'ọtụtụ ebe, na-eji na akpakanamde ụlọ ọrụ. Ndị a ihe iso nke ozu nke ụgbọala, bọs, trolleybuses, trams ụfọdụ, nakwa dị ka ot ụgbọala na electric ụgbọ oloko. Ọzọkwa, ya iji na obere na obere ọnụ ọgụgụ ngwa, n'ihi na ihe atụ n'ihi na mmepụta nke nkwakọ maka nri na ndị ọzọ na ngwaahịa, tableware. Iji mepụta a silver ink nke metal powder a chọrọ. The agba dị mkpa iji chebe ígwè si corrosion. Ọ nwere ike kwuru na aluminum - nke abụọ kasị eji na ulo oru ọla mgbe Ferrum. Ya na ọ na-eji na chemical ụlọ ọrụ. Nke a na-kọwara site akpan akpan chemical e ji mara nke aluminum, gụnyere ya mbenata Njirimara na amphoteric ogige. Hydroxide atụle chemical ọcha dị mkpa maka mmiri ọcha. Ke adianade do, ọ na-eji nkà mmụta ọgwụ na usoro nke na ogwu mmepụta. Ọ nwekwara ike dị na mejupụtara nke ụdị ụfọdụ nke plastic na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ.

Ọrụ na ọdịdị

Dị ka a kọwara n'elu, na aluminum na nnukwu quantities na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ. Ọ dị mkpa karịsịa maka ndu eme ntule. Aluminum bụ idem ke ụkpụrụ nke ibu Filiks, Nleta connective anụ ahụ, dị ka ọkpụkpụ, ligamentous, na ndị ọzọ. Na nke a na micronutrient Filiks imu nke ahụ anụ ahụ mere ngwa ngwa. Ya ojuju e ji ndị na-esonụ mgbaàmà: impairment na ụmụ mmepe na ibu, na ndị okenye - adịghị ala ala ike ọgwụgwụ, belata arụmọrụ, mkpọchị moto nchikota, belata ọnụego nke anụ ahụ imu, anam idem emem nke uru ahụ, karịsịa na nsọtụ. Nke a na onu nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-eri ntakịrị nri na ọdịnaya nke a Chọpụta mmewere.

Otú ọ dị, a ọzọ na-enwekarị nsogbu bụ ngafe aluminum ke idem. Ọ bụ mgbe hụrụ ndị a mgbaàmà: nchegbu, ịda mbà n'obi, nsogbu ihi ụra, ebe nchekwa ọnwụ, nchegbu, softening nke nweekwa usoro, nke nwere ike ime ka ugboro ugboro fractures na sprains. Ruo ogologo oge ngafe nke aluminum na ahụ na-abụkarị ndị nsogbu na ihe fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla ngwa usoro.

Ndị dị otú ahụ a onu nwere ike ime ka a ọtụtụ ihe. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi aluminum cookware. Ọkà mmụta sayensị ogologo gosiri na efere mere nke metal na ajụjụ, bụ adabara nri nri na ya, dị ka mgbe a elu okpomọkụ nke aluminum odụk nri, na dị ka a n'ihi na ị na-eri a otutu ihe nke a Chọpụta mmewere karịa ahụ mkpa.

Ihe nke abụọ mere - mgbe ngwa nke ntecha ka ọdịnaya nke metal ma ọ bụ salts ya. Tupu iji ọ bụla ngwaahịa a ga-agụ nke ọma ya mejupụtara. Ndị sokwa, na ihe ntecha.

The atọ mere - ochichi nke ọgwụ ọjọọ, nke nwere ọtụtụ nke níle Önwa, n'ihi na a ogologo oge. Nakwa dị ka n'ụzọ nke vitamin na dietary Mmeju, nke na-agụnye microcell.

Ugbu a, ka anya ihe ngwaahịa nwere aluminum ịgbanwe oriri gị ma na-ahazi ndị menu n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Nke a bụ isi karọt, esichara cheese, wheat, alum, poteto. Mkpụrụ peach na ube bekee na-atụ aro. Ke adianade do, aluminum-ọgaranya kabeeji, osikapa, ọtụtụ herbs. Ọzọkwa, nke metal cations nwere ike ugbu a na mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Iji zere elu ma ọ bụ ala aluminum ọdịnaya ahu (Otú ọ dị, dị nnọọ ka ọ bụla ọzọ Chọpụta ọcha), i kwesịrị nlezianya nyochaa ha nri ma na-agbalị ime ka ọ dị ka ziri ezi dị ka o kwere.