Amateur Radio erite: e ji mara

Amu amu radio poolu anata ọtụtụ narị puku ndị redio n'out oge. Ha ugboro nwere ike ịdị iche dabere na nnyefe na ogologo, na-ajụ, mkpụmkpụ, na àjà ihe ọṅụṅụ obere mmiri na ebili mmiri na telivishọn na ìgwè ndị agha. N'etiti ha na-arụ ọrụ na-amu amu, ọchịchị, azụmahịa mmiri na ndị ọzọ na ụgbọ. The amplitudes nke n'ókè nri-erite poolu input, mbio-erughị 1 MV ọtụtụ millivolts. Amu amu radio kọntaktị ime n'ogo nke a ole na ole microvolts. Oge akara aka nke na-amu amu erite abụọ: nhọrọ, amplification, na demodulation nke chọrọ redio mgbaàmà, na screening ndị ọzọ niile. Amu amu radio receivers dị ma iche iche ma ọ bụ dị ka a akụrụngwa nke transceiver.

The isi mmiri nke-erite

Ham radio receivers ga-enwe ike inweta ezigbo ike n'ókè, na-ekewa ha si ụzụ na elu-ike ụgbọ, bụ mgbe nile na ikuku. N'ihi ya maka ha njigide na demodulation achọ zuru ezu kwụsie ike. N'ozuzu arụmọrụ (na price) nke redio na-adabere na uche, selectivity ma kwụsie ike. E nwere ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara arụmọrụ nke na ngwaọrụ. A na-agụnye mkpuchi na-agụ ugboro ole, demodulation mode ma ọ bụ na nchọpụta nke LF, MF, HF, VHF redio, ike chọrọ. Mgbe receivers na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site, niile mgbagwoju na arụmọrụ support 4 isi ọrụ: n'ikuku, selectivity, demodulation na amụba. Ụfọdụ na-agụnye enhancers dịkwuo mgbaàmà larịị anabata ụkpụrụ.

n'ikuku

Ọ bụ ikike nke erite aka na-adịghị ike n'ókè-anakọtara site na mpi. N'ihi na redio, nke a mma na-isi metụtara na uche. Ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ọtụtụ cascades nke amplification chọrọ maka amụba mgbaàmà ike si microvolts ka volts. N'ihi ya, n'ozuzu erite uru nwere ike iru ka nke a nde otu.

Beginners hams bara uru mara na erite uche na-emetụta ọkụ mkpọtụ site na poolu circuit na ngwaọrụ, karịsịa na ọsọ ọsọ na-RF modul. Ha-eme n'oge kwes excitation eduzi ụmụ irighiri na ampilifaya mmiri dị ka transistors na akpa. Ke ofụri ofụri, eletriki mkpọtụ bụ ugboro dabere na enwekwu na okpomọkụ na bandwit.

Ọ bụla mkpọtụ ugbu a na-erite na poolu ọnụ na-adịkwu tinyere natara mgbaàmà. N'ihi ya, e nwere ókè nke uche nke-erite. Kacha n'oge a ụdị pụrụ enweta 1 MV ma ọ bụ obere. Ọtụtụ nkọwa kọwaa nke a mma na microvolts 10 dB. Ka ihe atụ, uche nke 0,5 MV 10 dB pụtara na njupụta mkpọtụ site na-erite site mkpokọta 10 dB n'okpuru mgbaàmà nke 0,5 MV. Na ndị ọzọ okwu, erite mkpọtụ larịị bụ banyere 0,16 MV. Ọ bụla mgbaàmà n'okpuru a bara uru ga-yitewere na ha agaghị enwe audible na ọkà okwu.

Na frequencies nke 20-30 MHz mpụga mkpọtụ (ikuku na mmadụ mere) na-emekarị bụ nnọọ elu esịtidem nnyonye anya. Kasị receivers nwere zuru ezu uche maka mgbaàmà nhazi na a ugboro ole nso.

selectivity

Ikike a na-akụ na-erite na mkpuruedemede mgbaàmà na-ajụ-achọghị. Na receivers iji elu-Q LC-nyo maka agafe naanị a warara bandwit. N'ihi ya, erite bandwit bụ mkpa iji kpochapụ achọghị n'ókè. Selectivity ọtụtụ DV-receivers nke iji nke ọtụtụ narị gafere hertz. Nke a bụ iji ewepụkwa ihe ọtụtụ ndị na-egosi na nso ọrụ ugboro. All na-amu amu radio receivers HF na SV àmà ga-nhọrọ banyere 2500 Hz maka amu amu olu n'ikuku. Ọtụtụ receivers na transceivers ET / switchable HF nzacha na-eji na-enye kacha n'ikuku mgbaàmà nke ụdị ọ bụla.

Demodulation, ma ọ bụ nchọpụta

Nke a usoro nke na-ekewapụ LF-akụrụngwa (ụda) si abata modulated ụgbọelu mgbaàmà. The demodulation na sekit na sekit na-eji transistors ma ọ bụ oriọna. The abụọ kasị ahụkarị ụdị ziri eji na RF receivers, - a diode maka LW na MW, na LW ezigbo igwekota ma ọ bụ HF.

playback

The ikpeazụ usoro bụ iji tọghata n'ikuku mgbaàmà ahụrụ na audio ndepụta ọkà okwu ma ọ bụ ekweisi. A, amplification nke a na-adịghị ike na mmepụta nke detector ogbo a na-eji na elu arụmọrụ. audio ampilifaya mmepụta mgbe nri a ọkà okwu ma ọ bụ earphone maka imepụtaghachi.

Kasị na-amu amu radio receivers nwere esịtidem ọkà okwu na a headphone mmepụta Jack. Simple otu ogbo audio ampilifaya kwesịrị ekwesị maka na ekweisi. N'ihi na ọkà okwu na-emekarị na-achọ 2 ma ọ bụ 3-ogbo audio ampilifaya.

mfe receivers

The mbụ receivers maka redio bụ a dị mfe ngwaọrụ nke gụnyere ihe oscillatory circuit, kristallodetektora na ekweisi. Ha nwere ike na-obodo redio. Otú ọ dị, crystal detector bụghị ike n'ụzọ ziri ezi demodulate n'ókè LW ma ọ bụ SW. Ọzọkwa, uche na selectivity nke ndị dị otú a atụmatụ bụ ezughi oke maka amu amu ọrụ. Dịkwuo ha site na-agbakwụnye na audio ampilifaya na mmepụta nke detector.

Radio kpọmkwem amplification

The uche na selectivity nwere ike mma site na-agbakwụnye otu ma ọ bụ karịa nkebi. Nke a na ụdị nke ngwaọrụ a na-akpọ a kpọmkwem erite uru. Ọtụtụ azụmahịa SW Receivers '20s na' 30s. Anyị na-eji ndị na-esonụ atụmatụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere uru ogbo 2-4 nweta chọrọ uche na selectivity.

kpọmkwem akakabarede erite

Nke a bụ a dị mfe ma na-ewu ewu na obibia maka inweta na HF ET. The input mgbaàmà na-nri a detector tinyere ihe RF generator. Ikpeazụ ọtụtụ ugboro n'elu (ma ọ bụ n'okpuru) mbụ na-enwe ike na-enweta ndị obi otiti. Ka ihe atụ, ọ bụrụ na ndenye 7155,0 kHz, na RF generator na-ahazi ka 7155,4 kHz, mgbe agwakọta na detector emepụta a ụda nke 400 Hz. Ikpeazụ na-abịa na a elu-ike site na a warara nke ukwuu audio iyo. Selectivity na ụdị-erite na-enweta site na LC-oscillatory sekit na a ụda detector n'ihu nyo n'etiti detector na audio ampilifaya.

superheterodyne

Mepụtara ná mmalite 1930s iji kpochapụ ọtụtụ ndị nsogbu chere ihu okenye ụdị nke na-amu amu radio receivers. Taa superheterodyne erite na-eji na ọ fọrọ nke nta niile ụdị redio ọrụ, gụnyere na-amu amu radio, azụmahịa, nakwa dị ka njupụta ma ugboro mgbanwe olu na telivishọn. Isi ihe dị iche si kpọmkwem-amplification receivers bụ iji tọghata ndị na-abata RF mgbaàmà onye n'etiti (Ọ BỤRỤ na).

RF ampilifaya

Nkejikotara LC-na sekit na sekit na-enye ụfọdụ selectivity na mmachi amplification na a chọrọ ugboro. The RF ampilifaya na-enyekwa abụọ ọzọ uru na a superheterodyne erite. Firstly, ọ na-anọ naanị igwekota nkebi na obodo oscillator circuit na mpi. N'ihi na redio, uru dabeere n'eziokwu na attenuated undesired n'ókè onye ugboro bụ ugboro abụọ dị elu dị ka ọ chọrọ.

generator

Mkpa ike a sinusoidal mgbaàmà na mgbe nile njupụta, onye ugboro dị iche n'ebe input ụgbọelu site a uru hà Ọ BỤRỤ. Generator emepụta vibrations, nke nwere ike ịbụ ugboro ma n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ụgbọelu. Nhọrọ a kpebisiri ike site bandwit chọrọ na configuring RF. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị dị otú ahụ mgbakọ na ne-receivers ma na ala na-amu amu gbalaga VHF-erite na-amụba ihe input ugboro n'elu ụgbọelu.

igwekota

Nzube nke a unit bụ iji tọghata ugboro nke na-abata ụgbọelu mgbaàmà ihe IF-ampilifaya ugboro. Igwekota 4 ndapụta isi mmepụta mgbaàmà si 2 input: f _1, f _2, f ₁ + f _2, f ₁ -f _2. Na a superheterodyne erite na-na-eji ma ha nchikota ma ọ bụ ihe dị iche. Ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ndabichi ma ọ bụrụ na kwesịrị ekwesị jikoro na-e.

Ọ BỤRỤ na ampilifaya

Njirimara nke Ọ BỤRỤ ampilifaya na a superheterodyne erite na-kasị mma kọwara uru (CG) na selectivity. N'ikwu ya n'ozuzu, ndị a kwa na-ekpebisi ike site na Ọ BỤRỤ ampilifaya. The selectivity nke Ọ BỤRỤ ampilifaya na-hà obosara nke na-abata modulated RF mgbaàmà gbalaga. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ, mgbe ahụ, ọ bụla n'akụkụ ugboro na-ọsọsọp na akpata nnyonye anya. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na ndị selectivity dịkwa warara, ụfọdụ mpụta ìgwè na-ebipụ. Nke a na-eduga ná a na ọnwụ nke definition nke ụda si ọkà okwu ma ọ bụ ekweisi.

The kacha mkpụmkpụ-erite bandwit bụ 2300-2500 Hz. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nke elu n'akụkụ ìgwè jikọtara okwu n'ókè n'ofè 2500 Hz, ọnwụ ha anaghị budata emetụta ụda ma ọ bụ ozi-ebute site ná site na ọrụ. 400-500 Hz ezu selectivity maka ET. Nke a warara gbalaga na-enyere aka na-ajụ ọ bụla mgbaàmà nke n'akụkụ ugboro, nke nwere ike igbochi n'ikuku. Na-amu amu redio, na price nke n'elu na-eji abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa cascade Ọ BỤRỤ amplification na a ukwuu crystalline ma ọ bụ tupu n'ibu iyo. Ndokwa a, n'etiti nkanka eji LC-sekit na inverter converters.

Nhọrọ nke etiti ugboro kpebisiri ike site ọtụtụ ihe, nke na-agụnye: enwekwukwa selectivity na mgbaàmà suppression. N'ihi na ala ugboro ìgwè (80 na 40 m) inverter eji na ọtụtụ oge a na-amu amu radio receivers bụ 455 kHz. Ọ BỤRỤ na amplifiers nwere ike inye ndị magburu onwe uru na selectivity nke 400-2500 Hz.

Ziri na kwaa oscillators

Nchọpụta, ma ọ bụ demodulation, a kọwara dị ka usoro nkewa Audio ugboro mmiri nke modulated ụgbọelu mgbaàmà. Ziri na superheterodyne receivers, na-akpọ nke abụọ, ma isi igwekota bụ a ọnụ.

Automatic uru akara

Nzube nke AGC unit bụ ịnọgide na-enwe a mgbe nile na-mmepụta mgbaàmà larịị, n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ndị na-ọsọ ọsọ. Radio ebili mmiri yiri site ionosphere, mgbe ahụ, ebelatawo, mgbe ahụ, kwadokwara ọkpụkpọ òkù site na onu maara dị ka ebelatawala. Nke a na-eduga ná mgbanwe n'ikuku larịị na poolu mmiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na a dịgasị iche iche nke ụkpụrụ. Ebe ọ bụ na adị voltaji mgbaàmà proportional na njupụta nke natara detector, akụkụ nke ọ ga-eji maka uru akara. N'ihi receivers ọrụ oriọna ma ọ bụ npn-transistors na ọnụ bu detector, iji belata Ku ọjọọ voltaji na-etinyere. Amplifiers na agwa, iji pnp-transistors achọ a mma voltaji.

Ụfọdụ na-amu amu radio receivers, karịsịa nke kacha mma transistor ka nwere ihe ampilifaya na akpaka uru akara ka ukwuu na-achịkwa àgwà nke na ngwaọrụ. Automatic ukpụhọde nwere ike dị iche iche oge constants maka dị iche iche nke n'ókè. The oge mgbe nile na-ekpebi oge nke akara mgbe nchupu translation. Ihe atụ, n'oge na etiti oge n'etiti nkebi ahịrịokwu HF erite ozugbo maliteghachi full uru, na-eme ihe manụ audible mkpọtụ.

N'ihe nke ike mgbaama

Na ụfọdụ receivers, na transceivers na-enye ihe na-egosi na-egosi na ikwu ike nke na agbasa ozi n'ikuku. Abụkarị adị òkè nke Ọ BỤRỤ na mgbaàmà si detector nri ka a micro- ma ọ bụ milliammeter. Ọ bụrụ na-erite nwere AGC ampilifaya, a unit nwekwara ike-eji ịchịkwa ngosi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ji atụ ngwaọrụ na-calibrated na S-nkeji (1 ruo 9) nke bụ mkpokọta 6 dB mgbanwe natara mgbaàmà ike. The nkezi ịgụ ma ọ bụ S-9 na-eji na-egosi ọkwa nke 50 MV. The elu ọkara nke S-mita ọnụ ọgụgụ calibrated na decibels n'elu S-9, a na ruo 60 dB. Nke a pụtara na ike nke natara mgbaàmà na 60 dB n'elu 50 UV na hà 50 MV.

The egosi bụ adịkarịghị ezi, n'ihi na ọrụ ya na-enwe mmetụta na ọtụtụ ihe. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ nnọọ uru na-ekpebi ndị ikwu osisi ike nke na-abata n'ókè, nakwa dị ka ịlele ma ọ bụ mwube-erite. Na ọtụtụ transceivers egosi na-eje ozi na-egosipụta ọnọdụ nke ngwaọrụ atụmatụ, dị ka ndị ikpeazụ RF ampilifaya ugbu a na ihe RF mmepụta ike.

Nnyonye anya na-emeli

Beginners hams bara uru mara na bụla erite nwere ike ịdị na-enwe ihe isi ike na n'ikuku n'ihi ihe atọ: esịtidem na mpụga ụzụ na-egbochikwa n'ókè. Mpụga RF nnyonye anya, akpan akpan n'okpuru 20 MHz, nnọọ elu karịa esịtidem n'anya. Naanị na elu frequencies erite ọnụ mejupụtara a iyi egwu nke ukwuu na-adịghị ike n'ókè. Ọtụtụ n'ime noises site na mbụ ngọngọ, dị ka redio ugboro ampilifaya, na a cascade igwekota. ọtụtụ mgbalị e mere iji belata esịtidem erite mkpọtụ ka a kacha nta ozo. N'ihi ya, e nwere ala mkpọtụ na sekit na sekit na mmiri.

Mpụga nnyonye anya nwere ike ime ka nsogbu na n'ikuku nke na-adịghị ike n'ókè n'ihi ihe abụọ. First, nkpọtu ejide site poolu, nwere ike ikpuchi ihe na agbasa ozi n'ikuku. Ọ bụrụ na nke ikpeazụ bụ nso ma ọ bụ n'okpuru larịị nke na-abata mkpọtụ, n'ikuku bụ fọrọ agaghị ekwe omume. Ụfọdụ nwere rụọ pụrụ inweta na agbasa ozi n'ikuku na Far East, ọbụna na elu na nnyonye anya, ma olu na ndị ọzọ na-amu amu n'ókè na ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị anya.