Ammonium nitrate

Chemical ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 usoro nke, n'ihi na a ogologo oge mara chemists, ma na 1659 ọ meghere Iye Glauber. Na akwụkwọ, ọ na-agbasa ọzọ aha a compound - ammonium nitrate. Hibere ammonium nitrate bụ ọcha kristal enwe elu hygroscopicity. The esi n'ókè nke na compound bụ 235 ° C na 169,6 ° C na ammonium nitrate amalite gbazee. E nwere ọtụtụ crystal mgbanwe, nke bụ nnọọ ịrịba utịp ke chemical na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ Njirimara na ya akporo.

Ka ihe atụ, ndị a iche bụ na dị iche iche mgbanwe dị iche iche crystal ụdị nke lattice. Na ngụkọta e nwere ise dị mgbanwe. N'ihi na nke mbụ mgbanwe e ji a cubic udi nke crystal lattice, maka 2nd na 5th - tetragonicheskaya maka 3rd na 4th - orthorhombic. N'ihi ya, ka a n'ihi nke mgbanwe site otu compound ọzọ mgbanwe ahụrụ gradual ma mmụba na-unit cell olu. Nke a ihe onwunwe na-eme ka ihe dị iche na chemical Njirimara. N'ihi ya, n'ihi na ihe atụ, mgbanwe IV ihe nwere a njupụta 1,725 g / cm3,-agbaze okpomọkụ bụ ugbua 139,4S Celsius.

The solubility nke ammonium nitrate dị ka ndị a: otu narị grams nke mmiri na 0 Celsius C 119 grams nke umi na-etisasịwo na okpomọkụ nke 25 ° C 212 grams nke na-ama etisasịwo, na na 50 ° C - 346 grams nke ammonium nitrate. Ọzọkwa, ammonium nitrate nwere ike etisasịwo ke pyridine, methanol na ethanol. A nnọọ mkpa e ji mara nke compound eme na na mmetụta-eme ihe, ma ọ bụ mgbe ihere okpomọkụ nke n'elu 270 ° C, ammonium nitrate erekasịchaala, na-eme na-agbawa agbawa mmetụta.

Na egosi nwere ike kọwaa ihe acidic gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ammonium nitrate hydrolysis na ya na-ekere òkè bụ a mmeghachi omume akụkụ nke ike-e dere dị ka: NH4NO3 + H2O = NH4OH + HNO3 . Ammonium nitrate mkpatụ na alkaline ngwọta. Dị ka a n'ihi ihe ndị Jeremaya mere na-emepụta amonia, na mmeghachi omume usoro onwe ya na-eme dị ka a qualitative mmeghachi omume ammonium nitrate.

N'ozuzu, a umi nwetara site n'ịrụzu neutralization nke 60% HNO3. Dị ka neutralizing gị n'ụlọnga na-eji NH3 na gaseous ala. Na usoro okpomọkụ a tọhapụrụ, nke na-eduzi ndị na evaporation nke ngwọta nke ammonium nitrate na n'ihi ihe n'ụdị nsogbu dị iche iche.

Kacha nkịtị ojiji nke ammonium nitrate bụ na ugbo, dị ka a bara uru nitrogen fatịlaịza. Active compound-eji na mmepụta nke explosives, nakwa dị ka a reagent - ka mgbaze zirconium na mmanụ ụgbọala ọcha, n'oge imu ọrụ nke nuclear n'efu. Anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara ime ka a na-adịgide adịgide na-abawanye na ina ke umi, otú ya mmepụta a nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto eto ma na taa esịmde 20 nde tọn kwa afọ, na recalculation nke okwu na nitrogen òkè.

Ammonium nitrate pụrụ inweta na laabu na ngakọrịta nke agbasosi nchebe anya na nchekwa ụkpụrụ. N'ihi nke a, na ihe ice bath Ịgwakọta na-emepụta ukwuu itughari nitric acid na ammonium hydroxide (okenye amonia). Kụziere ndị dị otú ahụ a na mmeghachi omume bụ kacha mma remotely, e.g., na ojiji nke manipulators, na ịbụ na a zuru ezu dị anya site na ọnọdụ nke mbuaha ngwọta. Arụ mmeghachi omume mejupụtara na a mgbe nile na acid a na-blended na amonia ngwọta na a oge nnyocha nke na-egosi (litmus) nweta a na-anọpụ iche mmeghachi omume ọnọdụ. Na n'otu ụzọ ahụ ma na-enye achịkwa ahụ mmeghachi omume. Mgbe uku acidic gburugburu ebe obibi - na-atụkwasịkwara a ngwọta nke ihe alkaline akụrụngwa, na Anglịkan.