Andes: elu nke zuru-achịkọta na kasị elu mgbe. Nkọwa nke ugwu.

Andes, nke ịdị elu ya dị ịtụnanya, e nwere ike a na-akpọ otu n'ime ndị dị ebube nke ụwa anyị. Ndị a ugwu n'ókè niile na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri South America, na mgbakwunye na, ndị dị ike eke mgbochi kewara ndị Chile na Pacific Ocean. Gịnị bụ kpam kpam elu nke kasị elu mgbe nke Andes? Na ihe bụ ihe pụrụ iche ugwu a usoro?

nke

Ọtụtụ ọdịdị mbara ala tụlee akụkụ nke Andes Cordillera ugwu usoro na erukwa tinyere n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri North na South America na nwere a ngụkọta ogologo nke 18 000 kilomita. Ya mere, ọbụna ha na-akpọ Southern Cordillera. Ihe bụ na a ugwu bụ n'ụzọ doro anya n'otu onye malite. Ọ na-kweere na ọ malitere mgbe ahụ abụọ n'akụkụ nke America malitere ịkwaga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.

Ndị ọzọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akpọ Cordillera ugwu naanị na Northern Hemisphere. Andes guzo dị ka otu nọọrọ onwe ha na usoro. Ha arụmụka dabeere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na Cordilleras na dị iche iche teren na a ọnọdụ n'elu oké osimiri larịị. N'ihi ya, kasị elu mgbe nke Andes - a ugwu nke Aconcagua (6962 mita). Cordillera dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ na-egosi ike ghara ịnya isi: Mount McKinley, emi odude ke Alaska, biliri 6194 mita. Ma ọ bụrụ na anyị kweere na-akpa echiche, mgbe Aconcagua, bụghị McKinley ga-atụle dị ka kasị elu mgbe ndị Cordillera.

Ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere Andes, ha elu bụ ihe ọ bụla ikpe adịghị agbanwe ya ịrụ ọrụ. The n'elu nke Aconcagua adahade n'elu niile Western Hemisphere. Egbu eziokwu na nkezi elu nke ugwu (Andes) bụ 4000 m, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-akpọ n'ogologo 9000 km, na a kacha obosara (!) - ruo 750 km. Ọbụna site na ohere hụrụ ndị dị otú ahụ a nnukwu uka nke nkume na snow-capped ọnụ ọnụ. Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, na Andes na ọbụna ugwu ndị kasị elu nke Earth usoro.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke omume

Ọ na-kweere na Andes malitere iputa na Paleozoic na Precambrian oge, na n'ikpeazụ kpụrụ n'oge Jurassic oge. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu na na mbụ pụtara site na oké osimiri ebe nke ala, nke mechara wee n'okpuru mmiri ọzọ, ọ bụ ugboro ugboro oge.

N'ihi ya, na continental shelves nke mmiri sediments akwakọba n'ígwé nke ọtụtụ kilomita oké. N'ihi na ọtụtụ iri puku afọ, na ha kwesiri, mbịne n'ime a nkume esite. Ọzọkwa, ha na-kewapụrụ nrụgide atugharị n'ụdị nnukwu folds. All a na-esonyere ala ọma jijiji na mgbawa ugwu eruptions. Mezue usoro nile nke na-akpụ a enyemaka general mkpọlite nke dum usoro.

eto eto ugwu

Anda-atụle Alpine mpịachi (tectogenetic oge Cainozoic). N'ihi ya, n'agbanyeghị afọ ndụ ya (ọ na-otoro na 60 nde afọ), ha na-atụle-eto eto bụ ugwu ugwu. Ndị ọgbọ ha - na Himalayas, na Pamirs, ndị Caucasus, na Alps. Ya mere, na Andes, ọtụtụ seismically ize ndụ zones, na ụfọdụ agbọpụta ọkụ - eme. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ugwu ma dechara ha usoro nke e guzobere na-eto eto ka na-. Nkezi ọsọ - 10 cm kwa afọ.

Dị ka a n'ihi nke ije nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ na Andes ukar ala ọma jijiji, ugwu na kpụkọrọ ụkwụ. Nwute, oké njọ merụọ na Andes n'ike n'ike nlọghachite - ozugbo ke 10-15 afọ. Ọ bụghị otú ahụ ogologo oge gara aga (na 2010), ụwa maa jijiji site na ala ọma jijiji Chile, nke ọtụtụ nde mmadụ ahụhụ.

The elu nke ikwu na zuru: ihe bụ ihe dị iche

Na-ekwu banyere elu nke Andes, ọ dị mkpa iji dokwuo anya ihe elu dị iche a ikwu. The mbụ - na-ahụ anya si oké osimiri ka kasị elu mgbe nke ihe. The abụọ na gbakọọ si n'ala ala ugwu n'elu. Ọ na-aga enweghị na-ekwu na ndị ikwu uru ga-enwe mgbe nile ihe na-erughị ndị zuru.

A na-achị na-egosi na Andes. The elu nke Aconcagua si oké osimiri bụ 6962 mita, na na ala - 6138 mita, nke ahụ bụ 824 mita na-erughị ndị zuru. Nke a, na mberede, bụ nke dị oké mkpa maka climbers, n'ihi na n'ezie anya na ha nwere iji merie otu ikwu okwu. Ma ọdịmma, dabere na ikuku nsogbu na ala okpomọkụ, na-ama na-ekpebi ndị zuru elu. Ahụmahụ climbers ga-eleghara ndị nọmba.

The elu ikwu na Amazon region Andes

Ọ bụrụ na ndị cross-sectional anya South America, na ọdịdị ala nke ya elu bụ nnọọ peculiar. Ebe e nwere bụ a nnukwu ezuru njupụta n'etiti kacha nta na kacha ụkpụrụ.

Amazon larịị - ndị kasị ibu n'ụwa, na-enyene ebe 5 nde square kilomita .. Ya nkezi elu bụ ihe na-erughị 200 mita n'elu oké osimiri. Ma, e nwere a akụkụ, karịsịa ndị dị nso Atlantic n'ụsọ oké osimiri na n'etiti nke Afrika, nke ebili ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 100 mita. Na kacha nta bụ mita 10 elu oké osimiri. The n'elu adahade dị ka ọ na-eru nso n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Afrika. Oke Performance - 150-250 mita.

N'ihi ya, ihe elu nke Andes Amazon region na-akwanyere? Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-echebara naanị ihe dị iche nke nkezi elu, ọ bụ ama nnukwu dobe site na 200 na 4000 mita - na nke ahụ bụ ihe niile maka banyere 5000 kilomita n'obosara.

Nyere kacha mgbasa nke karị na-enwetara, n'elu si si mita 10 na banyere 7 km. Nke a nwere ike ma na-emetụta ihu igwe na ikuku mgbali mpaghara, ma ndị ọzọ na na n'okpuru.

Andes: elu na-achịkọta ndị kasị elu mgbe

Aconcagua emi odude ke Argentina. The etymology nke aha na-abụghị kpomkwem mara, eleghị anya ọ na-abịa site na okwu "Iwu kaguak" na asusu nke Quechua pụtara "nkume sentinel".

Akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ga-enyere na-ụkwụ nke Aconcagua, wee merie elu nke Andes ugwu usoro. The zuru elu nke kasị elu mgbe na-achịkọta ẹkedọhọde ruo a mita na nkeji: vertex ụgha na 6962 mita n'elu oké osimiri na bụ na 32 Celsius 39 NDỊ. w. 70 Celsius 00 'W. d.

The isi ọnụ ọnụ

Andes nwere ike ịnya isi nke 13 shestitysyachnikov. Nke a bụ ndepụta nke ha:

1. Akonkagua (6962 m).
2. Ojos del Salado (6893 m). Ọ bụ ndị kasị elu ugwu mgbawa na ụwa. Ọ na-emi odude na ókè-ala n'etiti Argentina na Chile.
3. Pisis (6795 m). Emi odude ke kasị ọmarịcha akụkụ nke Andes. Na obi nke ya mara mma ọdọ mmiri ndị na kpụkọrọ.
4. Bonete (6759 m). Odude nso National Park Laguna Brava.
5. Atọ Kruzes (6749 m). Nke a bụkwa ugwu mgbawa, nke nwere atọ ọnụ ọnụ. Nso bụ National Park nke otu aha.
6. Huascaran (6746 m). Ugwu kasị elu Peru.
7. Lulayllako (6739 m). Nke a bụ ndị kasị elu n'ụwa, ebe foduru nke oge ochie mmepeanya chọpụtara. Ọkà mmụta ihe ochie chọpụtara e nwere atọ Inca mummies.
8. Mercedario (6700 m). Nke a glasia bụ nnukwu, nke-a otutu nke si malite nke ugwu osimiri.
9. Walter Penk (6658 m). Nke a ugwu mgbawa na-aha mgbe ya na-eme nchọpụta si Germany na-arụ ọrụ ebe a na mbubreyo narị afọ nke 19.
10. Incahuasi (6638 m). Ugwu a bụ ebe a na-efe ofufe maka Incas.
11. Ierupayya (6617 m). Sụgharịa aha-ada ka "White Dawn" bụ eleghị anya n'ihi na ndu ebighi-snow ekpuchi top.
12. Tupungato (6570 m). Odude na ókè-ala nke Chile na Argentina, na 80 kilomita site Aconcagua.
13. Sayyama (6542 m). Nke a bụ kasị elu mgbe ndị Bolivia.

mpaghara

Ebe ọ bụ na a kọwara ugwu usoro na kwa agbatị n'ogologo, e nwere ihe atọ bụ isi obodo zones: Northern, Southern na Central Andes.

Onye mbụ mejupụtara atọ arrays: Caribbean (dị na Venezuela), Northwest (Colombia - Venezuela) na Ecuadorian (na-akpọ ụwa) Andes. -Akpali mmasị, ndị a ugwu adapụsị n'ime oké osimiri - dị ka agwaetiti nke Bonaire, Aruba na Curaçao bụ n'ezie na ọnụ ọnụ na-adịghị ahụ bilitere site na ogbu. Nke a na akụkụ nke Andes yinye bụ nke kasị elu agbọpụta ọkụ ke ererimbot, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ndị ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere Central landscaped ebe na ebe ahụ, ma n'ezie isi akụkụ, ọ bụ omume na-igbunye ọzọ na Peruvian Andes. Ebe a bụ ndị kasị elu isi obodo nke ụwa - n'obodo La Paz (Bolivia), wuru na ihe elu nke 3700 m.

The obosara nke Andes na akụkụ a esịmde a kacha arụmọrụ nke 750 km. A nnukwu ebe Pune enyene a dị larịị, nkezi elu nke nke dịgasị si 3.7 na 4 kilomita. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ na Central Andes bụ nke abụọ kasị elu mgbe Aconcagua - Ojos del Salado. Nnọọ ole na ole n'ebe a na shestitysyachnikov. Ha niile nwere onye na-akpali mma - a dị nnọọ elu snow akara (malite na 6500 m). N'ihi na nke a akụkụ nke ndị e ji mara Alpine ọdọ mmiri, ihe ndị kasị ama nke ha - Titicaca, na-ezu ike n'ebe ịdị elu nke 3821 m.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na nke a bụ ebe e nwere ndị a ma ama top, dum Southern Mountains region budata n'okpuru center. The elu na mita nke Andes ebe a bụ n'ụzọ doro anya na-ebelata ebelata. N'ihi ya, snow dara na akara (a ọcha cover ụgha na ọnụ ọnụ ọchị site na 1500 m). Mgbe mmiri n'ime oké osimiri, ha na-na a dị iche iche anya: ghọọ archipelagos na isuo. Kpagburuibe elu Andes Mountains Tierra ụwa, nke a na-kpuchie àmà ndị budata ala (ruo 2500 m).

ihu igwe

N'ebe ugwu nke ugwu bụ a subequatorial na Equatorial idụhe mpaghara. N'ihi na nke mbụ e ji eri oké nri nke mmiri na akọrọ kara aka. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ mkpọda n'ụba moisturized, mgbe West nwere ihe akọrọ idụhe. Na Caribbean, na Andes, fọrọ nke nta ebe okpomọkụ ikuku. Kwa Afọ ọdịda bụ nnọọ obere. Na ugbu a Ecuadorian Andes bụ ndị ọzọ mụ na-akwanyere okpomọkụ: e aro temometa ihu ọma na-aga nile n'afọ. A bi na-enwe Quito, isi obodo nke Ecuador. Nke a na ebe a na-nnọọ nke ọma hydrated.

Na Central Andes, ihu igwe dị nnọọ aka ike n'ihi na a nnukwu dobe nke mmiri na-egosi na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nakwa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ mkpọda ugwu. Ebe a bụ Atacama - na driest desert n'ụwa, ebe kwa afọ mmiri ozuzo bụ karịa 50 mm ozuzo.

Southern Andes-edina na subtropical mpaghara, nke were were na-aga n'ime a ọnọdụ ihu igwe mpaghara. N'ihi oké ifufe ọdịda ebe a esịmde 6000 mm. Nke a abụghị ihe ijuanya, n'ihi na n'ebe ndịda ụsọ oké osimiri na ọ Mmiri na-ezo ihe fọrọ nke nta 200 ụbọchị otu afọ.

Rịa ndị Aconcagua

Aconcagua guzo abụọ na listi Seven ugwu. Ọ na-enye ya naanị Everest. The mbụ emeri ọnụ ọnụ nke Andes a na-ewere Zhurbiggen Matthias, ndị rụrụ ịrị elu 1897.

Tụnyere ndị ọzọ ọnụ ọnụ, na-arịgo Aconcagua-atụle ga-nyochawa mfe, karịsịa n'ebe ugwu. N'adịghị ka mmeri nke Everest, ndị oxygen tankị na-adịghị mkpa iji merie Andes - elu bụ ihe na-erughị 2000m.

ndia

N'agbanyeghị na o na mberede oké ifufe, n'afọ ọ bụla banyere 5,000 daredevils-agbalị iji nweta n'elu na na-na kasị elu mgbe dum Western Hemisphere. Ama enịm ndia.

Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị kasị inwego (5 awa 45 nkeji) e rụrụ na 1991. O doro anya na, na-adịbeghị anya mmasị na Andean ụba ọzọ kemgbe Guzosie Ike ọtụtụ ndekọ, na fọrọ nke nta ka otu mgbe ndị ọzọ. Ya mere, na 2013, 9-afọ American amụrụ Tyler Armstrong ghọrọ ntà nnọchiteanya nke ike mmekọahụ, aka elu nke Aconcagua. A 12-afọ Romanian Geta Popescu nyere a kwesịrị omume na February 2016.

N'otu oge ahụ a Spaniard Fernanda Maciel were mbụ ebe ke ndepụta nke ihe ndị kasị zuru (top - ụmụ - n'elu) rịa, eme ya n'ihi na 14 awa na 20 nkeji. A yiri ndekọ nke nwoke ịrị elu e dere a afọ mbụ. Oke elu ugwu (Andes) amịghịkwa Karl Egloff onyielu nwoke onye gakwuuru maka 11 awa 52 nkeji.

Ọzọkwa ijuanya na ọ bụ ihe ọzọ eziokwu: na a anya nke 4400 mita n'elu oké osimiri bụ kasị elu art gallery na ụwa. Ọ na-emi odude ke ukot mara ụlọikwuu Plaza de Mulas. E nwere exhibited ọrụ nke dịkọrọ ndụ Argentine artist Miguel Doura. O doro anya na, climbers ntụrụndụ na-ekwe nkwa.

Ancient mmepeanya na Andes

Ọ na-kweere na ndị mmadụ na mụtachara ugwu ugwu teren ọbụna 4000 afọ gara aga, ọ dịkarịa ala dị ka ọ na ụbọchị laghachi mbụ mgbe ochie gwupụtara. Ee, ọtụtụ egwuregwu mgbagwoju anya na-fraught na Andes! Ha elu, o doro anya, ọ bụghị ụjọ nke Incas, onye wuru a mmepeanya ebe a.

Karịsịa dị ka a mberede ka ndị na-eme nnyocha bụ na ihe ochie na mgbagwoju nke Sacsayhuaman (3700 m), nke bụ ebe e wusiri ike nke nnukwu nkume a wapụtara awapụta erikpu ruo 200 tọn. A ubé ala (3,500 m) bụ oge ochie ugbo Morai laabu ebe Inca kwesiri ekenịmde nwere na osisi.

Andes n'ezie nwere ike na-akpọ a akụ nke ụwa, n'ihi na ha na-echekwara ka a akụ na ụba nke Okirikiri, breathtaking, na ihe-omimi nke oge ochie akụkọ ụmụ mmadụ.