Andre Geim, a physics oge a ọkà mmụta sayensị: biography, na nkà mmụta sayensị rụzuru, kwuo na nwa anụmanụ

Sir Andre Geim - Member nke Royal Society, na University nke Manchester na British-Dutch physics, a mụrụ na Russia. Ọnụ na Konstantin Novoselov na 2010 ọ e ọdịda nke Nobel chọr'inwe na physics maka ọrụ ya na Graphene. Ugbu ọ bụ Regius Prọfesọ na Director nke Center maka Nanotechnology na mezonauki Manchester University.

Andre Geim: biography

A mụrụ ya na ezinụlọ nke 21.10.58 Konstantin Geim na Nina Nikolayevna Flo Rida feat. Nne na nna ya Soviet injinia nke German si malite. Dị ka Heim, na nne nne nne ya bụ ndị Juu, na ọ tara ahụhụ si na imegide ndị Juu, n'ihi na aha ya na-ada Juu. Geim nwere nwanne nwoke Vladislav. Na 1965 ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'obodo Nalchik, ebe ọ na-aga akwụkwọ, ọkachamara na English. Mgbe m gụsịrị na ukpono, ọ gbalịrị ugboro abụọ banye Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, ma e nakweere. We nye ndi-akwụkwọ MIPT, na oge a, o nwere ike ime. Dị ka ya, ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ na-amụ nnọọ ike - nsogbu ike nke na ndị mmadụ na-jitelighị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụfọdụ bịara na ịda mbà n'obi, isi mgbaka na igbu onwe ya.

agụmakwụkwọ ọrụ

Andre Geim natara ya ubre na 1982, na 1987 ghọrọ a PhD na Physics nke Ọla Institute of Solid State Physics na Chernogolovka. Dị ka ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ, mgbe ọ na-achọghị-eme nke a direction, ahọrọ elementrị urughuru physics na astrophysics, ma taa O ji obi ụtọ na ha na-ahọrọ.

Geim arụ ọrụ dị ka a nnyocha na-akpakọrịta na Institute of Microelectronics Technologies na Sciences, na ebe ọ bụ na 1990 - na University nke Nottingham (ugboro abụọ), Bath na Copenhagen. Dị ka ya, ná mba ọzọ ọ ike na-nnyocha, na ghara ndibiat na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ya mere kpebiri ịhapụ ndị USSR.

Jobs na Netherlands

Ya mbụ oge ọnọdụ Andre Geim meriri na 1994, mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye na osote prọfesọ nke University of Nijmegen, ebe o lekwasịrị anya mesoscopic superconductivity. E mesịa, ọ natara Dutch ụmụ amaala. Otu nke ya gụsịrị akwụkwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ bụ Konstantin Novoselov, onye ghọrọ ya isi na nkà mmụta sayensị na onye òtù ọlụlụ. Otú ọ dị, dị ka Geim, agụmakwụkwọ ya ọrụ na Netherlands di anya n'ebe cloudless. Ọ na-awa a professorship na Nijmegen na Eindhoven, ma ọ jụrụ n'ihi na ọ hụrụ ndị Dutch agụmakwụkwọ usoro bụ kwa hierarchical na ogbugbu nke ụmụ obere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bụ nnọọ ihe yiri British, ebe ọ bụla na-arụ bụ hà. Na ya Nobel nkuzi Game gasịrị, ọ sịrị na a ọnọdụ a bit surreal, n'ihi na n'èzí mahadum ọ nabatara n'ebe nile, gụnyere ya nlekọta, na ndị ọzọ na ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Akpụ akpụ na UK

Na 2001, Game ghọọ prọfesọ physics na Mahadum Manchester, na 2002, a họpụtara Director nke Manchester Center mezonauki na nanotechnology na Prọfesọ Lenguorti. Nwunye na ogologo oge co-ede akwụkwọ Irina Grigorieva nwekwara kwagara Manchester dị ka onye ozizi. Mgbe e mesịrị, sonyeere ha Konstantin Novoselov. Ebe ọ bụ na 2007, Game ghọrọ a agadi ibe ke Council of Engineering na Physical Sciences Research. Na 2010, University of Nijmegen họpụtara ya prọfesọ nke otutu ihe na nanoscience.

research

Geim ike chọta ụzọ dị mfe na-anọrọ otu oyi akwa nke graphite atọm, mara dị ka Graphene, na imekọ ihe ọnụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Manchester na IMT. Na October 2004, ìgwè bipụtara ihe na magazin Science.

Graphene mejupụtara carbon oyi akwa onye atọm mere ndokwa na a abụọ akụkụ hegzagon. Ọ bụ thinnest ihe na ụwa, na-otu n'ime ndị kasị inogide na ihe siri ike. Na umi na e nwere ọtụtụ nwere ngwa, na ọ bụ ihe magburu onwe ọzọ ka sịlịkọn. Dị ka Heim, otu n'ime ndị mbụ ngwa nke Graphene nwere ike mmepe nke mgbanwe aka ákwà. O patent a ọhụrụ ihe, n'ihi na ime otú ahụ ka ọ ga-mkpa a kpọmkwem ubi nke na ngwa ma a na onye òtù ọlụlụ na ndị ụlọ ọrụ.

The physics e-emepe emepe biomimetic nyagide, nke a bịara mara dị ka agụ ụlọ teepu n'ihi stickiness of agụ ụlọ aka na ụkwụ. Ndị a ọmụmụ na ha ka nzọụkwụ mbụ, ma ọ na-enye olileanya na-eme n'ọdịnihu ndị mmadụ ga-enwe ike ịrị n'uko ka Spiderman.

Na 1997, Geim tụlee ekwe omume mmetụta nke ndọta na mmiri, nke mere ka ndị a ma ama oghere nke kpọmkwem diamagnetic levitation nke mmiri, nke bụ ma ama n'ihi na ya ngosipụta levitating a frog. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na superconductivity na mesoscopic physics aka.

Banyere oke nke na-achị ya research Geim kwuru na ya kpọrọ ndị obibia, mgbe ọtụtụ họrọ a isiokwu ya PhD tesis, na mgbe ahụ ka na-otu isiokwu tupu ezumike nká. Tupu ọ natara ya mbụ oge ọnọdụ, ọ gbanwere isiokwu ugboro ise, na ya nyeere ya aka nke ukwuu ịmụta.

Na 2001, o ngalaba-dere a na-akpọ ya mmasị Hamster Tisha.

History nke chọpụtara Graphene

Otu mgbụsị akwụkwọ mgbede na 2002 Andre Geim chere banyere carbon. Ọ pụrụ iche na a microscopically mkpa ihe na-eche otú subtlest n'ígwé nke ihe nwere ike na-akpa àgwà n'okpuru ụfọdụ ibuo ọnọdụ. Graphite, esịnede a monovalent fim, bụ ihe doro anya nwa akwukwo maka nnyocha, ma ọkọlọtọ ụzọ nke mwepu nke ultrathin samples ga-overheated ma bibie ya. Ya mere Heim gwara otu n'ime ọhụrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ Ee Jiang agbalị ka mkpa sample, dị nnọọ ka o kwere omume, ọ dịkarịa ala, ọtụtụ narị atọm n'ígwé, polishing graphite crystal size of otu inch. A izu ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị, Jiang emewo ka carbon ọka a Petri efere. Mgbe na-amụ ya n'okpuru a mikroskopu Heim gwara ya ka na-agbalị ọzọ. Jiang kwuru na ihe a niile bụ nke ahụ na-ekpe nke crystal. N'oge mgbe a na na Game egwuregwu baara ya mba na gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-amụrụ ehichapu ugwu iji nweta a ọka nke ájá, otu n'ime ya agadi ọrụ ibe hụrụ ahịhịa lumps eji Scotch teepu, nke nnyapade n'akụkụ nke kpuchie ya a na agba ntụ, ubé onwunwu film nke graphite residues.

Na laboratories gburugburu ụwa, na-eme nnyocha na-eji teepu nwalee nyagide Njirimara nke ibuo n'omume. The n'ígwé nke carbon, graphite mmiri, agbụ weakly (s g. 1564 ihe onwunwe na-eji na pencils, dị ka ọ na-a anya akara na akwụkwọ) nke mere na teepu ekewapụ mfe flake. Game etinye a mpempe duct teepu n'okpuru mikroskopu na chọpụtara na ọkpụrụkpụ nke graphite bụ ihe na-erughị otu ọ hụrụ nnọọ. Mpịachi, compressing na severing teepu, ọ bụ ike nweta ọbụna thinner n'ígwé.

Geim bụ ndị mbụ na-anọrọ abụọ akụkụ ihe: carbon monatomic oyi akwa na n'okpuru atọm mikroskopu bụ a ụgbọelu nke lattice hexagons, yiri ụgbụgbọ mmanụ aṅụ. Usoro iwu physics a umi na-akpọ Graphene, ma ha na-atụghị anya na ọ ga-enwetara ụlọ okpomọkụ. Ha chere na ihe na-etisasị n'ime microscopic bọọlụ. Kama Heym hụrụ Graphene na-anọgide na otu ụgbọelu, nke a na-dimpled ka kwụsie ike n'ụlọnga.

Graphene: ịrịba ama Njirimara

Andre Geim kpọọrọ enyemaka nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-amụrụ Konstantin Novoselov, ha wee malite iri na anọ awa ụbọchị ịmụta ihe ọhụrụ stof. Ka ha duziri a usoro nke nwere, n'oge nke pụtara ìhè Njirimara nke ihe a chọpụtara na ndị na-esote afọ abụọ. N'ihi na nke ya pụrụ iche Ọdịdị, electrons enweghị na-ata ahụhụ mmetụta nke ndị ọzọ n'ígwé, pụrụ ịkpali kpam kpam site na lattice na nnọọ ngwa ngwa. The conductivity nke Graphene bụ a puku ugboro ọzọ ọla kọpa. The mbụ echiche ruo Heym chọpụtara ama "ubi mmetụta", nke na-egosipụta onwe ya na ọnụnọ nke ihe electric ubi, nke na-enye ohere ka ịchịkwa conductivity. Nke a pụrụ isi kwuo bụ otu n'ime akọwapụta e ji mara nke sịlịkọn eji na kọmputa na ibe. Nke a na-egosi na Graphene nwere ike ịbụ dochie anya ya, nke na kọmputa na-emepụta chọ ọtụtụ afọ.

The ụzọ ka ude

Geim na Konstantin Novoselov dere a atọ-page akwụkwọ na-akọwa ihe ndị ha chọpụtara. Ya ugboro abụọ jụrụ Nature, onye na-enyocha onye sịrị na mwepu nke anụ abụọ akụkụ ihe onwunwe bụ ekwe omume, na ndị ọzọ na-ahụ ya "zuru ezu na nkà mmụta sayensị na-enwe ọganihu." Ma na October 2004, isiokwu bụ "Mmetụta nke electric ubi na carbon atọm-oké fim" e bipụtara na magazin Science, ọ mere oké echiche na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị - n'ihu ha akụkọ ifo na-aghọ n'ezie.

nnukwu nke nchoputa

Laboratories gburugburu ụwa malitere ọmụmụ iji nrapado teepu Usoro egwuregwu, na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuru na ọ bụ ndị ọzọ Njirimara nke Graphene. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ thinnest ihe n'eluigwe na ala, ọ bụ 150 ugboro ike karịa ígwè. Graphene owụt pliable ka roba, na ike ga-agbatị ruo 120% nke ogologo ya. Site research Filippa Kima, sochiri ọkà mmụta sayensị na Columbia University, ọ hụrụ na ihe a bụ ihe electrically conductive karịa na mbụ arụnyere. Kim Graphene enịm n'ime a agụụ, ebe ọ dịghị ọzọ na ihe onwunwe ike ịkụda ya ije subatomic ahụ ma gosi na nwere "agagharị" - ọnụego ya na nke electric ụgwọ-agabiga okporo ọkụ - 250 ugboro ukwuu karịa nke sịlịkọn.

agbụrụ technology

Na 2010, afọ isii mgbe ọ chọpụtara na mere Andre Geim na Konstantin Novoselov na Nobel Nrite ma e ọdịda. Mgbe ahụ media akpọ Graphene "ọrụ ebube ihe onwunwe", a umi na "nwere ike ịgbanwe ụwa." Bịakwutere agụmakwụkwọ na-eme nnyocha na ubi nke physics, eletriki injinịa, na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, onwu na ndị ọzọ. Nyere nchọpụta Kemịkalụ maka ojiji nke Graphene na batrị, mgbanwe ngosipụta, usoro, desalination, elu anyanwụ-kwadoro, na àjà ihe ọṅụṅụ-ngwa-ngwa microcomputers.

Ọkà mmụta sayensị na China kere lightest ihe na ụwa - Graphene-airgel. Ọ bụ 7 ugboro Mkpa ọkụ ka ikuku - umi kwa cubic mita weighs 160 g Graphene-airgel na-emepụta site akpụkọta-ihicha jel nwere Graphene na nanotubes.

The University of Manchester, ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ Geim na Novoselov, na British ọchịchị ka nyekwara 60 nde dollar ike na ya ndabere nke National Institute of Graphene, nke ga-ekwe ka ndị obodo na-na par na ụwa si n'elu patent-ịgụ - Korea, China na United States, bụ onye malitere na-agba ọsọ maka ihe e kere eke nke mbụ ụwa revolutionary ngwaahịa dabeere na ọhụrụ ihe onwunwe.

ukpono

Nnwale na magnetik levitation nke ndụ awọ me abụchaghị n'ihi na-atụ anya Maykl Berri na Andre Geim. IG Nobel Nrite e ọdịda ha na 2000

Na 2006, Geim merie Scientific American magazine 50.

Na 2007, Institute of Physics ọdịda ya na-agbata n'ọsọ na nrite nke Mott. Mgbe ahụ Heim a họpụtara Ụmụnna nke Royal Society.

Game na Novoselov kewara award 2008 afọ, "Evrofizika" "maka nchọpụta na mwepu nke monohydric carbon oyi akwa na definition nke ya ịrịba ama electronic Njirimara." Na 2009, ọ natara award Kerber.

Ọzọ bonus Andrei Geim, aha ya bụ John Carter, nke o e ọdịda nke National Academy nke Sciences nke United States na 2010, e nyere "ya ibuo mmezu na nchoputa nke Graphene, a abụọ akụkụ ụdị carbon."

Ọzọkwa na 2010 ọ natara otu n'ime isii asọpụrụ professorships nke Royal Society na Hughes Nrite "maka amamihe chọpụtara nke Graphene na-ekpughe ya dị ịrịba ama Njirimara." Game e ọdịda asọpụrụ doctorates si Delft University of Technology, Institute of Technology Zurich, na University of Antwerp na Manchester.

Na 2010, ọ ghọrọ onye na Knight nke Order nke Dutch Lion maka ya onyinye Dutch sayensị. Na 2012, n'ihi na ọrụ na nkà mmụta sayensị Game e mere ka a naiti okokporo. Ọ hoputara a mba ọzọ so na Academy nke Sciences nke United States na May 2012

Nobel Laureate

Geim na Novoselov maka groundbreaking nnyocha nke Graphene e ọdịda nke Nobel chọr'inwe na physics na 2010, ndị ntị nke award, Geim kwuru na ya adịghị atụ anya ka ọ na afọ a, na a na-agaghị agbanwe ọdịnihu ha atụmatụ na nke a. The oge a physics olileanya na Graphene na ndị ọzọ na abụọ akụkụ kristal uche mgbanwe ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka plastic. The award mere ya nwoke mbụ ndị na ndibọhọ Nobel na IG Nobel Nrite n'out oge. The okwu ihu ọha e mere na December 8, 2010 na University nke Stockholm.