Bel canto - a Usoro nke virtuoso na-abụ abụ. olu ọzụzụ. opera na-abụ abụ

Long akara nke egwú nkebi ahịrịokwu, melodic amaokwu na amara, ịtụnanya olu okè onwunwe nke ịma mma nke virtuoso na-abụ abụ. Mgbe uzo nke XVI-na Asaa ọtụtụ narị afọ e abụ abụ akwụkwọ, nyere ụwa na-arụ olu Usoro ke Italy, ebe uchu na fanciful okwu Ịtali nyere aha bel canto (Bel Canto) - "mara mma na-abụ abụ." Ekwela imebiga ihe ókè, na-akanye na mmalite nke oge a, ndị heyday nke egwuregwu vocals na a amalite n'ihu mmepe nke opera genre.

Mmalite nke opera na Florence

Pụtara na oge kọwara mbụ usoro ihe nkiri ji ha mụrụ so a obere ìgwè nke Fans nke nkà oge ochie, guzobere Florence ma banye musical akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka "Florentine Camerata." Fans nke Gris oge ochie ọdachi nrọ aka ịtụte ebube mbụ nke genre na nke uche na-eme ihe nkiri na-adịghị blab, na-abụ, okwu iji ederede-recitative, ụtọ ụda nke a ezigbo mgbanwe.

The mbụ ọrụ e dere na akụkọ nke Gris oge ochie echiche ụgha nke Orpheus, bụ kwalite maka ọmụmụ nke a ọhụrụ musical genre - opera. Ma na-eje ozi ya nke solo olu akụkụ (Arias) amanye na-abụ abụ kpọrọ lebara ọzụzụ olu, nke bụ ihe na-akpata nke mara mma na-abụ abụ nke art - bel canto. Nke a pụtara ikike egbu broaching melodic iberibe na a ogologo ume ma na-ire ụtọ nke ụda nile a musical nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ.

Neapolitan akwụkwọ

Ná ngwụsị nke na Asaa narị afọ kpụrụ Neapolitan opera omenala na e mesịrị nakweere na ogbo art of bel canto. Ọ bụ ma a development plan Florentines, na ya mgbanwe. Na Naples, na-egwu isi akụrụngwa nke ígwè music na-abụ abụ, na-abụghị abụ uri, nke nyere a isi ọrụ a oge. Nke a ọhụrụ relished na-ege ntị ma mee ka a oké ifufe nke ịnụ ọkụ n'obi.

Neapolitan-arọ structurally gbanwee opera. Ha hapụrụ ndị ojiji nke recitatives, nke na-ekewa n'ime dị iche iche ụdị: so (esonyere ihe eti egwú) na akọrọ, nwere ozi ọnọ ke ido nneme n'okpuru obere harpsichord chords na-musical ụda. Olu ọzụzụ, nke ghọrọ amanyere bụ iwu nke perpetrators, mụbara ewu ewu na nke solo nọmba, udi nke nke nwekwara agbanweela a mgbanwe. E nwere ahụkarị aria, nke na-agụ akụkọ na-egosipụta mmetụta na-adịkarị, na ikwu na ọnọdụ na-adịghị na ndabere nke ihe oyiyi ma ọ bụ agwa. Mwute, buffoonery, onye, omiiko aria nke ọbọ - ime nke Neapolitan opera jupụtara ndụ ọdịnaya.

Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725)

Pụtara ìhè dere na enthusiast Scarlatti ridara na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka onye malitere opera akwụkwọ nke Naples. O kere ihe karịrị 60 ọrụ. Genre oké njọ opera (opera seria), kere Scarlatti, na-enyemaka nke akụkọ ifo ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme akụkọ banyere ndụ nke ama ama odide. Opera na-abụ abụ ekpuchi ịrịba ama arụmọrụ akara na recitatives na-anọchi Aryans.

A dịgasị iche iche nke vocals na a oké njọ opera gbasaa chọrọ na ghaghị ime ka operatic olu. Artists okè nkà nke na-abụ abụ, ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ, nke a dugara na-akpa ọchị ihe - onye ọ bụla n'ime ha chọrọ onye dere na-gụnyere ndị opera Arias, uru mesie uru olu. The pụta bụ a set nke na-agbasaghị onye ọzọ solos, n'ihi ihe a bịara mara dị ka opera seria "egwu ejiji".

Mma na nkà ịrụ

Ọzọ onyinye nke Neapolitan akwụkwọ nke opera na mmepe nke bel canto bụ ojiji na ornamental vocals (coloratura) ọla musical palette. Coloratura Arias eji na ọgwụgwụ na nyeere nka gosi na-ege ntị n'ókè nke nwe olu. Big jumps, trills, amaokwu àmà, na ojiji nke usoro (ugboro ugboro nke egwú nkebi ahịrịokwu ma ọ bụ melodic uzo dị iche iche registers ma ọ bụ ụda) - ya na-amụba expressive palette eji nta ikwọ nke Bel Canto. Nke a mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ogo nke mastery nke na-agụ egwú na-inyocha ha ike executable coloratura.

Italian musical omenala nsị elu choro. Na olu nke ama ama-abụ abụ, oké ịma mma na richness nke ụda. Olu ọzụzụ enyere melite arụmọrụ Usoro, iji nweta ire ụtọ na were were nke ụda niile àmà.

The mbụ egwú

Ina bel canto kpatara nguzobe nke mbụ agụmakwụkwọ njikọ nke kwadebere na-abụ abụ. Ụmụ mgbei - akụzi ịkụ - ghọrọ ndị mbụ music ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ochie Italy. Bel canto Usoro kụziiri ha na ndabere nke-eṅomi, ugboro ugboro, nke onye nkụzi. Nke a na-akọwa dị elu nke na-abụ abụ nke oge. Mgbe niile, na ha na-azụ ya ghọtara nke nna ukwu dị ka Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) na Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676).

Ụmụ akwụkwọ haziri pụrụ iche omume ịzụlite olu, ntị ọzụzụ, nke nwere na-ugboro ugboro, rụọ na-abụ abụ na Usoro na-emepe emepe na-eku ume - nkà bụ nke dị mkpa maka bel canto. Nke a mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na, ọ malitere ịzụ na 7-8 afọ na afọ 17 egwú mgbidi si ọkachamara performers maka opera ogbo.

Dzhoakino Rossini (1792-1868)

Ya anya Italian bel canto opera kpebisiri ike na-emekarị nke mmepe nke musical omenala na-esonụ na narị afọ atọ. Ịrịba na ya mmepe bụ ọrụ nke Italian andiwet George. Rossini. Rhythmic ume, mgbukepụ na kraiptographi vocals choro si ọgaranya timbral dịgasị iche iche nke ndị nka, virtuosity na ahụkebe na-abụ abụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọbụna raspevnosti Arias na recitatives na ọrụ nke Rossini choro full nkwa.

Melodizm Rossini meghere ụzọ oge gboo bel canto, ji oke nkebi ahịrịokwu nwayọọ ma dị ọcha ikuku kpamkpam eru ezigbo olu ụtọ (cantilena) na sensuously elu mmasị. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na onye dere maara banyere nkà nke na-abụ abụ ji anya. Na nwata, ọ bụrụ abụ na chọọchị-ekwe ukwe, na-etoru ogo mmadụ, na mgbakwunye na ide, ịnụ ọkụ n'obi kwughachiri olu pedagogy na ọbụna dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu.

pedagogy

Italian opera na-abụ abụ, bụ nke ghọrọ a nnọchianya nke European musical omenala na Asaa-XIX ọtụtụ narị afọ, bịara ekele na-arụ ọrụ nke nkà nkụzi-ihe ọhụrụ, bụ ndị na-amụ na-abụ abụ ma na-a olu mmadụ, na-eweta ya ụda okè. Kọwara na ha na-arụ ọrụ ụzọ ka na-eji na njikere nke na-abụ abụ.

The anya nke ndị nkụzi wepugara dịghị igwu egwu. The ụmụ akwụkwọ mụtara ihe nzuzo nke free na mfe na-abụ abụ ume. Olu ọzụzụ ẹkekerede a agafeghị oke ụda olu, obere melodic nkebi ahịrịokwu na warara etiti oge, na-eme ka o kwe omume iji okwu na-eku ume, ji ngwa ngwa na nke miri emi n'ike mmụọ nsọ sochiri a ngwa ngwa ume e kupụrụ ekupụ. Of omume ndị e mere na-egosipụta edo ụda mmịpụta na elu na ala registers. Ọbụna ịzụ tupu mirror esịne ke usoro ọmụmụ novice nka - oké ọdịdị ihu na-egosi ihe ọdịdị ihu rara ọdịdọ ọrụ nke olu ngwa. Ọ na-e-atụ aro na ndị free, iguzo kwem na-eji ọnụ ọchị ụda nweta a doo anya na nso.

New abụ abụ usoro

Mgbagwoju olu, ejije na ikpo arụmọrụ na-haziri n'ihu na-abụ abụ ihe ịma aka. Music egosiputa n'ime ụwa nke ihe odide, na olu ghọrọ akụkụ nke mkpokọta sinik image. Nke a doro anya gosiri usoro ihe nkiri nke Jọn. John na Rossini. Verdi, onye ọrụ akara ịrị elu nke bel canto style. Classical School a na-ewere na-anabata iji ihe falsetto n'ihi na elu na ndetu. Otú ọ dị, ihe nkiri jụrụ otú ahụ - na a dike idaha nwoke falsetto banyere n'ime ihe aesthetic dissonance na obi agba? Edinam. First gafere fọrọ nke olu a France Lui Dyupre, bụ onye malitere iji ido ụda mmepụta, guzosie ike n'ahụ (ibelata nke ogwooro) na phonetic (na asụsụ na "s ekara" ọnọdụ) usoro maka nchedo nke olu ngwa, ma ekemende a kpọworo "nwogharia". Ọ na-ekwe na-etolite elu òkè nke audible nso enweghị ịmafe falsetto.

Dzhuzeppe Verdi (1813-1901)

Akafiakde operatic olu art, gaghị ekwe omume circumvent n'akụkụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na ihe nketa nke oké Italian andiwet George. Verdi. Ọ gbanwee ma gbanwee opera, ẹkenam akụkọ ọdịiche na oppositions. Nke mbụ nke arọ were ifịk akụkụ na elaboration nke ibé, ogbo imewe na arụmọrụ. Na ya usoro ihe nkiri adịkwaghị tesis na antithesis, dajụọ mmetụta uche na ọdịiche, dịrị n'otu siri na adịghị. Otú ahụ dabere ọhụrụ a chọrọ maka vocalists.

Dere pụrụ iche nke coloratura na kwuru na trills, amara ndetu na gruppetto agaghị enwe ike ibu ihe ndabere maka olu ụtọ. Na ihe odide nke fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla fancy decorations, fọdụrụ naanị na soprano, na mgbe e mesịrị kpamkpam okụrede opera scores. Men party na njedebe gafere na uppercase na iji ugbua kọwara na mbụ "kpuchie elu site ụda." Artists baritone ọzọ nwere ịhazigharị ọrụ nke olu ngwa nke elu tessitura (elu-elu ọnọdụ nke ụda ikwu na-abụ abụ nso), dabere na echiche nke obi ala nke odide. Nke a emeela ka ntoputa nke a ọhụrụ okwu - "Verdi baritone". . Creativity Verdi, 26 mara mma usoro ihe nkiri, setịpụrụ na-eme ihe nkiri La Scala, akara Olee banyere anyị taa bel canto - art ada okè onwunwe olu.

ụwa tour

Easy na mara olu style na-apụtakwa n'ime ókè nke otu ala. N'okpuru ya amara nwayọọ nwayọọ tụgharịa ọtụtụ n'ime Europe. Mara mma na-abụ abụ captivated ụwa egwuregwu ogbo na-enwe mmetụta na mmepe nke music na European omenala. Kpụrụ operatic direction, na-akpọ "belkantovoe". Style kewapụrụ ókè nke ya ngwa na steepụ n'ime instrumental music.

Virtuoso olu ụtọ Chopin (1810-1849) synthesized Polish ndiife uri na Italian opera bel canto. Dreamy na nwayọọ heroine usoro ihe nkiri J. MACH (1842-1912) jupụtara belkantovym amara. Mmetụta style wee dị ukwuu na ya mmetụta na music bụ n'ezie ikpọ, sitere na site classicism ka romanticism.

compound omenala

The nchoputa nke Russian ochie aghọwo a oké dere M. I. Glinka (1804-1857). Ya orchestral odide - sublimely in-a me ma n'otu oge nnukwu - jupụtara olu ụtọ, nke na-enyocha na omenala nke ndiife songs, na belkantovaya sophistication nke Italian Arias. Ha pụta ụwa Cantilena yiri melodiousness egbu Russian songs - ekwu eziokwu ma na-egosipụta mmetụta. The predominance nke music n'elu ederede, vnutrislogovye Chants (abụ abụ accentuation nke iche iche syllables), olu akuko, eke igbu oge na-akụ - niile a na ọrụ nke M. I. Glinki (na ndị ọzọ Russian-arọ) eti n'otu na omenala nke Italian opera. Fado, dị ka ndị nkatọ, kwesịrị "Russian bel canto" aha.

The olu nke kpakpando

Amamiihe Italian bel canto oge biri na 20-ies nke XX narị afọ. The agha na amamihe upheavals nke mbụ nkeji iri na ise na narị afọ gafere normative kachasi mkpa nke ihunanya opera eche echiche, ọ na-anọchi neoclassicism na iche iche site na ebe nke impressionism, modernism, futurism, na ndị ọzọ. Ka ma ama operatic olu akwụsịghị itinye na masterpieces nke Italian oge gboo na-abụ abụ. Art "mara mma na-abụ abụ" brilliantly ekesịpde A. V. Nezhdanova na F. I. Shalyapin. Enweghị atụ, nna ukwu nke ndị na-abụ abụ direction bụ L. Sobinov, nke a na-aha mgbe bel canto na Russia. Great Maria Callas (US) na award nke "olu nke narị afọ" aha ọrụ ibe Dzhoan Sazerlend (Australia), a lyric tenor Luciano Pavarotti (Italy) na-enweghị atụ bass Nikolay Gyaurov (Bulgaria) - ha art dabeere nkà na aesthetic ndabere nke Italian bel canto.

ọgwụgwụ

New na ọnọdụ na music enwebeghị ike akan enwu belkantovoy classic Italian opera. Young performers ịchọpụta ibe n'ibe ẹnịm ke odide nke nna ukwu nke gara aga afọ ozi na kwesịrị ekwesị na-eku ume, buru, ọkpụkpụ na ndị ọzọ na intricacies nke votes. Nke a abụghị ihe na-abaghị uru na nchegbu. Anyị nwetara na-ege ntị teta ekwesịghị ịnụ oge a nkọwa nke kpochapụwo ọrụ na-emikpu n'ime a ịrịba nwa oge ohere zuru okè art nke na-abụ abụ. Ikekwe nime ya ụgha mgbalị ịkọwa ihe-omimi nke bel canto nke onu - otú na oge ban na nwanyi olu na mmasị nke nwoke elu aha mụọ abụ abụ direction, ọbọhọ ọtụtụ narị afọ na ghọọ ihe n'usoro usoro, tọkwara ntọala ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, ndị ọzụzụ nke ọkachamara-abụ abụ.