Bimetallism - a ... Bimetallism: nkọwa, e ji mara na-akpali eziokwu

Bimetallism - a ego ọkọlọtọ na ego usoro, nke na-agụnye imekotaotuugbo ojiji nke ọla-edo na ọla-ọcha. E nwere ihe abụọ na ụdị ego na usoro. The mbụ - a metal ọkọlọtọ. Ọ na-abịa na abụọ na ụdị. Ọ bimetallism na monometallism. Nke abụọ - a akwụkwọ-n'aka ọkọlọtọ. Modern Ego usoro-emetụta nnọọ ikpeazụ anya. Ma taa, anyị ga-ekwu banyere bimetallism ka mbụk mbụ ego ọkọlọtọ, ya-adịghị emezi emezi, akụkọ ihe mere eme mmepe na e ji mara na mba dị iche iche.

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Gịnị bụ ego usoro? Bimetallism, monometallism na n'ikpeazụ akwụkwọ-n'aka ọkọlọtọ - atọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nkebi nke ya evolushọn. Na narị afọ nke 19, na steeti ofu uru nke ha na mkpụrụ ego ọlaọcha na ọlaedo. N'ihi ya, ọnụego mgbanwe nke ha ego na oge a na e ofu. Bimetallism agụnye imekotaotuugbo ojiji nke ọlaedo na ọlaọcha coinage. Mgbe a abụọ ọkọlọtọ na e nweghị ihe mgbochi ndị e kere eke nke ego ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ngwaọrụ n'ihi na ha rụpụta. Ego mgbasa mgbe ọ kụziri site na oké ọnụ ahịa ọla. Isi nsogbu nke na-eji nke a usoro bụ na onye ọ bụla State chọpụta ọnụego mgbanwe nke gold ikwu silver. Ya mere, ọ nwere ike ịdị iche iche nke ukwu site n'otu mba ọzọ.

Na 1865, iji ike a otu mba bimetallic usoro e-eme. N'ihi nke a, France, Belgium, Italy na Switzerland e jikọtakwara Latin Monetary Union. O guzobere parity n'etiti abụọ ọla. Otú ọ dị, usoro kere naanị afọ ole na ole, nke e jikọtara ya na ego atụmatụ aghụghọ nke Italy na Greece, na French-German agha nke 1870-1871.

Na 1867-nke nnọkọ mba ẹkenịmde ke Paris, na nke ọtụtụ ndị nnọchianya bụ ndị tozuru oke maka gold ọkọlọtọ, ie monometallism. N'oge na-adịghị na-esonyere ndị usoro na ndị niile ọzọ, n'ihi na na na omume ịghọta ihe bimetallism na ihe bụ isi ọghọm. The kasị anụ ụdị ọ bụ usoro na-a yiri ego, ma ọ bụghị n'ebe nile. Dị ka full bimetallism, mgbe ahụ n'oge ọ na ya onwe ya na-aghọ gharazie ịba uru. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ofu ukara ọnụego mgbanwe adịghị na-egosipụta ọnọdụ na ahịa.

atụmatụ

N'ihi ya, ndị na-esonụ isi e ji mara nke ọkọlọtọ:

• Ọrụ nke ego ịrụ abụọ ọla. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ bụ ọlaedo na ọlaọcha.
• Ego na-mere si ma ọla.
• Free parity n'etiti ọlaedo na ọlaọcha.
• Circulation mkpụrụ ego nke ma ọla emee n'out oge na ke ukem.
• The price nke ngwongwo na-setịpụrụ na ọlaedo na ọlaọcha.

Igbunye ndị a na ụdị bimetallism:

• Full. Ya nke abụọ aha - "abụọ ego usoro". Full bimetallism e kesara na n'oge gara aga. Ọ bụ ya ud ndabere nke a nkịtị definition nke dum usoro. All ndị ọzọ ụdị ewepu otu onye nke àgwà.
• Parallel.
• Ele Mmadụ Anya n'Ihu. Ọ na-akpọ usoro "ngwụrọ" ego.

Common ka niile iche nke bimetallism bụ eziokwu na ndị na-ekesa a gold mkpụrụ ego, na ego ọlaọcha.

full bimetallism

Ya mere bimetallism - a Ego usoro nke e ji ndị na-esonụ atụmatụ:

• Legal obi dị ka ọlaedo na ọlaọcha ego. The price nke otu nnweta na-guzosie ike ma ọla.
• The coinage nke ma na ọlaedo na ọlaọcha bụ a free na zuru ezu.
• State (obodo nke Union) guzosie ike parity n'etiti ọla.

Dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, ndị bimetallism dị na United States. Na 1792, e nwere a ofu ruru nke gold ọla-ọcha - 1 15. parity gbanwere ọtụtụ ugboro tupu ọgwụgwụ nke narị afọ nke 19, mgbe US ọkọlọtọ gbanwere. Full bimetallism dị ka ahụkarị France. Na mbụ na mba e guzobere parity ọlaedo silver - 1 15,5. Otú ọ dị, ọ mgbe gbanwere ọtụtụ ugboro, ma ka nwere ike na-na fluctuations na ahịa. Na 1874, minting nke mkpụrụ ego ọlaọcha ahụ kwụsịrị na mba. sọrọ ego usoro ka abaghịzi onwe ya. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na otu displaces ndị ọzọ metal bụ mgbe niile a ofu parity. Ọ bụrụ na ndị gold price adahade, ndị mmadụ mma na-akwụ na ọla-ọcha. Nke a na-eduga ná eziokwu na ahịa amalite mwubata nke ikpeazụ, na-akpọ ya ọbụna karị depreciation. N'otu aka ahụ na-eme na onye na-abawanye na price nke ọla-ọcha. Naanị na nke a, ndị ahịa na-ewe ebe depreciating gold rosh.

Ọzọ mwepu nke ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro a na-ejikọta ya na mmetụta nke Gresham Iwu. N'ime oge ahụ, usoro ọgwụgwọ na-aghọ ihe nepolnovesnyh ego. Nke a na-eme n'ihi na eziokwu na na oge nke isi ike ego steeti bụ kacha ibelata ego nke dị oké ọnụ ahịa ọla ke ego, ma na-mbụ ha elu ọnụ uru. Mmetụta nke ụdị wayo bụ na-abawanye na ahịa na-abawanye na ego ọnụego.

ukem bimetallism

Ọ bụ a usoro nke:

• Mkpụrụ Ego nke ma ọla bụ free na ọ dịghị mmachi.
• The ala adịghị edo ọnụego nke gold na mmekọrita silver.
• Mkpụrụ ego nke ma ọla na-na mgbasa.

yiri ego usoro bụ obere nkịtị karịa zuru bimetallism. Ọ dịrị ọtụtụ ọdịda anyanwụ mba Europe na 15-17 nke ọtụtụ narị afọ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ihe nile nke ọ jụrụ Hannover. Ebe a, ọ kere ruo 1857.

yiri ego usoro eliminates ụfọdụ ụkọ ihe ụfọdụ nke bimetallism na zuru ụdị. The enweghị a ike parity n'etiti ọlaedo na ọlaọcha ego na-enye ohere ma kpamkpam igbasa ma na-eso na ahịa ọnụego. Otú ọ dị, isi mwepu na nke a ọkọlọtọ bụ mkpa idozi niile ahịa nke ma ọla. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị ikwu delimits akporo nke ojiji nke ọla-edo na ọla-ọcha. Dị ka ihe atụ, ihe mbụ e ji mee ihe mba na mba azụmahịa, na nke abụọ - na anụ ụlọ ahịa.

System "ngwụrọ" ego

Nke a ego ọkọlọtọ ji ndị na-esonụ atụmatụ:

• State iwu akọwaputa ruru n'etiti abụọ ọla.
• Mkpụrụ ego nke ọlaedo na ọlaọcha na-ma pụtara ìhè.
• Otú ọ dị free coinage bụ nti naanị n'ihi na otu onye nke ọla.

On ụkpụrụ ndị a, ọkọlọtọ e wuru, isi Latin mmekorita n'etiti France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland na Greece. Mee elu mee ala, Otú ọ dị, nwere nsogbu silver ise franc mkpụrụ ego. Nke nta nke nta, ụwa dum wee monometallism. Taa, ọ dị, gold na-agaghịkwa na-arụ ego ọrụ. Modern Ego usoro bụ akwụkwọ-n'aka.

aku na uba na analysis

Ná mmalite 1990s, ọmụmụ nke usoro ihe a na-arụ ọrụ a maara nke ọma Economist Milton Friedman. O kwubiri na bimetallism - a na-akpata price volatility na US na 1873. Dị ka Friedman, usoro a emewo ka ogologo oge mmebi nke US aku na uba. O kweere na bimetallism - ọ bụ a nnukwu ndudue mere nnọọ njọ maka US.

na Argentina

Na 1881, ego mgbanwe malitere na mba. Ebe ọ bụ na July 1883rd banye ike bimetallic ọkọlọtọ. The mkpesa pụtara na ọlaedo na ọlaọcha pesos. Akwụkwọ ego e apụta ha. Mkpụrụ Ego na Argentina aka na ise obot. Nke a ọkọlọtọ e kee na mba na 17 ọnwa. Na December 1884 mmiri malitere ịjụ agbanweta banknotes maka gold na a ofu ọnụego.

na France

Na 1803 a e tiri iwu ahụ na mba, dị ka nke franc nwere ike gbanwere 5 grams nke ọla-ọcha. Iche iche n'ịnyịnya na ọnụego nke gold. A kilogram a metal eri 3100 franc.

Na UK,

Bimetallism e ọtụtụ-eji ochie England. Otú ọ dị, coinage ọlaọcha na-ama iwu na mmalite narị afọ nke 18, mgbe gold ọkọlọtọ ẹkenam na mba. Otú ọ dị, ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-akwado nke bimetallism kwadoro ya laghachi, karịsịa n'oge nsogbu.

Na United States of America

The US oruru ka ofu ọla-edo na ọla-ọcha dị ka iwu nro na a ese n'elu mmiri ọnụego. Otú ọ dị, na 1792, Secretary nke atụnye Alexander Hamilton chọrọ idozi ruru nke ọla-ọcha gold dị ka 15 1. The kwekọrọ ekwekọ mgbanwe e mere ka iwu. Na 1834, a ole na ole silver depreciated, na ofu ọnụego nke 16 na 1. Mgbe doo nke Iwu na minting na 1873, US fọrọ nke nta kwụsịrị iji nke a ọkọlọtọ, ma chie ya kagburu ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Dị ka ma ama Economist Milton Friedman, bimetallism mere bukwanu mmebi nke United States.