Broad-leaved ọhịa: atụmatụ, efe, osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ

The mpaghara nke deciduous ọhịa na-emi odude na ókèala Manchuria, Far East, n'ime ọnọdụ na mpaghara nke Europe, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ China, North America. ọ na-emetụta akụkụ ebe ndịda nke South America na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Central Asia.

Broad-leaved ọhịa na kasị ebe-achị achị a na-ekpo ọkụ ọnọdụ ihu igwe, na ruru nke okpomọkụ na mmiri - kacha mma. Nke a na-enye mma ọnọdụ n'oge na-eto eto oge. Mpempe akwụkwọ efere na-eto eto osisi na e nwere obosara, n'ihi ya aha nke oké ọhịa. Olee ihe ndị ọzọ atụmatụ gosiri eke ebe? Broad-leaved ọhịa na n'ụlọ ọtụtụ anụmanụ, akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ na ụmụ ahụhụ.

e ji mara atụmatụ

Karịsịa broadleaf ọhịa na-edina na eziokwu na abụọ dị iche tiers nwere ike mata na ha. Otu n'ime ha - na elu, ndị ọzọ na - ala. Ndị a oké ọhịa osisi, ahịhịa na-etolite dị na atọ tiers, n'ala cover na-anọchi anya lichens na mosses.

Ọzọ mma bụ ìhè ọchịchị. Na ndị a oké ọhịa emit abụọ ìhè kacha. First hụrụ na mmiri, mgbe osisi na-adịghị ma kpuchie akwụkwọ ndụ. The abụọ - ọdịda mgbe akwụkwọ thins. Summer ìhè penetration bụ ntakiri. N'elu mode na-akọwa na atụmatụ nke ahihia cover.

Ala broadleaf ọhịa ọgaranya organic na ịnweta ogige. Ha bụ n'ihi nke decomposition nke osisi-awụba n'oké osimiri. Osisi deciduous ọhịa nwere ash. Karịsịa a otutu ya na epupụta - ise percent. Ash, n'aka nke ya, bụ ọgaranya calcium (iri abụọ pasent nke ngụkọta). Na ya mejupụtara na-agụnye potassium (ihe dị ka abụọ percent) na sịlịkọn (elu atọ pasent).

Osisi deciduous ọhịa

Scaffolding nke ụdị na-ji a ọgaranya dịgasị iche iche nke ụdị osisi. Ikpeazụ i nwere ike ịgụ banyere a iri na abuo. Broad-leaved ọhịa nke apịtị, ihe atụ, na-ọ bụghị otú ahụ bara ọgaranya na nke a. Ihe kpatara ya bụ na ihu igwe siri ike nke apịtị bụghị dị ka mma na na mmepe nke osisi. Ọtụtụ achọ mejupụtara nke ala na ihu igwe nke ụdị osisi agaghị alanahụ n'okpuru oghom ọnọdụ.

Na ndịda nke Tula region bụ ma ama n'oké ọhịa. Ọ na-enye a oké echiche nke ihe pụrụ obosara-leaved ọhịa. The ala nke ebe a dị mma maka uto nke osisi dị ka petiolate oak, obere-leaved wayo, aquifolium na ubi maples, nkịtị ash, elm, elm, ọhịa apple na ube. Oaks na ash kasị elu, soro aquifolium maples, elms na Linden. Kasị ala - ubi maple, ọhịa ube na apụl, osisi. Dị ka a na-achị, na-achị ọnọdụ ji site oak na osisi ndị ọzọ na-eme ka Satellites.

Ka anyị tụlee n'ụzọ sara mbara karị n'elu-e kwuru nnọchiteanya dendroflora.

1. Oak. Nke a bụ isi ìhè coniferous sara mbara-leaved ọhịa na European ókèala. English oak - otu n'ime ndị kasị dolgorastuschih na nnukwu osisi. Ọ na-achọta na onwe akpa nkata ke otu na landings. Na ike na-anabata kwachaa Oak ike igbanye mara mma tapeworms na * Tụkwasị na, obovate, shatrovidnymi okpueze udi.
2. Elm. Ezigbo na ike ike na umu na-hụrụ n'ime ọhịa nke na-abụghị nwa ebe. A nnukwu osisi mejupụtara overriding EBIONITISM coniferous na deciduous ọhịa. Na mbụ ọtụtụ-eji maka landscaping, ma na-adịbeghị a na-emekarị na-ebelata n'ihi na mgbasa nke ọrịa, dị ka Dutch ọrịa nke elm.
3. European ash. The osisi esịmde iri atọ ma ọ bụ iri anọ mita n'ịdị elu. N'ihi na nke a osisi e ji pụtara ogologo ogwe, n'ụgbụgbọ bụ ìhè na agba ntụ (na oge ọ na-akawanye ọchịchịrị), omume rụrụ openwork okpueze, na-atụ uche a ọtụtụ ìhè anyanwụ. The mgbọrọgwụ usoro nwere nnọọ ọtụtụ, dị ike, na ok buds na broom. The iche feature - elu-achọ n'aka na mejupụtara nke ala. European ash bụ isi umu ozuzu ubi-echebe. Nke a na okpomọkụ na photophilous osisi, spring frosts na-eburu ihe ọjọọ. Okooko ash na-ewe ebe May, na pollination usoro a na-eme site na ifufe. maturation oge nke mkpụrụ - October-November. Ha na-ada ma ọ bụ oyi, ma ọ bụ n'oge opupu ihe ubi.
4. Beech Forest. Ịga n'ihu nyefe nke nke osisi na-eto eto na deciduous ohia, ọ bụghị banyere ya. Ọ esịmde iri anọ mita elu na otu na ọkara mita n'obosara. Beech n'ụgbụgbọ bụ ìhè na agba ntụ, elliptical epupụta. isi nkesa ebe - n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Europe, ndị Caucasus, na Crimea. Home uru nke beech ọhịa bụ mkpụrụ ya. Na-edozi mkpụrụ chara n'onwe na September-October. Ha fọrọ nke nta ka pasent iri atọ semidrying iso nke ọdụdụ mmanụ, otu ego - of nitrogenous bekee. Bara uru mkpụrụ bụ bụkwa ọgaranya starch, shuga n'ókè, asịd (citric na malic), tannins. -Akpali mmasị, egbu egbu alkaloid akpọ fagin nēche amalite irekasị mgbe amịkpọ akụ. N'ihi ya, ọ na-aghọ nnọọ mma maka ụmụ mmadụ ike. Site na mkpụrụ osisi na-emepụta a na kọfị dochie, na ala ụdị, ha na-atụkwasịkwara a ot ntụ ọka na nkwadebe na-eme bred na ngwaahịa. Beech osisi bụ mara mma na inogide ji achọ ihe onwunwe.
5. Maple. Broad-leaved ọhịa, emi odude ke European akụkụ nke Russia na Caucasus, na-ji dị mma na-eto eto gburugburu ebe obibi aquifolium (nkịtị) maples. Osisi ndị a na-eto eto ruo iri mita n'ịdị elu. Ha epupụta bụ nnukwu, ọchịchịrị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na ise lobes. Bark agba - isi awọ. Ome na epupụta nke osisi a na n'ọtụtụ ebe, na-eji maka ọgwụgwọ nke dị iche iche ọrịa. Na onyinye ndị a ọdịdị nwere nnukwu ego nke ascorbic acid, alkaloids, tannin. Decoctions na infusions emeso ọnyá, mbufụt. Ha na-emepụta a choleretic, mamịrị, antiseptik na analgesic mmetụta. Ekpe nke herbal na nkà mmụta ọgwụ maara nke osisi na deciduous ọhịa ndị kasị bara uru. Ya mere, maple epupụta na Ome na-atụ aro maka irè ọgwụgwọ nke jaundice, akụrụ nkume, tufuo ọgbụgbọ na vomiting.

herbs

Osisi deciduous ọhịa na-ji nnukwu na obosara akwukwo efere. N'ihi nke a na-akpọ ha shirokotraviem oak. Ụfọdụ herbs si a otu ihe atụ, ọ dịghị mgbe ha na-etolite impenetrable-ogwu. Otú ọ dị, na-etolite a ụdị kapet ekpuchi nnukwu ebe. Dị otú ahụ herbs bụ isi. N'etiti ha bụ ndị ala okenye, sedges na aji Zelenchuk odo.

Ọtụtụ herbaceous osisi na-adị na deciduous oké ọhịa, bụ a perennial. Ha na-ebi ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Dị ka a na-achị, ha adị na-nọgidere na-enwe site vegetative ịnọgide. Mkpụrụ ha izu-agụghị oké. A mara mma nke ndị a osisi - ogologo ala na dọbara n'elu Ome, na-eto eto ngwa ngwa dị iche iche ntụziaka na na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-akpali akpali ọhụrụ ala.

The efe n'elu akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke oakwood anwụ azụ na mgbụsị akwụkwọ. Overwinter naanị na ala na mgbọrọgwụ na rhizomes. Ha mere ndokwa pụrụ iche buds site na nke ọhụrụ Ome na-emepụta na mmiri.

Naanị na-achị

Na-adịghị ahụkebe na-anọchite anya shirokotravya ịnọgide green na oyi na okpomọkụ. Ndị a osisi na-agụnye: Asarum, Zelenchuk, aji sedge.

osisi

Dị ka ndị a na ụdị osisi, ha deciduous ọhịa izute nnọọ ike. Ha dị nnọọ na-adịghị peculiar na Asherim, ma ọ bụghị na coniferous ọhịa, ebe bushes na-eto eto n'ebe nile. The kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na blueberries na berry.

"Ngwa ngwa" ṅụrịa ephemeroids

Ndị a osisi bụ maka ndị ọkachamara na-amụ na osisi nile nke oké ọhịa, onye kasị ukwuu mmasị. N'etiti ha, nta celandine, buttercup anemone, Corydalis dị iche iche na ụdị na- gagea. Ndị a osisi ndị na-emekarị obere, ma, ha na-emepe emepe nnọọ ngwa ngwa. Ephemeroids ọsọ ọsọ ka a mụọ ya ozugbo ofufe nke snow cover. Ụfọdụ karịsịa frisky rostochku ụzọ ha ọbụna site snow. Mgbe a izu, na ọtụtụ abụọ, ha ifuru buds na-ama na blooming. A izu ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị na-abịa chaa nke mkpụrụ osisi na osisi. The osisi ebi n'elu ala, gbanwee odo, mgbe ahụ, na akụkụ nke ha bụ nke dị n'elu ala na-anwụ. Ọzọkwa, a na usoro pụtara na mmalite nke okpomọkụ oge, mgbe, dị ka ọ pụrụ iyi, ọnọdụ maka na mmepe n'ime ndị kasị mma. Ihe nzuzo dị mfe. Na ephemeroids nwere n'afọ iri na ụma nke ndụ, dị iche iche si ụdị ndịna mmepe nke osisi ndị ọzọ. Ha oge ntoju ka zuru ifuru naanị ke ini utọ na okpomọkụ ha - na ọ bụ oge ire ere.

Kasị azụlite mmepe oge - n'oge opupu ihe ubi. Mgbe a na oge nke afọ na ọhịa ebe ahụ bụ a karịa ego nke ìhè, dị ka osisi na osisi na-adịghị ma enwetara a oké akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ cover. Ke adianade do, n'oge a na ala nke jupụtara na mmiri optimally. Ma ihe ndị dị elu okpomọkụ okpomọkụ, na ephemeroids ọ dịghị mkpa. All ndị a osisi na-perennial. Ha anaghị anwụ anwụ mgbe ha si efe n'elu akụkụ takọọ. Ibi ala mgbọrọgwụ ọkọnọ tubers, bulbs ma ọ bụ rhizomes. Ndị a ozu bụ repositories nke nri, tumadi starch. Ọ bụ ya mere na ị ga, epupụta na okooko osisi na-egosi nnọọ n'oge na-eto eto ngwa ngwa.

Ephemeroids idi ọsọ ke deciduous oak ọhịa osisi. Kpam kpam, e nwere ihe iri ụdị. Ha okooko osisi na-ese na-egbuke egbuke-acha odo odo, acha anụnụ anụnụ, odo. N'oge okooko ephemeroids etolite a oké mara mma kapet.

mosses

Russian sara mbara-leaved ọhịa na ebe dị iche iche na umu nke mosses. N'adịghị ka boreal ọhịa nke ndị na osisi na-etolite a oké akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ala cover na oak akpaetu mabeghị ala bụghị otú ọtụtụ ebe. The ọrụ nke mosses na broadleaf ọhịa bụ nnọọ obi umeala. Isi ihe kpatara ya bụ eziokwu ahụ bụ na akwukwo-awụba n'oké osimiri nke oké ọhịa broadleaf detrimental mmetụta na ndị a na osisi.

fauna

Animals Russian sara mbara-leaved ọhịa - ya ungulates, carnivores, insectivores, òké na ụsụ. Onye kasị ukwuu iche iche a hụrụ n'ebe ndị ahụ na-adịghị metụrụ nwoke. N'ihi ya, na obosara-leaved oké ọhịa, ị pụrụ ịhụ na ele, anụ ọhịa boar, fallow ele, sika na red ele, elk. -Ekewapụ nke anụ na-anọchi anya nkịta ọhịa, wolf, marten, ermine na weasels. Broad-leaved ọhịa, fauna nke bụ ọgaranya na iche iche, bụ n'ụlọ beavers, squirrels, muskrats na nutria. Ke adianade do, ebe ndị a na-ebi ụmụ oke, oke, ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ, hedgehogs, shrews, agwọ, ngwere na ala opitoropi turtles.

Birds nke deciduous ọhịa - larks, finches, warblers, tit, flycatcher, eloda, starlings. E nwekwara ụlọ iji ugoloọma, rooks, grouse, woodpeckers, crossbill, jackdaws, grouse. Udele na-anọchi anya hawks, ikwiikwii, ikwiikwii, ikwiikwii na lunyami. Marshes - n'ụlọ shorebirds, cranes, abà, gulls, ọbọgwụ na geese.

N'oge gara aga, obosara-leaved e nwere oké ọhịa bi site Bison. Ugbu a, dị mwute ikwu, ọ bụ a ole na ole iri puku kwuru iri nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a na-echebe site na iwu. Ha na-ebi na Bialowieza Forest (Belarus), na Oka Reserve Terras (Russian Federation), ná mba ụfọdụ nke Western Europe na na Poland. Ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ e gaa na Caucasus. N'ebe ahụ, ha na-achọkwa na-Bison.

The nọmba mgbada nwekwara agbanweela a mgbanwe. Ha ghọrọ ọtụtụ obere n'ihi na nke obi ọjọọ nke mmadụ. Oke igbukpọsị oké ọhịa na kọọ ubi na-detrimental ka ndị a mara mma ụmụ anụmanụ. Mgbada nwere ike iru abụọ mita ogologo na atọ na ọgu iri-kilogram arọ. Ha na-emekarị na-ebi n'obere ìgwè iri anụmanụ. Kasị ọtụtụ mgbe bụ nwaanyị. O bi na ya na mkpụrụ ya.

Mgbụsị akwụkwọ mgbe ụfọdụ ụmụ nwoke kpọkọta a ụdị harem. Echetara anyị nke opi ha mbigbọ na-rụrụ na atọ na anọ kilomita gburugburu. Ihe ịga nke ọma ele, merie n'agha ya rivals nwere ike kpọkọta gburugburu ya iri abụọ nwanyị. N'ihi ya kpụrụ ọzọ ụdị mgbada ìgwè ehi. Ná mmalite nke okpomọkụ oge, ele na-amụ nwa. Ha na-amụ-erikpu asatọ na iri na otu kilogram. Ruo ọnwa isii hụrụ eto ngwa ngwa. Yearling nwoke nweta mpi.

The ele eri ahịhịa, epupụta na ị ga nke osisi, dịkwa ka usoro ha, lichens, amị, wormwood. Ma agịga na nri ha bụ adịghị mma na niile. Na anụ mgbada ndu banyere afọ iri na ise. Na n'agha, a na ọnụ ọgụgụ ga-okpukpu abụọ.

Beavers - ọbụna ụfọdụ ndị bi deciduous ọhịa. The kasị mma ọnọdụ ha e nwere na Europe, North America na Asia. The kacha dere ịdị arọ nke anụ nke na - iri atọ kilogram na ahu ogologo - otu mita. Bobrov ọdịiche a oke ahu na a esisịt ọdụ. Webbing n'etiti mkpịsị aka nke nne ele ụkwụ nye aka mee ka mmiri si ebi ndụ. Ajị anụ na agba nwere ike ịdị iche iche site ìhè aja aja na nwa. Oiling ya ntutu isi pụrụ iche nzuzo, beavers na-echebe site na-mmiri. Mgbe mikpuru n'ime mmiri na nti nke anụmanụ kwukwara na n'oghere imi emechi. Echekwa ikuku oriri na-enyere ya-anọ n'okpuru mmiri ruo nkeji iri na ise. Beavers ahọrọ idozi na n'ikperé ọdọ mmiri ndị na oxbow ọdọ mmiri ndị na-adịghị ngwa etoola osimiri. Ha nwere mmasị n'ihe ukwuu ala gbara osimiri okirikiri na aquatic ahịhịa. Beavers ụlọ bụ a oghere ma ọ bụ ihe mbụ obi, n'ọnụ ụzọ nke dị n'okpuru mmiri n'elu. Oche-ewu ewu na ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri larịị bụ ejighị n'aka. Ekele ndị a ụlọ ọrụ na-usoro runoff, ikwe na-abanye n'ụlọ si na mmiri. Peregryzanie alaka na ọbụna nnukwu osisi beavers nyere mfe. Ya mere, Aspen ise asaa sentimita n'obosara, susceptible ka ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a na nkeji abụọ. Ha mmasị nri - okpete. Ọzọkwa, ha na-egbughị oge n'ịza eri iris, mmiri okooko lili, Potbelly. Beavers bi n'ezinụlọ. Young ụmụ anụmanụ na-aga na search nke a ụzọ nke atọ afọ nke ndụ.

Wild ezì - onye ọzọ na-ahụkarị bi deciduous ọhịa. Ha nwere nnukwu isi na a nnọọ ike ogologo snout. The kasị ngwá agha dị ike nke ụmụ anụmanụ - nkọ zita ezé na-kpudo elu azu azu. Vision na boars adịchaghị mma, ma nke a na-dechapụ site magburu onwe ịnụ a nnọọ echiche nke ísì. Large ụdị iru a arọ nke na narị atọ kilogram. na anụmanụ ahụ na-echebe bristles ọchịchịrị aja aja. Ọ bụ nnọọ ike.

Boar - magburu onwe ọgba ọsọ na-egwu mmiri. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a merie ike nke na-egwu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri, a obosara nke a ole na ole kilomita. The ndabere nke ha nri mejupụtara osisi, ma na anyị nwere ike ikwu na pigs omnivores. Ha mmasị nri - acorns na beech mkpụrụ, ha ga-adịghị enye on awọ, ụmụ oke, nwa nnụnụ, ahụhụ na agwọ.

nnọchiteanya nke nākpu akpu

Deciduous ọhịa bi Adders, ajụala, copperhead, veretennitsami, green na ngwere. Ihe ize ndụ ụmụ mmadụ na-anọchi anya na a ajụala. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ezighị kwere na otu egbu egbu copperhead, ma ọ bụghị. The kasị ọtụtụ broadleaf ọhịa reptaili - agwọ.

enyemaka atụmatụ

The mpaghara nke deciduous ọhịa (na weere) na European akụkụ nke Russia svoebrazny Nleta a triangle, isi nke bụ nke dị n'ebe ọdịda ala nke obodo, na n'ọnụ dabeere na Ural Ugwu. Ebe ọ bụ na a na mpaghara a ọ bụghị otu ugboro kpuchie continental ice n'oge Quaternary oge, ya ọdịdị ala ukwuu n'ime ugwu ugwu. Ndị kasị pụta ìhè ihe ịrịba ama nke ọnụnọ nke Valdai glasia ọbọhọ ke edem edere-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. E nwere mpaghara nke deciduous na weere ọhịa e ji jupụtara obo ugwu, nkpoda ridges, mechiri emechi ọdọ mmiri ndị na efere. Southern akụkụ kọwara n'ókèala na-anọchi anya abụọ moraine mbara ọzara nke na-guzobere n'ihi na Mbelata nke mmasị n'elu ugwu ugwu ebe. Relief mbuaha na broadleaf ọhịa ji ọnụnọ nke ájá nke dị iche iche size mbara ọzara. Ha si - nke mmiri-ice. Ha nwere waviness, nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ hụrụ akpọ ájá dunes.

Coniferous-deciduous ọhịa nke Russian Plain

Nke a mpaghara dị na ọnọdụ ihu igwe mpaghara. The idụhe bụ dịtụ nwayọọ ma na iru mmiri. The ala nke ebe ndị a nke sod-podzolic. The mbọhọ Atlantic Ocean ada ka ukwuu. The osimiri netwọk ke coniferous na deciduous ọhịa na-ọma mepụtara. Ọdọ ji a nnukwu ebe.

Arụ Ọrụ mere eutrophication usoro idi nso ala ma na iru mmiri idụhe. Akara ererimbot na ahihia cover osisi nwere a obosara akwukwo pupụtara.

ọgwụgwụ

Broad-leaved ọhịa nke dị n'ókèala Europe, edepụtara dị ka nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ecosystems. Na mgbe abụọ ma ọ bụ narị afọ atọ gara aga, ha bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị iche iche na mbara ala na dị na ukwuu nke Europe. N'ihi ya, na iri na isii na-iri na asatọ na narị afọ na ha nwere otu ebe ọtụtụ nde hectare. Taa, ha na-adịghị ihe karịrị otu narị puku hectare.

Ná mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ ebibighị nanị iberibe nke gara aga ọtụtụ broadleaved belt. Ná mmalite nke narị afọ a na efu ebe nwere nwara na-eto eto osisi oak. Otú ọ dị, nke a bịara nnọọ ike: ọnwụ nke na-eto eto Dubrov Asherim e oyi mgbe nile oké ọkọchị. Mgbe ọmụmụ e duziri, nke mere na ama Russian geographer Dokuchaev. N'ihi ya, ọ hụrụ na odida na-eto eto ọhụrụ osisi na-metụtara nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ igbukpọsị oké ọhịa, dị ka ọ na ruo mgbe ebighị ebi gbanwere hydrological ọchịchị na ihu igwe nke ókèala.

Ka ụbọchị, na ebe mbụ ji site deciduous ọhịa, nke abụọ ọhịa na-eto eto, nakwa dị ka wuru n'ugbo. Ha merie conifers. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ndị ọkachamara na-mara, na Ọnọdụ na Ọdịdị nke eke ọhịa osisi oak-apụghị gbakee.