Carolingian revival nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom

Aha "papa" (papa - lat.) Nwere mgbọrọgwụ Grik. O yikwara ka ọ dị iche na nkwenkwe a ma ama, ọ bụghị site n'aka pappas - "nna" (Greek), na papas - "mentor" (Grik). Na mbu, a kpọrọ ndị bishọp nile, mana e kenyere aha bishọp nke Rom dị ka onye nnọchiteanya nke St. Peter - dịka akụkọ si kwuo, onye bishọp mbụ Rom. Okwu a bu "Papa" abughi aha ndi isi nke Roman Catholic Church. Aha ya bụ Episcopus Romanus na Pontivex Maximus, nke pụtara "Nnukwu Onye Nchụàjà". Edere aha nke abụọ a site na Rom tupu oge ndị Kraịst. Gregory I the Great called himself "Servus Servorum Dei" - "ohu nke ndị ohu Chineke." Aha a na-esonye na nsụgharị papal.

Gregory bụ onye ezinụlọ Rom nke nwere ọgaranya na ọgaranya. N'ịbụ onye na-anọchite anya ọkwá nke Rom, ọ nwetara ahụmahụ nlekọta na nke diploma. Ma ọdachi ahụ, nke mwakpo nke Lombards kpatara, mere ka a gbanwee n'usoro ụwa ya. N'ịbụ onye nyere ego ya iji wuo ebe obibi ndị mọnk, ọ malitere iduzi ndụ nke ihe eji eme ihe ma na-ebute ndụ. Otú ọ dị, mgbe oge ụfọdụ, Pepeọs Pelagius nke Abụọ họpụtara ya onye nnọchianya ya n'ụlọikpe Constantinople. N'afọ 590, mgbe Pepiọs nwụsịrị, e buliri Gregory n'ọkwá papal. Ọ bụghị naanị iwu ka ndị nlekọta ụka, ma bụrụ n'ezie isi nke ógbè Rom, ịhazi nzoputa, inye nri, inyere ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, wdg. Mmiri nke Gregory I rụrụ nke ọma na-eme ka iwe iwe nke eze ukwu Byzantine na-ebo onye popu ebubo iji ike eme ihe ike, ma nye ya nkwanye ùgwù maka ndị ụkọchukwu, ndị mmadụ na ọbụna Lombards, bụ ndị malitere n'okpuru nduzi ya iji tọghata Katọlik.

Gregory kere ụkpụrụ nke ọchịchị ọchịchị na Ịtali, bụ nke e mepụtara n'ime usoro nke a na-akpọ papal.

Ka ọ dị n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. Lombards nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile Ịtali nke Byzantium. Na 752, ha weghaara Exarchate nke Ravenna, na-agwụ ọchịchị gọọmenti Byzantine n'Ịtali. Nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ iji jide Rom. N'ịnweghị olileanya maka Emperor nke Constantinople, na-etinye uche na nsogbu ndị dị n'ime ya, Pope Stephen II rịọrọ arịrịọ n'ekpere maka enyemaka nye eze Frank. Eze Pepin Caroling nwere ekele maka ndị popu maka enyemaka ya n'ịkwatu usoro eze Merovingian gara aga ma chọkwuo ka chọọchị na-akwado ikike ya. Mgbe agha ndị agha abụọ rutere Ịtali, ọ manyere eze Lombard ka ọ kpochapụ ókèala ahụ site na Rom ruo Ravenna. N'inweghi ike iweghachite nkwenye Byzantine, dị ka Constantinople gọọmenti siri ọnwụ, na enweghi ike imeri ihe gbasara Ịtali, Pepin zigara onye bụbu Ravenna Exarchate maka nlekọta nke onyeisi chọọchị.

A maghị nkọwa nke nkwekọrịta a, ebe ọ bụ na akwụkwọ ndị metụtara ya apụla. Ma mgbe e mesịrị na pope edoghi any asugharia ya dị ka a n'omume nke onyinye - "onyinye nke Pepin." Mgbe oge ole na ole gasịrị, "Onyinye Onyinye" a jụrụ ajụ bụ "Donatio Constantini" - otu n'ime akụkọ ụgha kachasị njọ. N'ọkụkụ ụka papal, a na-edekọ ihe, nke e dere maka nnọchite Emperor Constantine Great ("Constitutum Constantini"). Dị ka ihe a si kwuo, Constantine, nke a sịrị na a gwọọ ya ekpenta site n'ekpere nke ndị Rom bụ Sylvester, nyeere ya aka karịa ndị bishọp ndị ọzọ wee nyefee ya na ndị nọchiri ya ikike kachasị elu na Rom, Ịtali na Alaeze Ukwu Rom dum. Eze Ukwu n'onwe ya, ka o wee ghara ịkọrọ ike ya na popu, lara ezumike nká gaa Constantinople. Dị ka nsụgharị a si dị, Pepin laghachiri na papacy naanị ihe kwesịrị ịbụ ya kemgbe IV.

O yikarịrị ka ndị popu achọghị ịkọwa ihe a dị na Pipin, ọbụna karị ka onye na-anọchi ya dị ike. A maara ya ebe niile na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke itoolu. N'okpuru Pope Nicholas M na n'ọdịnihu ihe karịrị otu ugboro jiri papacy mee ka a mara na ebubo na-ezighi ezi na-azọrọ ike ụwa. Eziokwu nke arumaa "Conatitutum Constantini" ka egosiputara na 1440, ma na narị afọ XIX. Chọọchị Katọlik jụrụ iwu a.

N'iwu nke Pippin, a na-akpọ usoro nke abụọ nke ndị eze Frank na Carolingians na-asọpụrụ nna ya, bụ Major Charles Karl. The German German "ing" kwekọrọ na Russia "ovich". Carolingians - pụtara Karlovic, ụmụ Karla Martella. Onye nnochite anya kachasị elu nke usoro a bụ nwa Pepin Carl, bụ onye gbadara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dika Charlemagne.

Onye agha a nke nwere ike na onyinye pụrụ iche weere ọganihu kachasị mma "iji mee ka ogwe aka ndị agha German dị ọhụrụ." N'ịbụ onye ketara nna ya alaeze dị ukwuu Frankish ma kpochapụ ya n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ndịda, Karl ghọrọ onye na njedebe nke narị afọ nke asatọ. nna ukwu nke fọrọ nke nta dum continental Western Europe. N'oge ọchịchị ya, ala Frank nọ na Pyrenees gaa n'Ịntanet na site na Mediterranean ruo Oké Osimiri Baltic. N'ala ndị a ugbu a bụ France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Western na Southern Germany, Austria, ugwu Spain na Spain.

N'ịga n'ihu na iwu nna ya, Charles na-eme ihe karịrị otu ugboro n'ihe omume Ịtali. Na 772, ọ maliteghachiri agha Franco-Lombard. Ebumnuche nke Ịtali na-awakpo bụ arịrịọ ndị popu na-arịọ mgbe niile maka enyemaka ndị agha. Na nzaghachi na nguzi papal na ochicho maka ike agha nke Lombards, Carl zara na ya choro "imeri, ghara imeri." "M," ka o kwuru, "a ga-akpọ eze nke Franks na Lombards, ka ọ ghara imejọ ndị m na-atụ anya inweta." N'ime afọ 774, a kwadoro Lombard eze Desiderius. A tụrụ onye ahụ meriri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ebe obibi ndị mọnk, okpueze ya kpụrụ okpueze.

Alaeze ndị Karl mere site n'aka ndị dịkọrọ ndụ dị ka onye isi nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa. O nwere ikike nke alaeze ukwu ma nwee ike iji ezi ihe kpatara ya na ọ bụ aha eze ukwu.

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 800, Charles gara ọzọ n'Ịtali, ebe ndị Rom na-agba izu megide Pope Leo III. Ọ nọrọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwa isii na Rom, na-enyocha esemokwu dị n'etiti poopu na ndị iro ya. Na December 25, ụbọchị mbụ nke Krismas, ọ gere Mass na St. Peter's Cathedral. Papa m wee gbuo ikpere n'ala Karl ma kpuchie isi okpueze ọlaedo n'isi ya. Ndị na-anọchite anya ndị Katọlik, ndị Bavarian na ndị ọzọ nọ n'okpuru katidral ahụ kwupụtara ugboro atọ, sị: "Ogologo ndụ ma merie Carl Augustus, nke nnukwu eze ukwu Rom na-eme udo." Okpukpo ahu kwesiri ka o buru ihe nkwado nke nkwado nke isi.

Charles weghaara eze ukwu. Otú ọ dị, ka e mesịrị, dịka onye edemede ya na onye ndụmọdụ ya bụ Einhard si kwuo, o gosipụtara iwe megide "ọrụ" a na-akwadoghi na Levị kwuru, na ịmara ihe Pope chọrọ, ọ gaghị aga chọọchị n'ụbọchị ahụ, n'agbanyeghị Krismas. Ihe akaebe a nke Einhard bụ ihe na-aju ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme anya, n'ihi na, dịka ihe omume ndị ọzọ gosipụtara, Charles dị oké ọnụ ahịa aha ya.

Achọpụtaghị na Carla edozighị usoro nchịkọta, Lev III, bụ onye tinyere okpueze ahụ n'ihu ụda olu ahụ na-egosipụta ọchịchọ nke ndị mmadụ ma bụrụ onye a na-ewere dịka ihe dị iche iche nke ịhọrọ eze ukwu. Emere ihe kpatara ya: nkwado nke aha eze ahụ malitere ịdabere na popu. N'ikpeazụ, Karl gbalịrị imebi okwu ahụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. N'afọ 813, o kpuchiri nwa Louis ka ọ bụrụ onye na-achị ya na onye nketa ya, o mesoro ya n'enweghị òkè poopu. Site n'usoro nke Charles, nwa okorita onwe ya tinye okpueze n'okpuru nkwuputa ndi di ya ma kwuputa eze ukwu na Augustus. Ka o sina dị, ndị popu nwere oké ọchịchọ na-ekwu na Charlemagne bụ naanị eze ruo mgbe Leo III nyere ya okpueze eze. Na nzaghachi, ndị ideologues nke ikike alaeze ukwu kwupụtara na ọ bụ naanị Charles ka e ji wughachi nke Alaeze Ukwu nke Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ọ bụkwa ọrụ popu ka a na-eme ememe.

Nkwenye nke aha eze nke Karl mere ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ya na Byzantium, bụ nke ka weere onwe ya dịka onye nọnye nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom. Ndị Byzantines kweere ma kpọọ onwe ha ndị Rom (na Grik - Ndị Rom), na ndị eze ukwu ha - Roman (Roma). Achọpụtara ikike nke alaeze ukwu nke abụọ, na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihe nketa Rom, na Constantinople dị ka njide.

Charles na ndị na-adụ ọdụ ya maliteghachiri iji aha "Eastern na Western" mee ihe maka alaeze ukwu Rom. Mana n'otu oge ahụ, ha gbalịrị ịghachite iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ọchịchị Rom site n'aka ndị agha ma ọ bụ ndị ọchịchị. Atụmatụ nke alụmdi na nwunye nke Karl na onye Byzantine na-achị Irina ka e mere iji "jikọọ East na West" n'ụzọ dị otú a ma weghachi ịdị n'otu nke Romananus ("Roman ụwa") n'okpuru mkpanaka nkịtị. Ndị nnọchianya Frank bịara Constantinople iji kwurịta ọrụ a. Ma, n'October 21, 802, a gbakọtara n'obí eze, na-ewepụ Irina n'ike. Ọ bụ onye nchebe nke ndị nwe obodo Nicephorus I (802 - 811) bu ocheeze nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom nke dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa, bụ onye leghaara "onye nduhie" Frank. Naanị 812 ndị na-esonụ faileus Michael a manyere m ịmata mweghachi nke Alaeze Ukwu Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na aha eze nke Charles.

Mweghachi (restauratio) na nyochaghari (renovatio) "imperii romanorum" Charles weere ya ozi ọma. Dị ka ndị eze ukwu Rom , ọ chọrọ tie ya na ókèala subordinated ka okporo ụzọ, ọwa mmiri na àkwà mmiri, dị ka nke ọma dị ka a edo usoro nke ọtụtụ, a otu elu-edu ego. Na mkpụrụ ego nke oge ahụ, ihe oyiyi nke Charles na Roman maara na laurel wreath bụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu "inp aug" ("Emperor Augustus"). Mmetụta nke "Emperor Western" karịrị ike ya. N'echiche ya, ha gere ntị na alaeze Anglo-Saxon, na Scotland, na isi obodo ndị Irish.

Ọtụtụ ndị na-eche banyere Karl ịmekọrịta njikwa na iwebata ụkpụrụ nke iwu iwu na alaeze ụwa. A gwara ndị "ndị mba ọzọ" ndị banyere na ya ịkwadebe nchịkọta omenala ha, na olileanya nke nkwenye ha na-esote, ma n'etiti onwe ha na iwu Rom. Karl n'onwe ya ji nlezianya leba anya n'ịgba iwu. Mgbe emechibidoro eze ukwu ahụ, o nyere ndị isi obodo 47, na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara steeti.

The oge Karla Velikogo akpọ "Carolingian Renaissance". O weghachi ndu obughi nani ochichi eze Rom, kamakwa omenala oge ochie nke ndi Kristain ohuru, n'olile anya igbochi ire ogugu. N'ihe dị ka azụ 789, "Admonitio Generalis" bụ isi nke a kụziiri ndị na-ahụ maka mkpa maka agụmakwụkwọ. Eze ukwu na-akwalite nzukọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, nchịkọta na mweghachi nke ihe odide oge ochie, okike nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, izu okè nke "akwụkwọ nkà".

N'elu alaeze ukwu Charlemagne bụ echiche nke ịdị n'otu n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe. Ike ya, ike na charisma ya, "magnanimitas" ya nyere ya nkwado maka ndị ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ na iguzosi ike n'ihe nye ndị vassals. Enwere ike ịtụ anya na Ịtali na Gaul ga-eme ihe iji kpochapụ mmetụta nke mwakpo ọjọọ, ndị amaala ga-eso ndị Germany na-emekọrịta ihe ọnụ, ha ga-ejikọtaghachi alaeze dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ dị n'otu.

Charles nwụrụ na January 28, 814. Ahụ nke "nnukwu eze ukwu ahụ nke gbasaara ókèala nke alaeze Frank ahụ wee nwee ike ịchịkwa ha maka afọ XLVII" ka e liri ya n'ụlọ nsọ nke katidral Aachen. N'oge na-adịghị anya ọ nwụsịrị, mbibi nke usoro steeti o kere malitere. Nwa nwoke na onye nwe ya Charles Ludovic, bụ onye jiri aha ahụ bụ "Pious" mee ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nye eze ukwu ahụ, na-esiri ya ike ịnọgide na-eguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke alaeze ukwu ahụ. Na 817, o bipụtara "On Order in the Empire" ("Ordinatio imperii"), ebe o kwupụtara nwa ya nwoke bụ ọkpara bụ Lothar "onye na-achị achị na onye inyeaka na ihe omume nke alaeze ahụ." N'ikpeazụ, ike ọchịchị ahụ aghaghị itinye uche ya n'aka. Ụmụaka ndị na-eto eto, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ala dị ukwuu, aghaghị irubere Lothar isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Otú ọ dị, "Ordinatio imperii" adịghị emetụta ya. Mgbe ọnwụ Louis, ụmụ ya, bụ Lothar, Louis na Carl, enweghị ike ịkekọrịta ike, kewara ike nke nna nna ya ochie na site n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe.

Ọ bụ ihe omume dị otú ahụ a na-apụghị izere ezere? Odi ka azịza ya bu ihe omuma. Charles meghariri ihe ndi ozo n'ebube nke ndi Rom. Ndị Rom na ndị German na egosipụtakwa na ha nwere ike itinye aka na ha. Echebere ma weghachite ihe ndị ọzọ nke ihe ndị Rom nwere, agbata ahịa na usoro ego zuru ezu. N'okpuru ọnọdụ dị mma, alaeze dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa nwere ike iguzogide ọchịchọ ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ma mee ka ọchịchọ nke centripetal sikwuo ike. Mana enweghị ike na nkwenye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị nketa nke Carl meghere ụzọ maka bacchanalia nke ikuku. Nkà mmụta uche nke uche nke ihe omume ahụ nyere ndị ụkọchukwu bụ Flor nke Lyons na "Mkpesa banyere nkedo nke Alaeze Ukwu ahụ." Odere "alaeze nke ụwa," ka o dere, "a na-agbazi ya ugbu a." A na-ekewa ala, na nso nso a ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ atọ ... Kama Ọkaakaa, ndị "eze," ndị na-abaghị uru, kama nke State. ... onye ọ bụla na-etinye uche n'ihe banyere ọdịmma onwe ya: ha na-eche banyere ihe ọ bụla, ọ bụ nanị Chineke chefuola. "

Nkwekọrịta nke Verdun wetara nkwụsị nke Europe nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa, ịda mbà akụ na ụba, esemokwu na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, ọbara na ịbanye n'ime ọgba aghara. N'ọnọdụ ebe nanị ịkwagharị ngwaahịa sitere na isi nke A ruo isi B ghọrọ ezigbo ihe, agbụrụ ahịa adọwara adọkpụ, ọdịdị nke akụ na ụba na-aga n'ihu.

Ruo narị afọ XIX. E weere nkewa alaeze ukwu nke Charlemagne n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'enweghị ihe ọjọọ. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ F. Guizot na O. Thierry gbanweghachiri nnyocha nke Nkwekọrịta nke Verdun, bụ nke, na ha chere, meghere ụzọ maka iwu nke mba, karịsịa, n'ezie, France. Ha echeghị na ọnụahịa nke ndị dị iche iche kwụrụ ụgwọ maka Karl nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe na nke m, ka m gbakwunyere, ka ga-akwụ ụgwọ.

Ndi soro na nkwekorita Verdun abughi ihe atumatu di iche iche, bu ndi na-eduzi obere oge. Ha na-anọchite anya ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nke ókèala ahụ, nke ga-eme ka ọtụtụ esemokwu daa. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị e kere ọhụrụ na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ka bụ otu ndị.

Nwa nwa nwoke Charlemagne, bụ onye gbadara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Carl the Bald, nwetara ókèala Rom ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Rhine. Nwa nwa nwa - Louis nwere mpaghara Germany nke dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Rhine na obere mpaghara ụlọ aka ekpe n'etiti etiti Rhine, nyere "maka mmanya", nke e mepụtara na ubi vaịn ndị South German. N'ikpeazụ, nwanna nwoke bụ okenye bụ Lothar nwetara Ịtali, nakwa akụkụ "n'etiti" nke ihe onwunwe Frank, nke dị n'agbata alaeze nke ụmụnna ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya ghọrọ udara esemokwu. Ludovic na Karl jụrụ ịnakwere Lotha dị ka ikike alaeze ukwu, ma hapụ ya aha ya, bụ nke na-enweghị ezigbo ihe ọmụma.

Ihe ndi ozo egosiwo na obugh onye obula nwere ike ijikwa ala nke oma. Ndị na-esonye na Nkwekọrịta nke Verdun ga-akwụ ụgwọ ndị ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya. Ndị Arab (Saracens) si n'ebe ndịda wakpoo ha site na ndịda, site n'aka ndị Hungary, si n'ebe ugwu site na Scandinavian Vikings.

Charlemagne kwenyesiri ike na nchebe nke ala, na-ewu mgbidi nchebe. Ke edem edere, enye ama ọtọn̄ọde ke Denmark, emi okodude Saxony, ke edem usiahautịn - Pannonian Brand, emi ọwọrọde ke idụt Austria, ye enye. A na-arụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri.

Otú ọ dị, ndị nketa ya, kama ịkwalite ụgbọ mmiri na ebe ndị e wusiri ike, na-etinye aka na ọgba aghara interncine. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe e denyere Nkwekọrịta nke Verdun, na 846, ndị agha Saracens, bụ ndị si n'ụgbọ mmiri gafere, wakpoo Rom ma bibie akụkụ nke obodo ahụ. Ugwu nke alaeze ahụ kewasịrị ekewa ghọrọ ihe dị mfe maka ndị Norman. Na 845, ụgbọ mmiri ha, ịrịgo Elbe, ruru Hamburg. Obodo fọrọ nke nta ka ebibie ya, ọtụtụ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ gburu. Ndị ọzọ Norman ụgbọ mmiri ruru Seine na Paris na, na-enweghị izute mbuso agha, weghaara ya. N'ime afọ 50. Eze West Frank Frank Bald nyere aka na-agbachitere Norman na-agbakwunye onye ibe ya bụ Robert the Strong, na-enye ya aha nke Count of Paris. Ka oge na-aga, na 987, nwa nwa nwa Robert Hugo Capet ghọrọ onye malitere ụlọ eze ndị France bụ Capetings.

Ọ bụghị weturu obi mgbe Treaty nke Verdun, na ụmụ ụmụ Karla Velikogo ugboro ugboro nwara ijide ihe onwunwe nke onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Ya mere, na 858 German Ludwig gbalịrị ile ocheeze Charles Isi Nkwọcha. N'aka nke ya, Charles Isi Nkwọcha nwakwara ijide ala ya nwanne - ụmụ ndị Emperor Lothair m, bụ onye nwụrụ na 855. Na 869, o were Lorraine, ma na-agwa ya na ndị Louis na German. Na 875, mgbe suppression nke Lothair usoro ndị eze, Karl ozugbo wee Italy maka alaeze ukwu okpueze, na-eleghara ihe ndị ruuru ya nwoke tọrọ Ludwig.

Pope John nke Asatọ kwusara Emperor Karl, na-enwe olileanya na-echebe site na Arab iyi egwu. Na 876, mgbe ọnwụ nke Ludwig na German, Carl, na-agbalị izukotakwa niile "Roman na Frank alaeze" na aka ya, wakporo Germany, ma e meriri site umu Ludwig. Ka ọ dịgodị, na Italy, ndị Arab bugara mgbidi Rome. The pope akpọ ọhụrụ eze ukwu maka enyemaka. Carl mbụ zụtara kwụsịrị Normans kpara Seine ndagwurugwu, ekweghiekwe gara 877 na Italy, ma n'oge na-adịghị gwụrụ, na-atụ egwu na mmalite nke German agha. On ụzọ ọ dara ọrịa ma nwụọ na afọ 54 na afọ. The ozi ọma nke eze ukwu ọnwụ reignited agụụ mmekọahụ na-anọchi.

Ọbụna ndika Charles jụrụ ajụ ya Italian ahụmahụ, na-ekwu na o nwere ihe ọ bụla mee na Italy mgbe ya onwe ya ala-eze na-ada iche. Iji mee ka obi ha, Karl tupu nke abụọ Italian mkpọsa ikike na ntughari nke ala benefices na ihe nketa, dị ka nke ọma dị ka si n'aka ruo n'aka post ọnụ. Nke a iwu bụ na ebe na afọ nke mbipụta aha Kersiyskogo ibuot ufọk 877 ala ọnọdụ adabere na-isi na ghọọ butere n'aka ndị isi utu aha. Na ala, guzobere onyeisi usoro ndị eze nke ikike nke territorial eze. "Gụọ amara nke Chineke" - kwuru na ha na ụfọdụ 878 ebe-achị achị.

Ọchịchị nke ikpeazụ nke Carolingian usoro ndị eze bụ a oge nke n'ihu decentralization nke eze ike wedara n'ala na-agbawa nke nragide yarns aku na uba na ghọọ mba kwụụrụ. Royal ibuot ufọk vainly na-akpọ maka agha megide "ọjọ looting na mbibi." "Gịnị bụ ihe ijuanya bụ na ... ndị mmadụ mwakpo anyị, izu ohi akụ na ụba anyị, ọ bụrụ na onye ọ bụla n'ime anyị na-na-anapụ ya kacha nso agbata obi?" - gụrụ isi ụlọ 884

Usoro butere site na Treaty nke Verdun, mesịrị bụrụ unmanageable. Ụmụ ụmụ Charles gbara akwụkwọ a nlereanya ọjọọ nye ụmụ ha na ndị eze nọ n'okpuru. N'oge ha na-internecine ọgụ na mgba ịma tupu grouped ọnụ na alaeze ukwu ebekpo, enye mụtara otú na-esi n'otu ụlọikwuu nke ọzọ, n'ịnapụ ndorodoro eze nke ụwa na ihe ùgwù. Site na njedebe nke IX narị afọ. Karl Veliky ga-amaghị na ọ hapụrụ alaeze ukwu. Onwunwe nke ụmụ ya nọ na-"crumble" na ọkara onwe ha seigneury, na usoro ndị eze anya ghọtara na daa ọdịda ihere. Na Italy Carolingians chịa ya ruo mgbe 887 g na East Francia (Germany) - ruo 911; na West Francia (n'ọdịnihu France) - ruo 987

Karịsịa ịrịba ama akara aka nwetara Lothar "n'etiti" ala. Mgbe ọnwụ ya na 855 nke ha na-emi odude ekpe mben Rhine, ghọọ alaeze kwụụrụ onwe, nara nwa ya nke abụọ Lothar II. Ọ na-akpọ Lothari regnum, Lorraine. N'elu ọzọ iri na otu narị afọ Lorraine bụ ihe na-alụ n'etiti France na Germany, nke e kere ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.

Na onodu nke "seignorial ogba aghara," oge Karla Velikogo malitere yie "ọlaedo afọ", o - "nna nke Europe".