Chromosome. Non-homologous na homologous chromosomes.

Chromosomes - bụ bughi na ọtọ na ihe nke mmadụ niime ụlọnga na nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. The unit cell nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke data ike-ese na oge nke cell nkewa. Chromosomes na-akpụzi mkpara, uzo, loops, etc .. Site n'ogologo, a ọcha na-agwakọta. Ha iso nke a centromere, a obere na ogologo ogwe aka, abụọ constriction, satellite, na eri spindles, chromonemata. Location nke na akụkụ nke chromosome dị ka centromere, na-emetụta ihe ga-n'ụdị nke ukwuu ịdị n'otu nke cell akara. Ke edinam na akụkụ a na-emi odude ke utịt bughi na ọtọ mmewere, ọ bụ mkpanaka ekara. Ịchọta ndị dị otú ahụ a akụkụ dị ka centromere n'etiti mmetụta na chromosome ewe n'ụdị hà-studs. Ọ bụrụ na mkpa akụkụ na-emi odude mpụta si center, bughi-ọtọ mmewere na-aghọ dị iche iche pin n'ubu.

N'ozuzu, e nwere 4 ụdị chromosome Ọdịdị. The mbụ ụdị bụ telotsentricheskie bughi na ọtọ ọcha. Nke abụọ - acrocentric (nke abụọ ogwe aka dị mkpụmkpụ ma na ọ fọrọ nke nta imperceptible). Ụdị nke atọ bụ submetacentric chromosomes, udi nke nke yiri akwụkwọ ozi "L". N'ikpeazụ, nke anọ ụdị - metacentric. Chromosomes nke ụdị bụ ndị na-akpọ n'ubu, nke hà n'ogologo. Na mgbakwunye dị ọcha napomminayut akwụkwọ ozi ma n'otu oge a nnọchianya nke mmeri "V".

Ọ ga-kwuru na onye ọ bụla nke nucleated somatic cell mmadụ nwere iri-na-atọ na abụọ nke chromosomes, nke bụ linear. Ke adianade do, e nwere ndị a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mbipụta nke mitochondrial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Ọ bụ uru na-ekwu okwu ole na ole banyere mmekọahụ bughi na ọtọ na ihe nke mmadụ niime ụlọnga. Ọ Y- na X-chromosome. The mbụ nwere ihe dị 58 isi na abụọ, 78 na-eburu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma si otú a na-mutation ọnụego n'ihi na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ya dị. Nke a mmekọahụ chromosome bụ ike ibunye naanị site spam. Ha, n'aka, bụ isiokwu a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke cell nkewa aa n'oge gametogenesis. Ebe spam - ya vysokookislitelnaya Wednesday testicles, na-akpali akpali amplification usoro dị ka mutating. The abụọ chromosome nwere ihe dị ka nde 150 na abụọ nke nitrogenous bases. Ọ nwere fọrọ nke nta 1400 mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ụmụ nwoke nwere otu X- na otu Y-chromosome. Women nwere a dị iche iche "set". Ha abụọ X-chromosomes. Otu n'ime ha na-aga na-girl si nne-ya, na ndị ọzọ na-ketara site n'aka nna m na nne ya, ya bụ, nne nne na nna ya n'akụkụ.

Ọtụtụ mgbe e nwere ajụjụ banyere nke chromosomes na-akpọ homologous na-abụghị homologous. Azịza ya bụ dị ka ndị a. Ya mere, e nwere homologous chromosomes. Nke a ụzọ bughi na ọtọ ọcha ndị na-na a diploid cell. Homologous chromosomes dị iche na nke ọ bụla n'ime ha wee si na onye na site ọzọ nne na nna. Ndị dị otú ahụ ihe nwere a yiri nucleotide usoro n'elu dum ogologo. Nke a pụtara na homologous chromosomes nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, nke mere ndokwa na otu usoro. Ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na-amụ isiokwu ndị dị na-abụghị nanị na-akpali, ma na-nnọọ uru ná ndụ, n'ihi na nke ahụ ya mma mara dị ukwuu dị ka o kwere omume.

Ọ ga-ahụ kwukwara na homologous chromosomes mgbe niile nwere otu ụdị. Ka ihe atụ, ha nwere ike ịbụ tselotsentricheskimi, submetacentric, acrocentric, metacentric. Non-homologous chromosomes nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị na-dissimilar. Ke adianade do, ndị a structurally bụghị conjugated ọtọ ọcha n'oge meiosis. Non-homologous chromosomes onwe ịrụ na ijikọta na cell. Nke a pụtara n'oge ọmụmụ nke nketa nke e ji mara. Ọzọkwa, ihe ọmụma a na-enwetara site kpọmkwem Cytology usoro.

The ọmụma depụtara n'elu ga-eme ka ihe ndị bụ isi na nghọta nke chromosomes n'ozuzu.